Dzidziso nezvekwakabva zvinhu zvose. dzidziso kwakabva Universe Vangani? The Big Bang dzidziso: The Rise zvakasikwa. Religious dzidziso nezvekwakabva zvinhu zvose

UKURU uye kusiyana zvenyika anokwanisa yakarova chero zvokufungidzira. All zvinhu uye zvinhu kuti vakombe murume, vamwe, akasiyana-siyana chirimwa uye mhuka duku, zvacho kuti kunogona kuonekwawo chete maikorosikopu, uyewo nyeredzi masumbu isinganzwisisiki; ivo vose vakabatanidzwa pfungwa "Universe".

Dzidziso nezvekwakabva zvinhu zvose yakatanga nevanhu kare. Pasinei kushaya kunyange zvokutanga Dzidziso chitendero nesayenzi, kuongorora pfungwa yekare vanhu vaiva nemibvunzo misimboti murayiro nyika uye pamusoro chii nzvimbo munhu ari nzvimbo dzinoitwa nayo. dzidziso kwakabva zvinhu zvose nhasi vangani, zvakaoma kuverenga uye vamwe vavo vari vakadzidza masayendisiti akawanda kubva pasi pose, vamwe - zvakajeka zvakazonaka.

Cosmology chacho pasi

Modern cosmology - sayenzi marongerwo uye kukura zvakasikwa - iri kufunga yakatangira somumwe kupfuura dzinonakidza uye vachiri insufficiently aidzidza zvakavanzika. Hunhu kwemasayendisiti akonzera kuti chidzoke nyeredzi, mapoka enyeredzi, rezuva hurongwa uye mapuraneti, kukura kwavo, panobva wezvose, uyewo ukuru hwaro uye miganhu: ichi zvose zviri pfupi mazita nyaya dziri vakadzidza nenyanzvi ano.

Kutsvaka mhinduro chinokosha chirahwe dzidzo yenyika zvakakonzera kuti nhasi pane pfungwa dzakasiyana-siyana pamusoro kuvapo, wezvinhu zvose. Kufara nenyanzvi uchitsvaka mhinduro kuti kuvaka uye bvunzo hypotheses, kururamiswa, nekuti akavimbika dzidziso kuzvarwa zvakasikwa Achazarura vanhu vose mukana ariko upenyu mune dzimwe gadziriro nemapuraneti.

Dzidziso matangiro wezvose zviri hunhu pfungwa yesayenzi, zvakananga hypotheses, dzidziso dzechitendero, uzivi uye ngano. Vari conventionally zvose akakamurwa muzvikamu zvikuru zviviri:

1. Pfungwa, maererano izvo zvose zvakasikwa noMusiki. Nemamwe mazwi, ivo vari kuti urongwa rezvisikwa zvose yakanga vanoziva uye unokurudzira chaizvoizvo, kuratidzwa kuda wakakwirira njere.
2. Dzidziso nezvekwakabva zvinhu zvose, yakavakwa pachishandiswa zvinhu yesayenzi. postulates dzavo categorically toramba kuvapo musiki, uye zvingangoguma mazvokuda zvakasikwa. hypotheses vakadaro kakawanda kwakavakirwa chii chinonzi musimboti mediocrity. Ivo anoratidza mukana wokuti pamberi upenyu, kwete chete pane redu, asi kuti vamwe.

Kusikwa - dzidziso pakusikwa Musiki wenyika

Sezvo zita rinoreva, kusikwa (chisikwa) - iri rechitendero dzidziso nezvekwakabva zvinhu zvose. Maonero aya anobva pfungwa pakusika zvakasikwa, nyika uye Mwari kwevanhu kana Musiki.

Pfungwa kwenguva yakareba zvakanga hune kusvikira pakuguma XIX remakore, kana kumhanyisa pakati nedanho kuunganidza ruzivo muminda nemasayendisiti (zvipenyu, nezvenyeredzi, wefizikisi) siyana, uyewo kwakapararira dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka. Kusikwa kwava maitiro yaingowanikwa vaKristu vanodzivisa kuchinja maonero Zvakawanikwa dzinoitwa. Hune panguva iyo shanduka kukura pfungwa chete akasimbisa kupokanidzana kuripo pakati dzechitendero uye nedzimwe pfungwa.

The yesayenzi uye zvitendero zvakasiyana pfungwa

Huru misiyano pakati dzidziso Mapato siyana vari zvikurukuru maererano dzinoshandisa vateveri vavo. Saka, muna hypotheses dzesayenzi pane Musiki - hunhu, uye kudzoka kusikwa - mavambo. Pamwe izvi, pane nyaya dziri saizvozvo inotaurwa zvakasiyana dzidziso kana kunyange kudzokororwa.

Dzidziso matangiro wezvose chokuita pakatarisana Mapato, zvakasiyana-siyana yomusi chaizvo chitarisiko kwayo. Somuenzaniso, maererano zvikuru kwose kwose pfungwa (guru Bang yokuti) zvakasikwa yakaumbwa anenge mabhiriyoni 13 apfuura.

Mukusiyana, chitendero dzidziso nezvekwakabva zvinhu zvose zvinotungamirira nenhamba zvakasiyana:

• Maererano zvinyorwa vechiKristu, zera wezvose zvakasikwa naMwari panguva yokuberekwa kwaJesu Kristu kwaiva makore 3483-6984.
• ChiHindu kunoratidza kuti nyika yedu inenge 155 tiririyoni makore.

Kant vake cosmological womuenzaniso

Kutozosvikira XX remakore, nyanzvi dzakawanda vaiva maonero zvisingaperi wezvose. Unhu uhwu, ivo chakaitika nguva uye nzvimbo. Uyezve, avo maonero, zvakasikwa zvose kunofambira mberi uye homogeneous.

Pfungwa rusingaperi zvakasikwa zviri muchadenga zvinganaka Isaka Nyuton. Kukura zvekungofungira zvinobatanidzwa Immanuel Kant, uyo akakurukura dzidziso kusavapo nguva ichikutadzisa zvakare. Okuchembera mberi mune yokungotaura zvekungofungira, Kant ave aiparadzira kusaverengeka wezvose pamusoro uwandu zvichibvira zvoutachiona zvigadzirwa. uchapupu Izvi zvinoreva kuti pasi ezvinhu yekare uye yakakura nyika pasina mavambo kana magumo inogona isingaperi nhamba zvokusarudza, zvakazoita chaiko panowanikwa chero mhuka.

Pahwaro dzidziso iyi iri mukana upenyu siyana zvakanga Kwapera yakataurwa yaDarwin. Zvingaonekwa kuti denga rizere nenyeredzi uye migumisiro Masvomhu ose vanoongorora nyeredzi akasimbisa Kant cosmological womuenzaniso.

pfungwa Einstein raMwari

Mukutanga XX remakore, Albertom Eynshteynom yakabudiswa yayo muenzaniso zvakasikwa. Maererano dzidziso yake relativity, zvose, rinopikisa pezvakaitwa maviri kuitika panguva imwe chete: kukura uye constriction. Zvisinei, akabvuma pamwe maonero ruzhinji nyanzvi stationarity zvakasikwa, saka ivo vakasuma pfungwa yepasi pose kuvenga simba. Impact Its rinotarisirwa yokufudza muedzo nyeredzi uye kumisa muitiro kutamira zvose mitumbi yokudenga kuchengetedza munhu kunofambira mberi zvakasikwa.

Model of Universe - Einstein - ane imwe saizi, asi panguva imwe chete hapana miganhu. Kubatana kwakadaro kunongova noitika pane curvature nzvimbo saka sezvo zvinoitika mumunda.

Performance inosvika muenzaniso uyu:

• Three-dimensionality.
• Circuit pacharo.
• Kufanana (hapana pakati uye unopinza), izvo akaronga noruvara renyeredzi.

A. A. Fridman: chadenga chiri kukura

Musiki echimurenga muenzaniso rakawedzera zvakasikwa, A. A. Fridman (USSR) akavakira dzidziso yake achishandisa equations achirondedzera mukuru dzidziso relativity. Zvisinei, uchenjeri kwakajairika munyika zvesayenzi kuti nguva yakanga kunofambira mberi hunhu hwedu nyika, saka basa rake rakanga hazvibhadharwi ruremekedzo.

Kwapera makore mashomanana nyanzvi Edwin Hubble kwakaita chakawanikwa yakaitwa kuti akapa simbiso pfungwa Friedman vake. Kubviswa emapoka yakawanikwa rakamiswa pedyo hweGwara Way. Panguva iyoyo rakava husingarambiki chokwadi rokuponesa Proportional nokumhanya kufamba kwavo chinhambwe pakati pavo uye redu renyeredzi.

Izvi yawanikwa anotsanangura dzose "kudzikira" nyeredzi uye mapoka enyeredzi pachinhu mumwe, zvinoita kuti titi kuwedzera wezvose.

Pakupedzisira, Friedman kuti mhedziso vaionekwa ne Einstein uye gare gare akataura pamusoro zvemashoko musayendisiti Soviet sezvo muvambi pfungwa yacho kuwedzera wezvose.

Hatigoni kutaura kuti pane kuzvipokanidza pakati dzidziso iyi uye mukuru dzidziso relativity Zvisinei, kuwedzera zvakasikwa aifanira kuva pakutanga chido, vakatsamwisa kudzikira nyeredzi. By muenzaniso kuputika, pfungwa chainzi "Big Bang".

Stiven Hoking uye Anthropic musimboti

The Pamusana Masvomhu uye Zvakawanikwa Stephen Hawking akava anthropocentric dzidziso nezvekwakabva zvinhu zvose. musiki Its anoti ariko yepasi, wakagadzirirwa saka zvakanaka kuti upenyu hwevanhu, hazvigoni kuva netsaona.

Dzidziso nezvekwakabva zvinhu zvose Stephen Hawking anopawo kuti zvishoma nezvishoma kwemvura ine makomba vatema, kurasikirwa simba uye akabuda Hawking mwaranzi.

Somugumisiro, kutsvaka uchapupu vakanga voga uye kuongororwa kuti anopfuura 40 nokurondedzerwa, izvo zvinofanira kutevedzerwa kuti kukura yebudiriro. American astrophysicist Hyu Rossom akaita vakafunga ndingangokuvara akadaro masanga zvinongoitikawo. Zvakaguma nhamba 10 ^-53.

muchadenga yedu inosanganisira tiririyoni mapoka enyeredzi, nyeredzi mabhiriyoni 100 neimwe. Maererano masayendisiti yakabereka Masvomhu, uwandu mapuraneti vanofanira kuva ^{20 October.} Nhamba iyi ndiyo 33 mirairo unokosha duku pane kare akaverenga. Somugumisiro, hapana mapuraneti ose enyeredzi havagoni chokubatanidza zvinhu zvaizova yakakodzera kwatangwa kwakabva upenyu.

The Big Bang yokuti: kuti chidzoke wezvose kubva kamwoyo nezvimedu

Masayendisiti vanotsigira dzidziso yacho Big Bang, kuudza pfungwa maererano izvo zvakasikwa ndiyo migumisiro mukuru kuputika. The chikuru tenet pakati dzidziso inova mashoko asati chiitiko ichi ose okunze varipo zvose zvakaitwa PARTICIPLE aiva nemaziso saizi. Kubva mukati, zvinhu dzinoratidzwa kuchisazitasingwi mamiriro apo zvinhu zvakadai tembiricha, arambe achirema uye kumanikidzwa risingabviri kuyerwa. Ivo hazviperi. Panyaya uye simba mune hurumende iyi haisi sei nemitemo wefizikisi.

Mhaka kuputika kwakaitika mabhiriyoni 15 apfuura, havanzi kwakamuka mukati PARTICIPLE kusagadzikana. Yakadzikiswa kunze duku zvinhu chakaratidza kutanga kwenyika sezvo tichiziva nhasi.

Pakutanga nebula zvose rakaumbwa nevanhu tuduku nezvimedu (duku pane imwe atomu). Zvadaro, kana zvabatanidzwa, ivo vanoumba maatomu kuti akaumba hwaro akatisiyira enyeredzi. Mhinduro yomubvunzo iwoyo waiva pamberi kuputika, uye kuti aiva chikonzero, ndivo mabasa anokosha ane dzidziso iyi kwakabva wezvose.

Table schematically hunorondedzera matanho rokuumba muchadenga pashure pakuputika guru.

mamiriro wezvose	Nemakore	The Zvinofungidzirwa tembiricha
Kuwedzera (mitengo)	Kubva 10 -45 kusvika 10 -37 masekonzi	Vanopfuura 10 26 K
Kuoneka uye maerekitironi quark	10 -6 chik	Vanopfuura 10 13 K
Vari inoumbwa protons uye neutrons	With 10 -5	October 12 K
Kune nehelium nuclei, deuterium uye lithium	Kubva 10 -4 va kuti 3 min	Kubva 10 11 10 9 K
inoumbwa maatomu	400 zviuru. Years	4000 K
Gas gore kuramba richikura	makore mamiriyoni 15	300 K
Nucleate nyeredzi yokutanga uye mapoka enyeredzi	bhiriyoni 1 Makore	20 K
The akatisiyira kuputika kutsamwisa paumbwe inorema nuclei	bhiriyoni 3 years	10 K
Anodzivisawo pfungwa nyeredzi kusununguka	bhiriyoni 10-15 Makore	3 K
Nesimba zvose nyeredzi iri kuderera	October makore 14	10 -2 K
Black makomba vari kwezvinoshandiswa uye zvokutanga nezvimedu vanoberekwa	10 Makore 40	-20 K
Rinopedzisa mashoko kwemvura ine makomba vatema	makore 10.100	Kubva 10 -60 kusvika 10 -40 K

Sezvinotevera kubva pamusoro data, chadenga kuramba richikura uye muchitonhorera.

The Kugara kuwedzera kure pakati mapoka - inokosha uchapupu: kuti musiyano dzidziso Kuputika. Chiitiko muchadenga iyi nzira inogona yakasimbiswa kuwanikwa uchapupu. Panewo zvikonzero zvayo kuramba.

Nezvinetso dzidziso

Kwakapiwa kuti Kuputika dzidziso haisi nekusimba mukati tsika, hazvishamisi kuti pane mibvunzo yakawanda iyo iri kutadza kupa mhinduro:

1. Mumwechete. Shoko iri rinoreva mamiriro zvakasikwa, compressed kuva chete pfungwa. The dambudziko guru Bang pfungwa, zvinovawo zvisingaiti kutsanangura pezvakaitwa kuitika panyaya uye nzvimbo dziri mudunhu rino. The vakawanda Mutemo relativity haasi kushanda pano, saka kuti tsananguro akarongeka uye equations kuti Modelling hazviiti.
   Chinokosha chisingabviri mvumo mhinduro kumubvunzo kwokutanga mamiriro wezvose discredits dzidziso kubva pakutanga. sainzi mharidzo yake yakakurumbira vanosarudza kuramba akanyarara pamusoro kana anotaura chete kupfuura kuti kunzwisisa. Zvisinei, masayendisiti ari kushanda kuunza kwemasvomhu hwaro dzidziso yacho Big Bang, zviri kuzivikanwa sezvo chipinganidzo chikuru dambudziko.
2. Astronomy. Munharaunda iyi, Kuputika dzidziso anotarisana yokuti vaisagona kutsanangura kunoita kwakabva enyeredzi. Pachishandiswa ano shanduro dzidziso, zvinokwanisika kuti kufungidzira kuti pane yunifomu gore negasi. Kana arambe achirema wayo kuitika nguva inofanira kuva pamusoro mumwe atomu paavhareji cubic mita. Nokuti chinhu zvakawanda kuita pasina nokugadzirisa kutanga mamiriro wezvose. Kushaikwa mashoko uye ruzivo munzvimbo iyi kunova chipinganidzo chikuru mberi Modelling.

Uyewo pane kusawirirana tichitarisa ari vakaverenga guru Galaxy yedu uye mashoko avo vakawana nokudzidza kumhanya yawo okutorwa mwoyo renyeredzi Andromeda. Zviripachena, uremu redu renyeredzi riri kakawanda gumi pane kare akafunga.

Cosmology uye quantum wefizikisi

Nhasi hapana cosmological pfungwa, izvo hativimbi quantum Vanamakanika. Mushure zvose, rinotaura rondedzero maitiro mabhomba uye subatomic inoramba. Kusiyana quantum Physics kubva chekare (wakadudzira ne Newton) kuti wechipiri anocherechedza uye kurondedzera zvinhu midziyo, uye vokutanga hakungorevi tsananguro akarongeka ari zvakawanika uye kuyerwa. Quantum Physics zvinhu tsika hadzibudisi nyaya tsvakurudzo, tiri chikamu mucherechedzi anoita vadzidza zvinhu.

Pachishandiswa maitiro aya, quantum hurongwa achiomerwa pamwe rondedzero zvakasikwa, nokuti mucherechedzi - chikamu muchadenga. Zvisinei, achitaura wezvose rikauya, hazvibviri kunze vacherechedzi. Kuedza kuva muenzaniso pasina nezvokupindira ane kunze mucherechedzi vakanga korona pamwe quantum dzidziso nezvekwakabva zvinhu zvose G .. Wheeler.

Chaizvoizvo Its ndechokuti panguva dzose nguva pane kukamurwa zvakasikwa uye paumbwe isingaperi nhamba makopi. Somugumisiro, nomumwe yakafanana muchadenga inogona kuchengetwa uye mucherechedzi zviri kuoneka kune vose quantum nzira. Panyaya iyi, chepakutanga uye zvitsva dziripo zvechokwadi.

The inflationary womuenzaniso

Chinangwa chikuru chemusha riri kugadzirisa mitengo dzidziso iri kutsvaka mhinduro dzemibvunzo yasara unlit Big Bang dzidziso uye dzidziso Extensions. zvinoti:

1. Nokuda kwechimwewo chikonzero, chadenga chiri kukura?
2. Chii Kuputika?

Kuti izvi zviitike, inflationary dzidziso nezvekwakabva zvinhu zvose kunosanganisira extrapolation kuwedzera kune razero nguva, mhedziso mukanyiwa yose zvakasikwa pane imwe nguva uye paumbwe cosmological mumwechete, iyo kazhinji akataura sezvo Kuputika.

Zvinova pachena irrelevance pamusoro vakawanda dzidziso relativity, risingagoni kushandisirwa panguva ino. Somugumisiro, kuva mamwemazwi uye pfungwa (kana "wefizikisi idzva") zvinosarudzwa cosmological mumwechete matambudziko zvinogona chete ingashandiswa yokungotaura nzira, Masvomhu uye mhedziso.

New nzira pfungwa

Pasinei nokubudirira yemashoko yepasi pose mitengo, pane masayendisiti vari vaishora, achihudana kusina pakwakavakirwa. chikuru nharo dzavo inova kutsoropodzwa richaitirwa dzidziso mhinduro. Vanopikisa vanoti kunoguma mhinduro akasiya asiyiwa mamwe mashoko, mune mamwe mazwi, pane kugadzirisa dambudziko racho kutanga tsika, dzidziso chete wemaoresa dzavo drapes.

An nzira kuzochera zvekumwe dzidziso, pfungwa iyo inobva paumbwe kutanga tsika pamberi guru rukuru. The matsva nezvekwakabva zvinhu zvose zvinogona muchidimbu sezvinotevera:

• Tambo dzidziso. Vateveri varo anoratidza, kunze zvatinosiita mana kukura nzvimbo uye nguva, kupinda imwe miganhu. Vaikwanisa nezvaanoita tanga zvakasikwa, uye pari pakati compactified mamiriro. Kupindura mubvunzo pamusoro chikonzero todzokera kwavo, masayendisiti zvamaronga mhinduro muchiratidza kuti pfuma iri superstring T-duality. Naizvozvo, tambo "ronda" pamusoro yokuwedzera kukura uye dzavo dzisina kukura.
• Dzidziso branes. It Anonziwo M-dzidziso. Maererano postulates yayo, pakutanga paumbwe wezvose zviripo chando kunofambira mberi shanu-dimensional nzvimbo-nguva. Mana (nzvimbo) patinogumira kana masvingo --branes matatu. nzvimbo yedu muchifarira mumwe masvingo, uye wechipiri vovanda. Wechitatu-brane matatu rinowanika mana-dimensional nzvimbo, vakaomerwa dzayo muganhu branes maviri. Fungidziro anofunga kurwisana wedu wechitatu-branes uye kusunungura yakawanda simba. Zviri izvi zvinhu kuva zvakanaka kuti kwaita Kuputika.

1. Cyclical dzidziso vanoramba yokusiyana mukuru bang, vachiti Universe inopfuura kubva ehurumende kune mumwe. Dambudziko anova vakadaro dzidziso entropy kunowedzera maererano nezvomutemo wechipiri wethermodynamics. Somugumisiro, nguva yose yapfuura zvinogara yakanga yakaderera, uye tembiricha kwemashoko - iri substantially kupfuura apo pakuputika guru. Mukana izvi zvikuru duku.

Hazvinei kuti vazhinji pane dzidziso kwakabva zvinhu zvose, chete vaviri hadzichinji nguva uye kukurira kuramba chinetso entropy. Vakanzi yakataurwa nemasayendisiti Steinhardt uye Turok-puu-Frampton.

yerudzi rutsva izvi dzidziso nezvekwakabva zvinhu zvose akaisa mberi mune 80-ies wekupedzisira remakore. Vane yakawanda vateveri avo vanova mienzaniso anoritsanangura, vanotsvaka rakavimbika uchapupu uye vari kushanda kugadzirisa kupokanidzana.

tambo dzidziso

Chimwe chezvinhu yakakurumbira dzidziso nezvekwakabva zvinhu zvose - tambo dzidziso. Asati achipfuura kuti tsanangudzo pfungwa dzayo, zvinokosha kunzwisisa pfungwa imwe dzepedyo vakwikwidzi, mureza muenzaniso. Rinoratidza kuti kubata kwenyaya uye rinogona kurondedzerwa se yakananga akagadzirwa nezvimedu, unogovera muzvikwata akawanda:

• Quarks.
• Leptons.
• Bosons.

nezvimedu Ava Chokwadi, Nzira Dzinovaka zvakasikwa, sezvo vari diki kuti haagoni kukamurwa zvinoriumba.

The runoratidza tambo yokuti zvinova okuti zvinogumbura izvi hazvisi nezvimedu uye Ultra-roga hungiso, anoita oscillations. Muchiitiko chino, kutangira pamusoro yakasiyana kakawanda, parukungiso vari analogs nezvimedu siyana inorondedzerwa mureza womuenzaniso.

Nokuti kunzwisisa dzidziso vanofanira kuziva kuti parukungiso havasi zvisinei, zviri simba. Somugumisiro, tambo dzidziso ndechokuti zvose zvinhu zvakasikwa dzine simba.

A yakanaka Fananidzo iri kune moto. Kana iwe kumutarira sokuti materiality kwayo, asi haikwanise kubata.

Cosmology nokuda kwevadzidzi

Dzidziso matangiro wezvose muchidimbu achidzidzisa muzvikoro zviri asitironomi zvidzidzo. Students anotsanangura inokosha dzidziso sei nyika yedu yakaumbwa, chii chinoitika kwaari ikozvino uye zvazvichaita munguva yemberi. Chinangwa zvidzidzo nevana Kunyatsoziva hunhu paumbwe zvokutanga nezvimedu, zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana uye miviri yokudenga. Dzidziso Nezvekwakabva wezvose vana kuderedzwa kuti mharidzo yacho guru Bang dzidziso. Vadzidzisi vanoshandisa chinooneka zvinhu: masiraidhi, matafura, mapepa, mifananidzo. Chavainyanya basa iri Paanomuka vana kufarira nyika zvakavapoteredza.