Chii allotropy? allotrope pamusoro kabhoni, Chemistry

Zvikonzero siyana Organic yeimwe - kukwanisa kuumba zvakasiyana kabhoni maatomu ngetani uye zvinogara zviri interconnected. Ndizvo chinonakidza kuti isomerism. Uye chikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana nyore inorganic zvinhu? Zvakaratidza kuti unogona kupindura mubvunzo uyu nokuongorora chii allotropy. Ndiwo dzinongoitika chakajairika munyika kwemakemikari zvinhu kusunga nokuvapo zvakasiyana siyana nyore yeimwe.

Chii allotropy?

Pindura mubvunzo uyu anogona kuva saizvozvo. Fani iyi ndiyo kuvapo chete namakemikari chinhu muchimiro anoverengeka nyore zvinhu. Ndiko, kana sero 118 vari periodic table, hazvirevi kuti imwe nhamba kwemaatomu zvakasikwa. Mumwe nomumwe okunze (anenge zvose) ane kana kupfuura mhando, kana allotropic okunatsiridza.

Chii akasiyana zvakadaro zvinhu? Zvikonzero Chiitiko mune mubvunzo zviri chaizvoizvo maviri:

• yakasiyana nhamba kwemaatomu ari Morekuru (allotropy sezvamunoita);
• dzisakarurama yekamuri mamiriro (allotropy fomu).

Kazhinji pfungwa iri chokuita rokuti polymorphism. Zvisinei, pane musiyano pakati pavo. Chii allotropy? nadzurudzo iyi zvine maatomu akafanana zviri nyore siyana zvinhu, pasinei iri chero mamiriro aggregation. Nepo polymorphism - pfungwa ichi rinoshanda chete hwakasimba crystalline zvinhu.

Various allotropic okunatsiridza kungatowedzera kazhinji runotaurwa nemabhii Roman pamberi zita. Alpha anogara akaiswa pamberi chimiro, iro rine risingamboshandisi utsotso tembiricha rokukwatisa. Uyezve pasi arufabheti uye kuwedzera vaita, ukuwo.

Kunyange zvazvo makemikari chinhu hwaro nyore fuma zvakafanana, okunatsiridza ehupfumi yakasiyana mumwe, uye vose mumuviri namakemikari. Nyore nzira kuumba allotropic siyana:

• non-simbi (kunze halogens uye inert magasi);
• semimetals.

Mudukusa allotropy nesimbi vakadzidza kubva zvinoumba asingadi okunatsiridza kwakadaro uye kwete zvose. Total kufambidzana nomumwe kune vanopfuura 400 dzakasiyana siyana nyore zvinhu. The zvakawanda oxidation chakanangana chinhu, zvikuru uwandu anozivikanwa allotropic okunatsiridza maro.

kabhoni okunatsiridza

allotrope kuti kabhoni - ndicho uye unoshamisa muenzaniso muenzaniso unoratidza chinonakidza mune mubvunzo. Pashure pezvose, maatomu akafanana izvi anokwanisa nokuumba mhando anoverengeka yeimwe siyana sekristaro zvakachinjikwa mamiriro. In ichi mufananidzo nyore fuma kwakadaro polar zvakapesana ehupfumi dzavo kuti sarudzo vanongosiyiwa kushamisika zvakasikwa.

Saka, imwe allotrope kuti kabhoni rinosanganisira zvinotevera okunatsiridza.

1. Chii chinonzi allotrope pamusoro kabhoni, dzinogona kurondwa uye tevere chimiro chayo, inova unopfuura rakasiyana yapfuura mumwe. graphite ichi. Very nyoro fuma, izvo zvinogona flake kure nyore akasiya nevamwe mucherechedzo papepa. Saka, shandisa kwayo nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi Pazvibato vari nyore mapenzura. Sechivako chimiro ichi - the hexagonal layered. Connections pakati akaturikidzana simba, nyore abvarura, pasi arambe achirema zvinhu. Graphite inoshandiswa kugadzira chakaita zvokugadzirwa mangoda sezvo yakasimba mafuta, nokuti zvaAtemisi electrodes sezvo mapurasitiki filler, uye mune zvenyukireya reactors.
2. Fullerenes - mumwe uchapupu kuti pane allotropy. Chemistry pakati yeimwe izvi zvakafanana nezvakaitwa anonhuhwirira Mahydrocarbon. Nekuti chimiro wavo convex namahwindo polyhedra, akafanana bhora. Fullerenes anechekuita somunhu semiconductor iri uri kuti kugadzirwa superconducting yeimwe sezvo photoresist uye nevamwe.
3. Lonsdalite tserafit uye - two zvimwe crystalline allotropic dikidiki kabhoni. Vakaziva nekaupenyu achangobva. By ehupfumi chaizvo zvakafanana nedhaimani, pasina nouipi kungatove kwakanyanya kuoma kanoverengeka.
4. Coal uye chin'ai - allotropy amorphous zvinhu. Yaishandiswa huni, lubricants, filters uye zvichingodaro. Maererano kugutsikana mune hunhu vakawanda dzose okunatsiridza ose kabhoni.

dhayamondi

Chakaomesesa zvose anozivikanwa zvinhu kuti zvevakomana, vanofungidzirwa 10 dzinokosha pamusoro Mohs pamwero. The crystalline chimiro kabhoni, iyo mamiriro ndiko chimiro zvakanaka interconnected tetrahedral rezvebonde masangano.

Diamond zvikuru zvakanaka kukwanisa kuvaparadzira chiedza, unogona kushandiswa se kwezvishongo (mangoda). Nokuda kwayo zvakanyanyisa zvakaoma, rinoshandiswa kuti kucheka nomoto, kuchera, makorari, uye kukuya. Nhasi yakatanga kugadzirwa kwezvinhu chakagadzirwa mangoda zvaishandiswa indasitiri.

dzimwe mhando

Uyewo, pane akasiyana siyana eremendi ichi:

• nanotubes;
• nanofoam;
• Astrolite;
• nanofibers;
• rinoonekera;
• graphite;
• carbine;
• nanobuds.

Fungidzira, asi putative siyana nokuvapo nyore kabhoni yeimwe: chaoit, carbon uye simbi dicarbon.

okisijeni allotropy

Izvi unoumba maviri nonmetal nyore fuma:

• okisijeni gasi (panguva dzekudya ezvinhu), iyo nzira iyo O _2;
• ozone gasi, ari empirical Zvinoumba iyo kufungisisa O _3.

Zviri pachena kuti pano ndicho chikonzero chikuru kuti kuvapo okunatsiridza - the Morekuru. Normal okisijeni - hwaro upenyu zvose zvipenyu (kunze anaerobic utachiona). Ndiye ane basa ubatanidzwe gasi Exchange, panobva simba kuti zvipenyu zvose zvirimo. Mishonga - oxidant, apo munhu muzvizhinji wanda rinoitwa.

Ozone achiumbwa zvakasikwa kana murabhoritari midziyo ozonizers chaiyo okisijeni kubva dzedenga yakasimba magetsi buditsa. In dzinongoitika ezvinhu - zviri mheni. Yakaderera kuwanda zvisaririra ine inofadza kunhuwa yakanaka (mushure dutu Ndainzwa mudenga). Iri simba chaizvo oxidant, mishonga, mishonga kushingaira.

phosphorus nadzurudzo

Allotropy okisijeni akafanana phosphorus uye. Rinewo anenge 11 okunatsiridza zvakasiyana zvakasiyana nhamba kwemaatomu ari Morekuru, uye naizvozvo, makemikari chisungo uye zvivako. Kune zvitatu wakatsiga siyana, uye vakasara, vari zvisikwa kushanda hakuitiki, uye kuora.

1. White phosphorus. It Formula F _4. A fuma chakatodzana chena nyoro Paraffin kana zvishoma yellowish ruvara. Zviri nyore itye, akatendeuka kupinda gasi rinouraya.
2. Red phosphorus - a namatidza, rine risingafadzi kwakanaka. Formula - P _n. polymer ichi chivako.
3. Black phosphorus - jikichira kune kubatwa kurema, riri dema ruvara uye zvachose soluble mumvura.

simbi nadzurudzo

Chii allotropy nesimbi, anogona kuwanika muenzaniso simbi. It ariko dziri:

• Alpha;
• Beta;
• wegamma;
• Sigma chimiro.

Mumwe zvakasiyana yapfuura nemamiriro sekristaro yekamuri uye, naizvozvovo, zvivako. Somuenzaniso, Alpha-chimiro - ferromagnetichna uye Beta -paramagnetik.

Kazhinji, zvose anozivikanwa simbi kubva allotropic nadzurudzo chokuumba dzinokwana 27 zvine maatomu akafanana.

gaba allotropy

Interesting pakuti Arifa-chimiro - a grey upfu, rinongowanika panguva yakaderera tembiricha. Beta-chimiro, Ukuwo, simbi, silvery-chena, nyoro uye ductile. Pane dzimwe yakakwirira tembiricha waivako - kusvika 161 ° ^C. Rimwe chimiro ari nyore kutendeukira nomumwe vivo, kana dhigirii inodonha.