Castle Palanok, Mukachevo: history, legend. Zvitsva zveUkraine

Nhare dzeMedeval ndiyo chikamu chenhoroondo iyo inogara ichikwezva maonero evanhu vanofambira. Zvichida izvi zvinokonzerwa nehulo hwekuda uye nheyo dzekukudza dzaive dzichizvarwa muhukuru hweMiddle Ages. Hazvisi pasina kuti izwi rokuti "vakatendeka knight", iro rinoshandiswa pakutaura nezvemurume ari murudo zvechokwadi, richiri kushandiswa.

Nhasi, pamusoro pezviitiko nezviito zvevanhu vakasika nhoroondo, vanoyeuchidza chete masimba makuru mune dzimwe nyika. Chinyorwa Palanok (Mukachevo) ndechimwe chazvo.

Transcarpathia

Pasi pemakomo eCarpathian kwemazana emakore akawanda vanhu vakaumbwa zvakasikwa uye zvepakutanga kuti ushingi hwavo, kuda nyika uye kuzvipira kune kutenda kwavo kwakave kwakanakira.

Nhoroondo yeTranscarpathia inogara ichibatanidzwa nevaSlav vakauya pano ndokutanga kuziva nyika idzi kune mamwe mahekta zvuru. E. Sezvakave zvinyorwa zvekuchera matongo zvinoratidza, zvaibva kuna Volyn naPrykarpattya. Genetic spirituality connection, yakaiswa kunyange panguva yekuumbwa kweKivan Rus uye kubuda kwayo sehurumende huru, yakakwanisa kudzivirira vanhu veTranscarpathia kubva pakufananidzwa nemitemo yevasingazivi, pasi pesimba raive kwenguva yakareba.

Makore mazana matatu bedzi - kubva pa9 kusvika ku11 muna. - maSlav machinda akatonga pano uye Orthodoxy inotonga, asi kubva muzana remakore rechi11 kusvika kunegumi nematanhatu nyika idzi dzakava chikamu cheumambo hweHurry guru. Gare gare, kusvika pakati pezana remakore rechi20, Transcarpathia yaiva shanduko shomanana mumakakatanwa akawanda ehurumende uye yakapfuura kubva kune rimwe dzinza kuenda kune rimwe. Kubva kuHungary kusvika kuGalicia-Volyn, zvinyorwa zveTurks neHabsburgs, vatenzi vaitevera vaiva Austria-Hungary neCzechoslovakia, uye mushure mokunge Hondo Yenyika Yechipiri yakazoita zvakare kuva chikamu cheUkraine, kubva kwavakabvarurwa kwemazana emakore gumi.

Nhasi, nhare yekare yePalanok (Mukachevo) inoshanyirwa nevashanyi vanobva kumativi ose enyika kuti vazive nhoroondo yekuzvipira kwevanhu vamwe kune mavambo, tsika uye kutenda.

Mukacheve

Zuva chaiyo rokutanga kwemuguta hazvizivikanwi, asi kunyorwa kwekutanga kwakanyorwa kwaro kunowanikwa mugore re 896 gore. Nzvimbo ye Mukacheve yakabudirira kwazvo zvokuti vaSlav vakavamba kugadzirisa vakanga vasati vatanga kuinzwisisa nekuishandisa.

Kugadziriswa panzvimbo yeguta redu iko kwakasimbiswa makore 40 000 apfuura, panguva yePaleolithic. Nguva yakapfuura, mamwe madzinza akanyangarika, mapoka avo okupaka akabatwa nehope pasi, asi zvakatevera zvakaonekwa panzvimbo imwe chete. Somuenzaniso, pano unogona kuwana uchapupu hwehupenyu hwevanhu vekupedzisira Paleolithic (makore 3000 apfuura), bhhironi (2000 BC).

Mitemo yakamiririrwa pano yakangosiyana. Pagomo reTupce, nhare yeTracian yakawanikwa (muzana remakore rechi10 BC), uye pedyo - iyo Celtic oppidum, uye vanochera matongo vaigona kutarisa apo vaCelt vakadzingwa madzinza ematehwe, mushure mokunge makomo akanzi.

Hazvina mhosva kuti madzinza eBB akabudirira sei, zvinonyatsozivikanwa kuti Transcarpathia yakagadzirwa uye yakakura neveSlavic madzinza, avo mumakore mazana manomwe ezana remakore rokutanga vakagadzira vanhu vakuru veRusich, vakatungamirirwa nemukuru weKiev. Iyi nhume, nenzira, yakasarudzwa, uye vanhu sevanoisa muchinda paumambo, saka aigona kuibvisa.

Imwe yekutanga yakagadzirwa nemapuranga yakaratidzwa pano paGomo Zamkova muna 1086. Imba chaiyo yeKechevo yemabwe yakaonekwa muzana remakore rechi14 chete. Yakatanga kuvakwa kwayo pakuremekedzwa kwaCharles Robert - Hungarian mutevedzeri, uyo wakanga ane nzvimbo iyo iyo nhare.

Nhasi, Mukachevo (Ukraine, Transcarpathian region) inzvimbo yepamatunhu iri makiromita zana kubva kuHungary neSlovakia uye makiromita zana kubva kumuganhu neRomania nePoland.

History of the castle

Sezvinowanzoitika, hapana zuva chaiyo rekuvakwa kweimba yacho, asi muzvinyorwa zvinonzi muna 1086 haana kungozvidza chete kurwiswa, asi akagara ari oga mauto asina simba ePolovtsian khan wekutesk, guta. Muchirevo che 1321 zvinotaurwa kuti munhare iyo pane mutungamiriri anonzi Tomash.

Nhamba inotevera ye 1352 inototaura nezveumwe mutungamiriri - Deje, uyo akakunda uto reKhan Atlamos. Muzana remakore rechi13 nerechigumi nematanhatu nhare yakange iri yeimba yeumerica yeUgric yeAppadoviches neAnjou, asi kubudirira kwechokwadi uye kuvakazve nhare kunzvimbo yakashamisa yakaisvonaka uye isingakanganwiki inotanga apo iye wekutanga anotaridzika.

Mukachevo Castle yakagadzirirwa mabasa kuna Fedor Koryatovich - aive mudzinza rekare reLithuania vadiki vemhuri Gediminas. Akarasikirwa nezvinhu zvake munguva yehondo, uye Sigismund 1 muna 1396 akamupa nhare muhupenyu hwake hwose.

Panguva iyoyo chivakwa chacho chakanga chakareba masvingo ane shongwe uye moat pamberi pavo. Fedor Koryatovych akavaka nhare pamusoro pegomo, iyo yakazova nzvimbo yeimba yake. Pamakona edenga rekare yakavakwa masvingo ane simba kusvika 9 mamita akaenzana uye ane masvingo akareba mamita maviri.

Muna 1401, imba yacho yakanga yakakomberedzwa nedongo rakadzika rakaoma pamusoro pemvura yakadzivirira mamita gumi mamita. Mukati meimba chitubu chakachera kuitira kuti vagari vayo vagone kupona chero kukombwa uye kwete kutambudzika nenyota. Nhare yePalanok (Mukacheve) inonyatsochengetwa kusvikira nhasi. Akanga asingagamuchirwi nendima kubva kune imwe imba yeumambo kuenda kune imwe, kana yekutanga kana yeHondo Yenyika Yechipiri. MumaSoviet nguva yaive nechikoro chekurima chekurima, sezvo maimba ayo nemadziro ayo akachengetwa zvakanaka, uye muna 1960 musumusi yakazarurwa mairi.

Fedor Koryatovich

Uyu mufananidzo akakurumbira wezvematongerwe enyika wenguva yake uye mbeu yeimwe mhuri yekare yakanaka yakanga ine unyanzvi hunoshamisa uye unhu hwakasimba, asi vamwe vanyori vezvakaitika kare vakaisa unhu hwake mukusahadzika, sezvo zvinyorwa zvezviyeuchidzo zvisati zvawanikwa.

Mamwe mashomanana emabhuku anoramba aripo anoratidza kuti nhare yeParanok (Mukachevo) yakakonzererwa kuupenyu kuna Fedor Koryatovich pamwechete neguta uye pedyo nenyika kusvika Khust. Chero chakanga chiri, asi chakanga chiri neruoko rwake rworudyi paChing Hill Hill iyo yakagadziriswa chimiro, izvo zviuru zvevanhu zvino zvasvika kuTranscarpathia.

Mukuwedzera kune nhare, Fyodor Koryatovich akavaka raibhurari uye akavaka imba yemamongi, maakavigwa mushure mekufa. Achitenda kwaari, guta re Mukachevo rakazova chivako chechitendero uye chechitendero chese. Nhasi guva ravatongi haigoni kuwanikwa, asi rinozivikanwa kuti muzana remakore rechi19, apo chechi yebwe yakaiswa panzvimbo yekereke yemapuranga, dombo rayo rakanga risina kumira. Kwakazoitika gare gare hazvizivikanwi.

Iye zvino chivakwa chinofananidzwa nechikumbaridzo muruvazhe rweimba, iyo inenge iine nheyo yayo.

Tsanangudzo yeimba

Nenguva iyo Fyodor Koryatovych yakabata muTranscarpathia, Mukachevo Castle (kero: 5 Kurutsev Lane) yakawana maonero atinocherechedza nhasi.

Vakuru vakuru vakavakwa:

• Kuvhara kumusoro;
• Zvisikwa zvepakati uye zvezasi;
• Rusvingo rune simba nemhepo.

Nokuti kuvaka kubva kuFrance kwakauya mushumiri wavo wekare wekuzvidzivirira uye imwe nguva yenguva yekudzivirira masvingo Sebastian de Vauban, uyo akavaka nzira yekudzivirira yeimba, iyo yakaita kuti isakanganisika. Mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzenhare, masvingo akareba mamita 18 muhupamhi, izvo zvakaita kuti zvive nyore kurwisana nekuputika kwepfuti dzaivepo panguva iyoyo.

Pakati pese, aiva nemitambo 4, yakagoverwa kuAntechamber, Lower, Middle and Upper Castle. Nhengo imwe neimwe yaive yakakwirira kudarika imwe uye yaimiririra chekuzvimiririra chekuchengetedza chikwata, saka kana zvikamu zviduku zvawira, vadziviriri vanogona kudzivirira kumusoro uye vachararama kukombwa.

Muzana remakore rechi14, sezvino, kusvika paimba yeParanok (Mukachevo, purogiramu yebasa - kubva pa9.00 kusvika 18.00, zuva rega -Mu.) rinogona kungova pabhiriji rehuni pamusoro pegomba, panguva iyoyo chete rakazara nemvura uye palisade - Kuvonga kwaakagamuchira zita rayo.

Muchivanze chekutanga chikuru maiva neimba. Uyezve, ivo vaivewo nevanamatira-yakakwirira kwaiva, iyo inowedzera mubayiro iyo serviceman yakagamuchirwa yaishandira ikoko. Imwe yezvivako zvakashamisa zveUpper Castle imvura ine mamita makumi manomwe, iyo yakarova zvakanaka mugomo kusvikira kurwizi Latoritsy. Zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemvura yaro, zviri mukati me tsime zvaiputika, zvino zvakanyura kure, uye zvakange zvakakodzera kudhonza hunyoro hunopa hupenyu kubva pakadzika. Asi izvi zvakaponesa vagari venguva yekukomba kweimba, imwe yadzo yakapedza makore anopfuura matatu.

Ilona Zrini

Pane imwe nguva imba yacho yaiva yekare yekare yaTrylylanian Rakoczi, yakabva kuVlad 3 Dracula. Dzinza ravo rinotonga pano makore anopfuura zana. Pane imwe nguva ndivo vaiva ivo vakavanda vaStracarpathia vaSlav vaisada kugamuchira tsika nechitendero chevaTurkey vanopinda. Vanhu vakadaro vainzi karutsu, uye vamiririri vemhuri yekare vakavatungamirira.

Ilona Zrini akazova nhoroondo munguva yeupenyu hwake. Chirikadzi yaFerenc Rakoczi akatungamirira kudzivirirwa kweimba panguva yekukombwa nemauto eHabsburgs uye yakapedza makore matatu. Aive akakurumbira nokuda kwekunaka kwake kunoshamisa. Pano pane mhemberero iyo manheru emuvengi anotevera achishungurudza mukadzi akabuda achienda kumadziro edzimba kuti atarise simba reuto pasi pemasvingo aro. Panguva iyoyo mukuru weAustria akazviona, achigadzirira varwi kuti varwise. Yakagadzirwa nechitarisiko chakanaka chemukadzi, akazarura uto ndokuti aive achijaira kurwisana nemauto, asi aisakwanisa kurwisana nerunako.

Dai zvaisava zvekutengeswa kwemamiriro ezvinhu emukati maIrina ayo aipisa mvura mumvura, nhare iyi yaisazombozvipira. Nhasi uyu mukadzi mukuru anoyeuchidzwa kwechivakwa chakavakwa muimba. Anomira pamwe chete nemwanakomana wake paimba yakasimba, uye mukuru wechidiki weimba yacho anobata saber muruoko rwake.

Icho chiratidzo chekuti haana kumbokotama pamberi pemhuri yeHabsburg uye akapfuurira basa rababa vake namai. Ndizvo zvakaitwa neimba yePolanok neimba yake. Mu Mukachevo, naizvozvo, muzana remakore rechi19 chivako chakavakirwa kune mukadzi akasika nhoroondo uye akatungamirira kuchinja. Akafa muna 1703, uye madota aro akasara muKosice (Slovakia).

Nhoroondo dzeimba

Zvitsva zveUkraine zvinogona kuzvirumbidza nezvakanaka uye zvekare, asi zvichida pane nzvimbo dzakawanda dzenhema sePalanok Castle.

Pano, mashura emanhasi anoenderana neavo vave vave kwemazana emakore. Somuenzaniso, kuchera tsime padombo kwakakonzera nyaya yakadaro pakati peMaschevka Mukachevites.

Kuchera tsime remunhu, kugadzira zuva, maviri, gumi, asi hapana mvura. Muchinda anobvunza zuva rega rega achiti: "Mvura iri kupi?" Uye nguva imwe neimwe vanomupindura: "Kwete" Ndakanzwa nezvedhiabhorosi uye ndakasarudza kuwana mari. Akauya kumukuru uye akati aizoita bhegi regoridhe kuitira kuti igare iine mvura mutsime. Chii chandinofanira kuita? Mutungamiriri akabvuma, dhiabhorosi akaparadza, varume vakachera, uye mvura yakaonekwa.

Munhu asina kuchena akauya kuti awane mubairo, uye mutungamiri akamupa bhegi duku regoridhe uye anoti havana kubvumirana pamusoro pehukuru. Zvinonzwisisika kuti nguva yakareba yekuchera uye pfungwa dzakanaka dzevagari vemo vanogadzira nhoroondo kwemakore.

Zvakanaka, nhasi nhare Palanok mu Mukacheve inyaya, nekuda kwekuti vanhu vauya pano vanofarira zvido. Ndiani akafunga kuti chivako kuna Fyodor Koryatovich chinonyanya kuratidza pasi nemunwe wake, sekuti kana achireva kuti akaberekwa pano, isu hatizivi pamusoro pazvo, asi nhasi zviuru zvevanhu zvinomubata, semashanga.

Zvinofadza kuti vazhinji vavo vanopikisa kuti chido chavo chakanyatsoonekwa mukati megore. Zvichida inoshanda kutenda mune chishamiso, kana kuti mushure mekunge munhu akabata munwe weguru uye, achivhara maziso ake, aida zvaaida, iye pakupedzisira akatanga kutora matanho okuita.

Chero chii chakanga chiri, asi chishamiso chiri kushanda. Pane kunyunyuta kuti rondedzero yakashandiswa kuburikidza nevadzidzi vane usimbe vekurima yekurima yechikoro iyo yaimbove iri mumasvingo aya. Vakanamatira pamunwe wavo, vakabudisa tikiti chete yavaiziva, uye zvino mamiriyoni evanhu vanofambira vari kumubata uye chimwe chinhu chakavanzika chakavanzika.

Chitubu muzana remakore rechi20

Sezvo pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 Transcarpathia yaiva yeCzech Republic, uye zvakare kuHungary (nyama kusvikira pakuguma kweHondo Yenyika II), yakaramba iri yakachengeteka, pasinei nekuchengetedzwa kwevatorwa. Muna 1950s chikoro chekugadzira chiziviso chakasimbiswa pano, uye vadzidzi vayo vaigara mumisha yekare.

Kubva muna 1989 musemu wakarongwa mumasvingo ayo. Nhasi iyi ndeimwe pearl mumutsipa wezvitsva zveWestern Ukraine neTranscarpathia. Nokudaro, hazvishamisi kuti vatashanyi vazhinji vakauya kumatunhu aya vanofarira zvikuru nhare, iyo inodada zvikuru naVa Mukachevo (Palanok Castle). Mutengo wekupinda uri zvishoma pane makumi matatu nemakumi matatu (350) ruble. Munhu wose.

Apo kwaive kudiwa, basa rekudzorera rakaitwa, saka chinyorwa chikuru chezvakaitika uye zvigadziri zvinoita zvakafanana nemazuva aFedor Koryatovich. Iyo inowanikwa muurongwa hwe "Zviitiko zvakashanyira zvakanyanya zveUkraine", uye zvakanyatsokodzera. Pano zvinhu zvose zvinopfutidza nhau, saka muimba iyo hapana nguva-isina.

Kunyange zvakadaro iyi ndiyo nzvimbo inonyanya kufarira kune vakaroorana vanenge varonga zvirongwa zvemuchato wemuchato. Iyo inonyanya kupararira pakati pechando naOctober.

Museums uye zvinonakidza

Nhasi kune mahwindo akazaruka ane kuratidzwa kwemavara nemifananidzo, vaimbi vari kutamba mumavhiki ekupedzisira, kuunganidza kwezvinhu zveupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye tsika ye vagari veTranscarpathia inowirirwa mumakore kubva 12 kusvika kuzana remakumi maviri. Mune imwe yezvivako zvevashanyi icons inotarisirwa 16-19 mazana emakore. Inowanzoita makonti nemhemberero, iyo vashanyi veimba yacho vanogona kuva nhengo dze.

Kana mumwe munhu aneta nokuona, iwe unogona kuzvidzora uye kuva nehove mu cafe, uye kuita kuti mavara ezuva riwedzere, iwe unogona kuenda kumasvikiro emasvingo eimba, uko makamuri ekunakisa ari ikozvino, uye inonakidza kizai yewaini yewaini.

Muimba yeimba Palanok inogona kuita pasina mutungamiri, asi inongotanga kufamba nemakiratiro ayo asina kumira uye mahofisi. Ndivo avo vari murudo nemasvingo aya anovadzidzisa nevanhau pamusoro peavo vaigara pano uye vakanyora nhau dzakanaka kudaro.

Tarisa kubva kumadziro edzimba - iyi ndiyo imwe mukana wekunakidzwa nekunaka kwemukati, iyo isingagoni kushaikwa. Nhare yakaisvonaka inotarisa usiku.

Kurwendo kuenda kuChina

Kuratidzwa muTranscarpathia inzira inonyanya kufarira, sezvo pane zvose:

• Makomo;
• Rivers;
• Zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana;
• Mhepo yakachena;
• Vanhu vanogamuchira vaeni;
• Zvokudya zvinofadza uye zvine utano zvemukati;
• Mabasa akasiyana-siyana umo iwe unogona kutora chikamu pakuita;
• Yakakura uye yakanaka, uye inonyanya kukosha - imba chaiye.

Nhamba yemakwikwi akadaro anogamuchirwa, zvichida, naizvozvo kune marushanwa gore rose uye kupa vashandi kune zvakavanzika uye nhoroondo dzeguta re Mukacheve neimba yayo. Mumwe nomumwe mushanyi weguta nguva dzose anokandira mari kumugwagwa wakagumburwa mukati me tsime uye anoita chido chokudzoka pano zvakare. Pachiitiko ichi vanhu vomunharaunda vane kunyange anecdote, uye vachakuudza pamusoro payo nemamiriyoni nguva, zvinongoda kubvunza.