Brown dwarfs - nyeredzi zuva nenyika dzinotenderera pariri: tembiricha, mapikicha, spectral makirasi

Iva yokungotaura ruzivo rwakakura uye michina nezvaanogona pakati masayendisiti, zvikuru zvinhu vanoita. Zvaiita kuti zvose nzvimbo vanozivikanwa zvinhu uye zviri chete zvakakodzera kutsanangura zvinhu zvavo. Zvisinei, zvinhu zvose zvakasikwa nguva neimwe ukasangana pfungwa iyi zvokuongorora nyeredzi, nyika rinotaura chimwe kushamisika nazvo. Kazhinji, Zvisinei, unyanzvi hwomuzana yakadaro rakafanotaura hunonzi. Kuwanda zvinhu zvakadaro zvinosanganisira shava dwarfs. Kusvikira 1995, zvakavapo chete "pamucheto wezasi wenzeve rezvipfuwo."

Ngatitaurei kuzivana

Brown dwarfs - nyeredzi rakanyatsojeka kujairika. Zvisinei, zvose dzinokosha parameters yavo yakasiyana zvikuru kubva zvinoitwa zvavaisiita kwatiri nyeredzi, munewo zvakafanana. Kutaura zvazviri, imwe Brown zvipfupi - substellar chinhu, izvozvo anopindura ane zvenguva nzvimbo pakati Zvinovheneka chaiwo uye mapuraneti. Izvi miviri nzvimbo vane guru zviduku - kubva 12,57 kusvika 80,35 kubva runoenzanirana parameter waZeusi. Omukati dzavo, uyewo mune nzvimbo dzimwe nyeredzi, kuitwa yenyukireya siyana. Kusiyana shava zvipfupi zviri zvikuru zviduku basa rehydrogen kwacho. Sezvo mafuta rinoshandiswa nyeredzi dzakadai deuterium, Boron, lithium uye beryllium. "Fuel" tichishandisa nokukurumidza inoguma uye zvisvundu zvipfupi inotonhodza. Pashure pokupedza iyi, inova nyika-chinhu. Saka, shava dwarfs - nyeredzi, haimbofi kusvika huru kutevedzana of Hertzsprung-Russell chati.

zvisingaonekwi vadzungairi

Izvi pfungwa mubereko vari kunyange zvishoma akakurumbira maitiro. Vari nyeredzi kwete chokuita chero renyeredzi. Tichingotarisa, mitumbi izvi yepasi pose vanogona Surf pezvakasikwa mamiriyoni emakore. Zvisinei, mumwe kukosha zvivako zvavo - kusavapo kutopedza nemwaranzi. Cherechedza chinhu chakadai pasina kushandisa chaiyo michina hazvibviri. Inzwi midziyo kubva astrophysicists havana kwenguva refu zvakakwana nguva.

Wokutanga buri

Akasimba chiedza shava dwarfs chikonzero michini spectral nharaunda. Kutsvaka tichingoda dzakadaro dzakanga korona kubudirira 1995, apo wokutanga chinhu chakadai Teide 1. ndowenyika spectral kirasi M8 uye riri mu sumbu reChinyamutanhatu mukudenga. Mugore iroro, pane chinhambwe 20 chiedza makore kubva Sun, zvakanzi vawana chimwe nyeredzi dzakadai, Gliese 229B. It inotenderera tsvuku zvipfupi Gliese 229a. Zvavakawana vakatanga kutevera mumwe pashure perimwe. To musi, mune zvinopfuura mazana shava dwarfs.

misiyano

Brown dwarfs havasi nyore kuziva nokuti akafanana pamusoro zvakasiyana parameters pamwe mapuraneti uye nyeredzi chiedza. Maererano ayo nharaunda vachiswedera kuzvinhu pakawanda kuna Jupiter. Inenge chete chaiko parameter ichi yachengetwa yose vakawanda-siyana shava dwarfs. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, zvakanga zvava nyore kusiyanisa kubva nyika.

Mukuwedzera, kwete yose dwarfs kwakadai vanokwanisa kutsigira Fusion siyana. The lightest ava (13 MJup) unotonhora zvokuti dzakadzika dzavo hazviiti kunyange pezvakaitwa vachishandisa deuterium. Chinonyanya wandisa nokukurumidza (pamusoro rapanzvimbo pezvakasikwa - kwemakore mamiriyoni 10) kutonhora uye kuva havakwanisi kuramba Fusion zvavaifunga. Masayendisiti vanotofanira shava dwarfs Kusiyana huru nzira mbiri. Wokutanga wavo - kuyerwa kunoitwa arambe achirema. Brown dwarfs vanoonekwa ne anenge tsika yacho nharaunda uye bhuku uye saka chokunze mutumbi vakawanda 10 uye pamusoro Jupiter zvichida chokuita kwakadai chinhu.

nzira yechipiri - kuonekwa kuti maekisirei uye michini nemwaranzi. Kuvapo kusiyirira zvatariswa akadaro haagoni chete Anozvirumbidza munhu shava zvipfupi, izvo akadonha tembiricha kuti yemapuraneti pamwero (1000 K).

The nzira kwakasiyana mumapapu nyeredzi

Chiedza aine gobvu diki - mumwe chinhu, izvo zvinogona zvakaoma kusiyanisa pakati mashava zvipfupi. Chii chinonzi nyeredzi? Izvi Fusion bhaira, apo zvishoma nezvishoma kuzvipisa zvose chiedza zvinhu. Mumwe wavo - lithium. Kudivi rimwe, norudo nyeredzi dzakawanda, anokurumidza kupera. Kune vamwe - nokuti wanda dzinobatanidza tembiricha hwaiva pasi kunodiwa. Zvakaratidza kuti chinhu pamusoro lithium mitsetse ari chakarondedzera, zvimwe ndezvevanhu mukirasi shava dwarfs. Nzira iyi ine painogumira. Lithium kazhinji aripo ari chakarondedzera nyeredzi vaduku. Uyezve, shava dwarfs vari kwemakore hafu bhiriyoni kuti kupedza zvose zviwanikwa maatomu akafanana izvi.

A chinhu kunogona kuva uye methane. Mumazuva okupedzisira nzendo upenyu kutenderera Brown zvipfupi - nyeredzi ane tembiricha unokubvumira kuunganidza anoyevedza mari yayo. Other zviedza havagoni atonhodze pasi zvakadaro.

Kusiyanisa shava dwarfs uye nenyeredzi kuyerwa uye nekupenya. Lights kudzima panoperera ivepo. Dwarfs atonhodze pasi rose "upenyu." Mumazuva okupedzisira mumatanho vanyatsoita nerima kuti kuvhiringidza navo nyeredzi zvisingabviri.

Brown dwarfs: asi spectral kirasi

The pose tembiricha zvinhu zvinorondedzerwa zvinosiyana zvichienderana uremu uye zera. Possible tsika dziri siyana kubva yemapuraneti kusvika chakanangana coldest mukirasi nyeredzi M. Nezvikonzero izvi, mashava dwarfs pakutanga maviri zvimwe spectral mhando kwave dzinounzwa - L uye T. Kuwedzera kwavari, mune dzidziso yavapo uye neboka Y. To zuva, chokwadi chawo kunosimbiswazve . Ngatikurukurei zvechadenga zvinhu mukirasi imwe neimwe.

kirasi L

Stars chokuita wokutanga mhando pamusoro, zvakasiyana yapfuura vamiririri mukirasi M kuvapo Absorção de Água zvisungo kwete chete vanadium uye titanium oxide, asi simbi hydrides. Ndicho ichi chinoratidza tigone kuziva boka mutsva L. Uye chakarondedzera vamwe shava dwarfs dzarwo, akawana mutsara alkali simbi uye ayodhini. Pakazosvika 2005, 400 zvivako akadaro akazarurwa.

kirasi T

T-dwarfs dzinoratidzwa nokuvapo iri zvisungo pedyo-michini pamusoro methane. ehupfumi Similar vakamboratidza rawanikwa chete gasi nehofori yacho dzaro, uyewo Saturn kuti mwedzi Titan. Yokutsiva hydrides FeH uye CrH, mamirire L-dwarfs, T-kirasi kuuya alkali nesimbi akadai yavaibvisa uye potassium.

Maererano zvekungofungira masayendisiti zvinhu zvakadaro vanofanira kuva guru zviduku - kwete anodarika 70 wt Jupiter. Brown T-dwarfs munzira dzakawanda yakafanana gasi hofori. Typical nokuti izvi pose tembiricha neeSultan kubva 700 kusvika 1300 K. Kana nguva iri kamera izvo achawana shava dwarfs izvi, akaramba mapikicha icharatidza munhu pinkish-mutema ruvara. Izvi zvakafanira migumisiro yavaibvisa uye potassium spectra uye samolecular yeimwe.

kirasi Y

Last kirasi spectral kwenguva refu nguva iripo chete dzidziso. The tembiricha kwakadaro chinhu pamusoro kunofanira pazasi 700 K, i.e. 400 ° C. In rinooneka siyana haigoni kuonekwa vari shava dwarfs (mapikicha hadzishandi zvachose).

Zvisinei, muna 2011 American zvokuongorora nyeredzi, nyika akazivisa kuwanikwa anoverengeka zvinhu izvi chando aine tembiricha kuti 300 kusvika 500 K. Mumwe wavo, VAKACHENJERA 1541-2250, riri chinhambwe 13.7 chiedza-makore kubva zuva. Mumwe, J1828 VAKACHENJERA + 2650, ari dzinoratidzwa pose tembiricha 25 ° C.

Double zuva - a mashava zvipfupi

Nyaya iri pamusoro sezvo dzinonakidza nzvimbo zvinhu kwaizova kukwana pasina muchirumbidza "Rufu Star." Saka akadana huripo Sun ishamwari zvokufungidzira pamusoro zvekungofungira dzimwe nyanzvi dziri munzvimbo dzokuzororera dzaiva 50-100 muchadenga dzakabatana kure, mhiri Oort gore. Maererano astrophysicists, ivo vanonzi chinhu vaviri edu echokuvhenekesa pemipata Earth makore mamiriyoni 26 ose.

Pfungwa iri chokuita kubvuma kuti paleontologists David Raup uye Jack Sepkoski kuti nguva nenguva kwezvisikwa zvakawanda kuri pamusoro redu. Yakakurudzira zvakanga muna 1984. The wose dzidziso rakanyatsojeka nharo, asi pane zvikonzero nepakudiwa kwayo.

"Rufu Star" - mumwe inobvira kutsanangurirwa kutsakatika. Yakadaro kubvuma panguva kuzomukazve kubva mumapoka maviri akasiyana vanoongorora nyeredzi. Maererano Masvomhu dzavo, zuva atama panguva kaviri zvikuru elongated muchadenga. Kana kusvika chinovheneka edu perturbs comets mune vakawanda "vanogara" ari Oort gore. Somugumisiro, nhamba inowedzera kudhumhana kwavo Earth, iyo inotungamirira kurufu nhengo.

"Rufu Star" kana Nemesis, sei zvimwe kunonzi, unogona kuva mashava, chena kana tsvuku zvipfupi. Zvisinei, kuti musi, yakakodzera basa zvinhu zvakawanikwa. Pane mazano kuti Oort gore nharaunda iri sezvo asi kuzivikanwa hofori nyika, rine zvainoita kutenderera comets. Kunokwezva chando kutigumbura, nokudaro zvichiita zvichibvira kudhumhana pamwe Earth, kureva, kwete anoita somunhu tsvagai "Rufu Star." Zvisinei, uchapupu kuvapo puraneti Tyche (kureva hanzvadzi Nemesis) haana.

Brown dwarfs kune vanoongorora nyeredzi - a zvivako yerudzi rutsva. A zvakawanda mashoko pamusoro pavo kuwanikwa uye vakaongorora. Kunyange nhasi, zvinofungirwa kuti izvi zvinhu zvinogona kuva neshamwari dzakawanda nyeredzi vakakurumbira. Matambudziko yokutsvakurudza uye Kuwanikwa dwarfs kwakadai kumisa mutsva yakakwirira bhaa kuti midziyo yesayenzi uye yokungotaura kunzwisisa.