Chii cytoplasm? The chivako, akafanana uye zvivako zviri cytoplasm

Chii cytoplasm? Chii chiri marongerwo uye sezvamunoita? Chii basa here kuita? Munyaya ino, tichakurukura vanopindura muudzame mibvunzo yose iyi. Uyewo, tichaona kutarisa STRUCTURAL zviri cytoplasm yayo zvivako, uyewo kutaura weboka iri colloidal mhinduro, sechivako muchitokisi membranes uye cellular organelles dzinonetsa.

The STRUCTURAL vamapoka munyama zvose uye masero zvomukati. Two mhando STRUCTURAL sangano

Zvinozivikanwa kuti masero zvichaita zvinoumba munyama Zvirimwa zvose uye mhuka. Izvi STRUCTURAL chairema zvose zvipenyu zvose zvingasiyana mu chimiro, ukuru uye kunyange zvemukati marongerwo. Asi panguva imwe chete vane mitemo yakafanana muzvirongwa upenyu, kusanganisira muviri, kukura, kushatirwa uye variability. Nyore zvipenyu umbwa masero kuroorwa uye tinobereka kubudikidza kukamuka.
Masayendisiti mhando mbiri foni nemamiriro sangano yave dzinounzwa:

• prokaryotic;
• eukaryotic.

Vane zvakawanda kusiyana maumbirwo yavo. The Sero prokaryotic muronga chinoumba chisipo. chromosome wake chete iri zvakananga cytoplasm, kuti haina vaparadzana nevamwe zvinhu. Chimiro kwakadaro Ndiwo mabhakitiriya. cytoplasm kwavo varombo Zvinoumba zvivako, asi pane ribosome diki. Eukaryotic zvikuru kunzwisisa pane masero prokaryotic. DNA yake wakabatana mapuroteni iri okutodza, izvo dziri ari oga muchitokisi organelles - neerekitironi. It anosiiwa nevamwe organelles munhu porous Kamudzira ane sero uye ine zvinhu zvakadai chromatin, muto renyukireya uye nucleolus. Kunyange zvakadaro, pane chimwe chinhu chakafanana mune mhando mbiri cellular sangano. Uye prokaryotes uye eukaryotes vane membranes. Uye avo dzakawanda mukati akapa chaiwo colloidal mhinduro, rine organelles siyana uye kwenguva activation.

Eukaryotic Sero: yacho cytoplasm. sezvamunoita Its uye mabasa

Saka, tinofanira kuenda mwoyo kutsvakurudza yedu. Chii cytoplasm? Ngatimboongororai zvakadzama ichi sero inotungamirwa. The cytoplasm chinhu chikuru chinoumba masero rakamiswa pakati chinoumba uye plasma membrane. Semi-mvura, zvinonzi zvapararira nokuda tubules, microtubules, microfilaments uye filaments. Uyewo pasi cytoplasm anogona kunzwisiswa colloidal mhinduro iyo kunoratidzwa kufamba colloidal nezvimedu nezvimwe zvinoriumba. In ichi Semi-svikiro zvinosanganisira mvura uye siyana Organic uye inorganic yeimwe, vakaronga sero zvivako, organelles, uyewo duku activation. Chinonyanya kukosha kushanda ndivo cytoplasm. It anoita kunyoresa ose cellular zvinoriumba mune rimwe ino. Nokuda tubules uye microtubules cytoplasm muchitokisi anoita kushanda marangwanda uye zvinoita kuti vasiri uye nokukanganisika kwendangariro. Uyezve, zvinopa mukana zvose muchitokisi organelles uye anopa sangano. Izvi zvinhu ndiwo sero cytoplasm kunokosha zvikuru, sezvo ivo kubvumira STRUCTURAL chairema zvose zvipenyu zvose kuti tiite wavo wenguva basa. Zvino kuti munoziva zvakataurwa cytoplasm. Sezvo achinyatsoziva kuti chinzvimbo muchitokisi uye chii zvinotora "basa" Anoita mhando. Next isu funga murwiyo uye nemamiriro colloidal mhinduro zvizere.

Pane kusiyana cytoplasm zvinomera nemhuka masero?

Membranous organelles, riri rimwe colloidal mhinduro, vaiona Golgi midziyo, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, lysosomes, uye kuruvanze plastid cytoplasmic membrane. In mhuka uye chirimwa masero akasiyana sezvamunoita semiliquid svikiro. The cytoplasm iri chirimwa Sero ane organelles - the plastids. Ivo dzakananga mapuroteni miviri kuti vakasiyana basa, chimiro uye ruvara pigments namavara siyana. Plastids dziri muna cytoplasm uye vanokwanisa kufamba pamwe nayo. Vanokura, kuwanda uye zvibereko Organic yeimwe ane makemikari. The cytoplasm hwomuti sero ane mhando nhatu plastids. Yellowish kana orenji inonzi chromoplasts, mutema - chloroplasts, uye Hauoneki - leucoplasts. Pane imwe maitiro chepfungwa - the Golgi zvakaoma yaimirira dictyosome vakapararira yose cytoplasm. In masero mhuka, mukusiyana kuti chirimwa, iyo cytoplasm vaviri akaturikidzana iripo. Rokunze akadana ectoplasm, uye yomukati - endoplasma. Chokutanga rukoko ndiyo yakabatana muchitokisi Kamudzira, uye wechipiri - pakati pavo Kamudzira porous yenyukireya. Ectoplasm rinoumbwa vakawanda microfilaments - tambo kuti mamorekuru ose globular actin mapuroteni. Endoplasm rine organelles siyana, granules uye dzinoratidzwa yakaderera viscosity.

Hyaloplasm muchitokisi eukaryotic

Hwaro cytoplasm pakati eukaryotes munhu anonzi hyaloplasm. Iri slimy, Hauoneki, non-dzakafanana mhinduro umo metabolic pezvakaitwa kungoramba kuitika. Hyaloplasm (nemamwe mazwi, chizvaro) riri colloidal hurongwa pamwe kunzwisisa maumbirwo. mamiriro ayo inosanganisira RNA uye soluble mapuroteni, lipids uye polysaccharides. In vachiri ane chinokosha mari hyaloplasm nucleotides, amino acids, inorganic ions, uyewo yeimwe ari mhando Na ^- kana Ca ^2+. Chizvaro ane homogeneous marongerwo. Inowanika nenzira mbiri ayo akataura gel (zvikukutu) uye Sol (mvura). Mutual kuchinja pakati pavo zvaitika. In nemvura kutotanga pane hurongwa thinnest mapuroteni filaments anonzi mikrotrabekulami. Vanosunga zvivako zvose mukati muchitokisi. Uye munzvimbo umo vari vachiyambuka boka ribosomes. Mikrotrabekuly pamwe microtubules uye microfilaments vanoumba cytoplasmic marangwanda. It inorondedzera uye anoita nzvimbo dzose sero organelles.

Organic uye inorganic zvinhu zviri colloidal mhinduro masero

Ngatitarisei chii makemikari anoumba cytoplasm? Zvinhu zviri muchitokisi inogona Classified muzvikwata zviviri - Organic uye inorganic. First anounzwa mapuroteni, makabhohaidhiretsi, kwemafuta uye nucleic acids. Makabhohaidhiretsi vari dzaitaurwa cytoplasm pamusoro mono-, va- uye polysaccharides. By monosaccharides, Hauoneki crystals, kazhinji inonaka kuravidza zvinosanganisira fructose, shuga, ribose uye zvakafanana. D. mamorekuru Large polysaccharides ine monosaccharide. Muchitokisi, ivo anomiririrwa starch, glycogen uye cellulose. Lipids, i.e. mafuta mamorekuru, vakaumba residues ose glycerol uye mafuta acids. cytoplasm Structure: inorganic zvinhu zviri kukurukurwa anonyanya mvura, izvo kazhinji yaiva kurema 90%. Iye anoita ari cytoplasm dzinokosha mabasa. Mvura ndiyo inoshanda solvent, anopa elasticity, zviri avepo kufamba zvinhu, zvose mukati uye pakati masero. Achitaura makro kuti vanoumba hwaro biopolymers, vanopfuura 98% of zvachose nziyo inogarwa cytoplasmic okisijeni, sehydrogen, carbon uye senitrogen. Kunze kwavari, sero rine yavaibvisa, calcium, sarufa, magnesium, kuiisa chlorine uye vamwe. The chicherwa munyu varipo sezvo anions uye cations, sezvamakaropafadzwa reshiyo kunotema acidity yavo.

The ehupfumi of colloidal mhinduro muchitokisi

Funga zvakare, ndedzipi pfungwa zviri cytoplasm. Chekutanga, ndiko kugara cyclosis. It is intracellular cytoplasm kufamba. Wakatanga kunyorwa uye anorondedzerwa muzana remakore rechi18, rokuItari musayendisiti Corti. Cyclosis akaita yose cytoplasm, kusanganisira tyazhah dzaibatanidza cytoplasm kuti mwoyo. Kana Vapikisi vamwe chikonzero rinomira - anofa muchitokisi eukaryotic. The cytoplasm iri hazvo ari kugara cyclosis, izvo dzakaonekwa nokuda kufamba organelles. Kumhanya inofamba pakati chizvaro kunobva siyana zvinhu, kusanganisira chiedza uye tembiricha iri. Somuenzaniso, muna Epiderme e ose hanyanisi chikero cyclosis nokukurumidza anenge 6 m / s. cytoplasm kufamba ari chirimwa muviri ine zvikuru kukanganisa kukura kwaro uye kukura, kukurudzira chokufambisa kuti zvinhu pakati masero. Chinokosha pfuma wechipiri viscosity ari colloidal zvichachipedza. It dzinosiyana zvikuru zvichienderana norudzi muviri. Vamwe zvipenyu cytoplasm viscosity ndiyo chete zvishoma kupfuura pamusoro viscosity mvura, vamwe, nekusiyana, kuti awane viscosity kuti glycerine. Zvinonzi aidavira kuti kunotsamira muviri. The ndichibvunza mukutsinhana kunoitika, rezasi ari viscosity ari colloidal zvichachipedza. Chimwe chinokosha ndechokuti semipermeable. The cytoplasm ayo sezvamunoita ane vakaomerwa membrane. Zvinokonzerwa chaiwo zvayakaita, anokwanisa zvokusarudza zvakaitika mamorekuru vamwe zvinhu uye kuti usatadza mumwe. Kusarudza permeability of cytoplasm inoita basa rinokosha nedanho upenyu. Hazvina dzose muupenyu, kuchinja nezera uye kunowedzera chirimwa zvinenge pamwe chichiwedzera zvakanyanya uye tembiricha. Zvakaoma kuona kukosha cytoplasm. Hazvina mukupara simba muviri, zvekufambisa nezvinovaka muviri, excretion exotoxins. Zvinonzi zvakare vaiona munhu osmotic chipingamupinyi chizvaro uye rinobatanidzwa mutemo zvokukura urongwa, kukura uye masero kupesana. Kusanganisira cytoplasm inoita basa rinokosha DNA kuberekana.

Features foni weboka

All chirimwa uye mhuka masero muwande ne kugovera. Kune anozivikanwa mhando nhatu - isina kunanga, yakananga uye Kuderedza. Chokutanga unonziwo amitosis. Kunanga chokuwanziridza kunoitika sezvinotevera. Pakutanga, "pereshnurovyvaetsya" Musimboti, uye ipapo weboka cytoplasm kunoitika. Somugumisiro, mbiri masero vari kuumbwa, izvo kukura zvishoma nezvishoma kuti kukura mubereki. mhando iyi nokupesana mhuka apo neapo. Kazhinji, zvaitika kunanga nokupesana, kureva mitosis. Zviri zvikuru amitosis zvakaoma uye inozivikanwa kuti hapana kwakawedzera kwetunhu muna neerekitironi doubling uwandu DNA. Mitosis ane maitikiro mana, makatumidzwa - prophase, metaphase, anaphase uye telophase.

• Chokutanga danho kunoratidzwa paumbwe coils chromatin tambo panguva musimboti, chromosome uye zvadaro se "panhengo". In iyi pane kusawirirana centrioles kuti matanda nokuita achromatin chokurukisa.
• Danho rechipiri mitosis inozivikanwa kuti mashoko okutodza, richisvika kunonyanyisa akamonyoroka kutanga kuti iri mudunhu rinowanzopisa zvakarongeka masero.
• In wechitatu chokutambudzika kukamurwa okutodza kupinda chromatids maviri. Panyaya iyi, chokurukisa shinda chekawo mwanasikana kudhonzwa uye okutodza kune pakatarisana nematanda.
• Mugore rechina chokutambudzika mitosis kunoitika dispiralizatsiya okutodza uye inotungamirwa nenyukireya hamvuropu imwe vakavakomberedza. Panguva imwe chete weboka cytoplasm kunoitika. We mwanasikana Sero ane diploid vanochengeta okutodza.

Rutapudzo weboka yaingowanikwa masero dzepabonde. In ichi mhando foni chokuwanziridza anowanikwa paumbwe aiwanzopiwa wokushanda okutodza idzodzo. Kunze ndomumwe unpaired chromosome. Somugumisiro, zvinoderedza nokupesana muzvitokisi maviri mwanasikana vanogamuchira hafu chromosome yakatarwa. MuMedhia akapiwa ndiyo chete mwanasikana mumwe muchitokisi. Sex masero nehafu nhamba okutodza, akura uye vanokwanisa wekusangana, akadana navarandakadzi gametes.

Pfungwa yacho cytoplasmic Kamudzira

In zvose mhuka, zvinomera, masero uye kunyange nyore utachiona vane chinokosha pamusoro chikwata kuti ichikutadzisa uye anodzivirira chizvaro kubva kwokunze kwezvakatipoteredza. Cytoplasmic Kamudzira (plasmalemma, sero Kamudzira, yeplasma Kamudzira) ndiye zvokusarudza permeable paiva mamorekuru (mapuroteni, phospholipids), anofukidza cytoplasm. Inoitwa subsystems matatu:

• yeplasma Kamudzira;
• nadmembranny kunzwisisa;
• submembranny zvetsandanyama nemapfupa hyaloplasm contractile midziyo.

The nemamiriro cytoplasmic Kamudzira ndechokuti: nayo unotora akaturikidzana maviri lipid mamorekuru (bilayer), mumwe morekuru akadaro ane muswe uye musoro. Miswe kutarisana mumwe. Vane hydrophobic. Hydrophilic musoro uye nechomukati uye masero nechokunze. The bilayer rinosanganisira puroteni Morekuru. Uyezve, zviri asymmetrical uye zvakasiyana lipids kurongwa nenzira monolayer. Somuenzaniso, mune imwe kamuri eukaryotic remafuta akawandisa mamorekuru inowanikwa yomukati, yakabatana cytoplasm, Kamudzira hafu. Glycolipids iri vanozvisiyira rokunze layer kwavo carbohydrate ngetani nguva dzose rinotungamirirwa chokunze. Cytoplasmic Kamudzira ane mabasa anokosha kusanganisira vakaomerwa dzomunyika zviri musero kubva zvokunze kwezvakatipoteredza, hunobvumira dawo zvimwe zvinhu (shuga, amino acids) muzvitokisi. Plasmalemma anoita kutapurirana zvinhu kupinda muchitokisi, uyewo goho ravo outwards, i.e. Kusarudza. Kuburikidza pores rakapinza mvura, ions uye duku Morekuru zvinhu, uye zvinonyadzisa nezvimedu vari zvifambiswe kupinda muchitokisi achishandisa phagocytosis. On pemvura Kamudzira siyana microvilli invagination uye diverticulum, izvo kwete chete zvinobudirira dzinomwisa uye kusunungura zvinhu, asi kutaura nemamwe masero. The Kamudzira unobvumidza kuda kuti "kubatana zvose zvipenyu zvose" kune hukawanika siyana uye hwezvekukurukurirana kufamba.

Organelles iri cytoplasm pakati murwiyo. Endoplasmic reticulum uye ribosomes

Mukuwedzera hyaloplasm cytoplasm ine dzakawanda uye nemaziso organelles zvakasiyana mu mamiriro. Kuvapo kwavo chirimwa uye mhuka masero kunoratidza kuti yavanobata zvinokosha mabasa uye zvinokosha. Kusvika pamwero wakati, morphological dzidzo izvi kwakafanana nomuviri womunhu kana mitumbi yemhuka, iyo akapa mukana kudana organelles dzavo. Muna cytoplasm kusiyanisa kuoneka mune chiedza maikorosikopu organelle mumwe platelet yakaoma, mitochondria, uye centrosome. Achibatsirwa ane Erekitironi maikorosikopu mu chizvaro akawana microtubules, lysosomes, ribosomes uye plasma Network. The cytoplasm muchitokisi iri rakapinda nokuda migero siyana, makatumidzwa "endpolazmaticheskaya network." Dzavo Kamudzira rusvingo kuonana nevamwe organelles zvose uye vanoumba chete hurongwa kuti anoita simba muviri, uyewo kufamba zvinhu mukati masero. Masvingo Mipata ndidzo ribosomes, izvo Dzakafanana duku marozari. Vanogona kuiswa singly kana mumapoka. Ribosomes ine zvinenge zvakaenzana nokuwanda ribonucleic acids nemapurotini. Uyewo ayo sezvamunoita yaisanganisira magnesium. Ribosomes haagoni chete kuva EPS migero, asiwo kusununguka vavete cytoplasm, uyewo kuitika mu mwoyo, apo vari aumba. A akagadzirwa migero vane ribosomes dzinonzi granular endoplasmic reticulum. Kwavari, kunze ribosomes dziri makemikari kuti pave kwetunhu makabhohaidhiretsi uye mafuta. In dzomunyika in muchitokisi migero vari tsvina. Dzimwe nguva Extensions EPS akaumba vacuoles - in vakazadzwa muchitokisi muto uye dzisina membrane. organelles izvi kuramba turgor nevezera. Lysosomes zvidiki denderedzwa inotungamirwa. Vakapararira yose cytoplasm. Lysosomes vari akaumba mune EPS kana Golgi zvakaoma, apo akazadzwa hydrolytic makemikari. Lysosomes akagadzirirwa kugaya nezvimedu mukati masero somugumisiro phagocytosis.

Cytoplasm: marongerwo uye mashandiro anoita organelles ayo. Plate Golgi yakaoma, mitochondria, uye centrosome

Golgi kunzwisisa rinomiririrwa nomumwe chirimwa masero corpuscles yakashongedzwa membranes, uye mhuka - tubules, matema uye dzehondo. Izvi organoid makemikari okunatsiridza kwaizotevera kushaya kuti chisimbiso kupinda cytoplasm muchitokisi secretions. Rinotaurawo vakatakura kunze kwetunhu polysaccharides uye glycoproteins inotungamirwa. Mitochondria - mhuru tsvimbo serin'i, filamentous kana granular chimiro. Vari kungogumira membranes maviri, izvo ine miviri paiva phospholipids nemapurotini. Kubva munyika membranes pamusoro organelles izvi kubva cristae, masvingo vari makemikari. Uchibatsirwa yavo, kwetunhu adenosine triphosphate (ATP). dzimwe nguva Mitochondria dzinonzi "cellular simba miti" nokuti anopa chikamu chinokosha pamusoro adenosine triphosphate. Rinoshandiswa sero seinokonzera kwemakemikari simba. Uyezve, mitochondria kuita mamwe mabasa, kusanganisira chiratidzo transduction, sero rufu, sero Kusiyanisa. Centrosome (sero pakati) rinoumbwa centrioles maviri, izvo akaronga panguva necheparutivi kune mumwe. organelle Izvi aripo mune miti yose uye mhuka (kunze chepuraimari uye ezasi notumwe), uye ndiye kuziva matanda panguva mitosis. The unogovera Sero iri kutanga yakakamurwa centrosome. Izvi unoumba achromatin chokurukisa iyo inorondedzera okutodza zviito yakashatiswa mumufambiro akananga matanda. Akaratidzawo muchitokisi organelles uye organelle kungava chinangwa chinokosha, zvakadai cilia uye flagella. Uyewo, pane zvimwe zvokukura upenyu zvinogona uye usanganidzo, ndiro chinhu nguva. Somuenzaniso, zvokudya zvakadai mumate mafuta, mapuroteni, starch, glycogen, etc ...

Lymphocytes - masero kiyi zvirwere

Lymphocytes - ndivo masero zvinokosha kuva boka chena ropa masero vanhu nemhuka uye kubatanidzwa immunological siyana. Ivo vakakamurwa pakukura uye STRUCTURAL maitiro kupinda subgroups matatu:

• diki - asingasviki 8 microns mu dhayamita;
• svikiro - dhayamita 8 kusvika 11 microns;
• soro - anopfuura 11 microns mu dhayamita.

lymphocytes Small vakawanda muropa remhuka. Vane neerekitironi guru reraundi, richipararira pamusoro Vhoriyamu cytoplasm. The cytoplasm pamusoro lymphocytes mu subgroup ichi sokunge pomukombero yenyukireya kana nejeko, yakabatana rimwe divi core. Kazhinji chizvaro ine wandei azurophilic granules vashoma saizi. Mitochondria, ndiro zvinhu zvakaoma uye EPS tubules vashoma uye dziri pedyo mhango yenyukireya. Svikiro uye makuru lymphocytes vanosarudzirwa zvishoma zvakasiyana. nuclei dzavo bhinzi serin'i ane shomanana kuti yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa chromatin. Ndivo nyore kusiyanisa nucleolus. Cytoplasmic lymphocytes mapoka wechipiri uye chechitatu chine vakwanise pomukombero. Maviri anozivikanwa makirasi lymphocytes, anonzi B- uye T-lymphocytes. Akatanga kuumbwa mune mhuka mielovidnoy mwongo. Masero aya anokwanisa kuumba immunoglobulins. Uchibatsirwa wavo B lymphocytes anosangana maantigen, vachiziva yokupedzisira. T-lymphocytes zvinobva kuna mwongo masero ari thymus (zvayo zvidimbu cortical chikamu). Ndivo cytoplasmic Kamudzira pamusoro histocompatibility maantigen, uyewo dzakawanda receptors hwaishandiswa kuzivikanwa kuti dzimwe inoramba. lymphocytes Small ainyanya vakaisawo T-lymphocytes (70%), iro pane vakawanda masero refu-akararama. Ruzhinji B-lymphocytes vane pfupi-akararama - pose kubva vhiki rimwe pamwedzi.

Tinovimba nyaya yedu zvave zvichibatsira, uye ikozvino munoziva zvakataurwa cytoplasm, uye hyaloplasm plazmelemma. Sezvo unonyatsozviziva, ndedzipi mashandiro, mamiriro uye kukosha upenyu muviri sero zvivako.