Chii Laser chiedza? Laser nemwaranzi: zvinyorwa zvayo uye vadzivirirwe nawo

Lasers vari kuva maturusi kuwedzera kukosha yokutsvakurudza muminda zvokurapa, wefizikisi, kemisitiri, zvemaumbirwo, biology uye rwokugadzira. Kana ikashandiswa zvisina kufanira, angashandiswa kupofumadza uye kunotevera (mu t. H. Burns uye electrocution) dzaishandisa nezvimwe vashandi, kusanganisira kurongwa vashanyi Laboratories, uyewo chikonzero kukuvara chinokosha pfuma. Users mano aya vanofanira kunzwisisa uye kushandisa anodiwa njodzi patinoungana kubata navo.

Chii chinonzi Laser?

Shoko "Laser" (Laser, Light Amplification kubudikidza dzinovhurika akabuda Radiation Engl.) Chiri Acronym inomira kuti "chiedza amplification dzinovhurika achine". Kakawanda nemwaranzi kunotangira Laser uri mukati kana pedo chinooneka chikamu remagetsi chakarondedzera. Energy kunosimudzirwa kumamiriro ezvinhu zvikuru yakakwirira kuchinyanya kuburikidza muitiro yainzi "achine Laser Kutemeswa".

Shoko rokuti "nemwaranzi" rinowanzoshandiswa zvisizvo nokuti rinoshandiswawo rondedzero radioactive zvinhu. Muchirevo chechinyorwa chino, zvinoreva nokupfuuridzirwa simba. Energy iri kubva nenzvimbo achishandisa conduction, convection uye nemwaranzi.

Kune mhando dzakawanda akasiyana lasers uchishanda munharaunda dzakasiyana. The magasi (semuenzaniso, argon kana musanganiswa nehelium uye neon) anoshandiswa sezvo kushanda fluid hwakasimba crystals (semuenzaniso Ruby) kana mvura colorants. Kana simba riri nechikoro kuti kushanda kwezvakatipoteredza, ruchapinda kuti kufara ezvinhu uye zvabudiswa simba ari muchimiro chiedza nezvimedu (photons).

Hangaiwa nezvionioni pa mativi ose rakanamwa chubhu kana zvinoratidza kana transmits chiedza somunhu kuramba sorukova, yainzi Laser danda. Mumwe kushanda kwezvakatipoteredza unobereka rakasiyana danda wavelength uye ruvara.

kazhinji Color Laser danda, akaratidza wavelength. Hazvina non-ionizing uye zvinosanganisira ultraviolet (100-400 nm), vanooneka (400-700 nm) uye michini (700 nm - 1 mm) chikamu chakarondedzera.

remagetsi chakarondedzera

Mumwe ane yakasiyana remagetsi chinozunguzirwa maitikiro uye urefu chokuita nezvechisarudzo ichi. Sezvo chiedza dzvuku rine frequency rayo uye wavelength, uye vose mumwe ruvara - orange, yero, girini uye zvitema - pamwe nemamwe frequencies uye wavelengths. Users vanokwanisa kunzwisisa remagetsi namafungu izvi, asi havagoni kuona vamwe chakarondedzera.

Mukuru maitikiro vari wegamma mwaranzi, maekisirei uye ultraviolet chiedza. Michini, microwave nemwaranzi uye redhiyo mafungu rwugare dzakaderera frequencies ari chakarondedzera. chiedza chinoonekwa ari rakamanikana chaizvo Range therebetween.

Laser nemwaranzi: kukuvara kwevanhu

The Laser pave zvikuru chiedza danda rinotungamirirwa. Kana zviri mberi, airatidza, kana kuti kuisa pfungwa chinhu, danda riri zvishoma woga nokumutsa pemvura tembiricha uye menzvimbo chinhu kuti angaita kuchinja kana deformation mashoko. Unhu izvi dzave kushandiswa Laser oparesheni uye kurapwa zvokuvakisa, kunogona kuva nengozi kuti tishu kwevanhu.

Kuwedzera nemwaranzi, paaipa chafariz sei munyama ngozi Laser chiedza, kunobereka photochemical kushanda. ezvinhu rake zvakakwana pfupi wavelength, kureva. E. UV kana chikamu yebhuruu pamusoro chakarondedzera. Modern mano kubereka Laser anobuda, kubatsira kukwana kushoma. Kuderedzwa simba Laser hakuna kukwana kukuvadza, uye ngozi ivo pozi.

Human munyama vane hanya simba, uye zvadai ari remagetsi nemwaranzi, Laser kusanganisira, anogona kukuvadza meso uye ganda. nezvikumbaridzo yaizoitika Zvidzidzo nemwaranzi kunge inoitwa.

Ngozi meso

Ziso romunhu zvikuru kubatwa zvinokuvadza peganda. The cornea (segirazi yokunze pamberi pemvura ziso), mukusiyana kune dermis, ane yokunze rukoko masero akafa izvo zvinodzivirira pamusoro dzezvakatipoteredza zvinofurira. Laser uye ultraviolet nemwaranzi wefodya kubudikidza cornea weziso anogona kukonzera chero kukuvadza. Kunotevera iri achiperekedzwa edema uye epithelial kukurwa kwevhu, uye mukunyombwa kwazvo - dzisavhiringidza of Anterior kamuri.

Gogorosi ziso zvingakonzerwawo asingatani kukuvara kana pachena kuti vakasiyana Laser nemwaranzi - michini uye ultraviolet.

Zvisinei, ngozi huru, ndiye matambudziko ari Laser pamusoro the retina iri anooneka Manyiminya chakarondedzera - 400 nm (Violet) kusvika 1400 nm (pedyo michini). Mukati nharaunda iri chakarondedzera collimated matanda vari nezvezvandaifanira chidukuduku nzvimbo the retina. Zvakaipisisa nyaya ekisiposha kunoitika apo ziso anotarira kure uye zvakananga kana akaratidza danda akakurova izvozvo. Muchiitiko chino, wevasungwa wayo the retina rinosvika 100,000 nguva.

Saka, chinooneka bango 10 MW / masendimita ² mabasa ari the retina ane simba 1000 W / ^cm2. Izvi zvinopfuura zvakakwana kuti kukuvadza. Kana ziso haasi kutarira kure, kana kana danda kunooneka kubva diffuse, kwete girazi pamusoro, zvinotungamirira kukuvara kwazvo nemwaranzi kupfuura simba. The Laser zvainoita ganda isina kutaura zvazviri, saka zviri ndoda kubatwa zvinokuvadza pa wavelengths izvi.

X-ray

Vamwe mukuru-voltage enyika pamwe voltages kupfuura 15 KV anogona vaunze maekisirei mukuru wekuedza nesimba kuti Laser chiedza panobva - yakasimba excimer lasers pamwe Erekitironi kupomba, uyewo yeplasma naIon zvinyorwa mugadziriro. mano izvi zvinofanira kuongororwa kuti nemwaranzi kuchengeteka, kusanganisira nokuti akakodzera kudzivirirwa.

kupatsanura

Zvichienderana simba kana simba pamusoro danda uye wavelength pamusoro mwaranzi, ivo lasers akakamurwa makirasi akawanda. The kupatsanura anobva zvinogona mano mudziyo kuti nokukurumidza kukuvara meso, ganda, kuzvimba rakananga kuona danda kana diffuse kufungisisa kubva tichifungisisa hukawanika. yezvokutengeserana lasers All inozviisa zvitupa Via kukonzerwa zvisiri zvavo. Kana mudziyo yaigadzirwa dzimba kana zvimwe muchimucherechedza, zano inofanira kuwanikwa zvakafanana ayo kupatsanura uye Kunyora. Lasers Munokudzwa nesimba, wavelength uye nguva dzokuteerera.

Safety mano

Kirasi yokutanga mano chamutsa yakaderera zvikuru Laser nemwaranzi. Haikwanise kusvika ngozi sandara, saka mabhuku vakasununguka neevakawanda kuzvidzora matanho kana kumwe nokuongororwa. Muenzaniso: Laser vaidhinda uye CD vatambi.

Conditionally njodzi mudziyo

kirasi yechipiri lasers emit mune zvatinoona chakarondedzera. Izvi zvinokonzera Laser chiedza anokonzera munhu kwomuzvarirwo chokurambwa chinokutambudza sechiedza (boira dzepanguva). Kana apindwa danda Ziso remunhu blinks 0.25 s, izvo anotidzivirira yakakwana. Zvisinei, kuti Laser nemwaranzi riri anooneka siyana anogona kukuvadza maziso, kugara zvazvinoita. Mienzaniso: Laser dzapiwa, Laser panenge pachivakwa.

2a-kirasi lasers vari unokosha-chinangwa Namano goho simba asingasviki 1 MW. mano izvi zvinokonzera kukuvara chete zvakananga kukanganisa pamusoro 1000 ive 8-awa kushanda zuva. Muenzaniso muverengi Barcode.

lasers ngozi

By 3a kirasi zvinosanganisira namano kuti usatadzira nokuda pfupi kuona kuti kudzivirirwa ziso. Kunogona kuva nengozi kana uchishandisa pfungwa optics Somuenzaniso materesikopu, mamaikorosikopu uye mabhainokura. Mienzaniso: a nehelium-neon Laser simba 1-5 MW, vamwe Laser dzapiwa uye kuvaka mumatunhu.

3b kirasi Laser danda aigona kukonzera kukuvara kana zvakananga zvazvinoita rayo girazi mufananidzo. Muenzaniso: mumwe nehelium-neon Laser simba 5-500 MW, vazhinji tsvakurudzo uye dzokurapwa lasers.

Kirasi 4 zvinosanganisira zano nesimba kwevari vanopfuura 500 MW. Ndivo ngozi maziso, ganda, uyewo moto njodzi. Kuonana danda kubva specular ake kana diffuse zvichiratidza zvinogona kukonzera ziso uye ganda kukuvara. zvose vakachengeteka matanho anofanira kuitwa. MUENZANISO: Nd: YAG-lasers, anoratidza, kuvhiyiwa, simbi okurwadzisa.

Laser nemwaranzi: Protection

rabhoritari nomumwe anofanira kudzivirira zvakakwana vanhu vanoshanda lasers. Improvement hwindo kuburikidza iyo nemwaranzi yenyukireya anogona kupfuura mano 2, 3 kana 4 makirasi pamwe inoremadza munzvimbo kusingadzorwi munzvimbo inofanira kufukidzwa kana zvimwe kudzivirirwa panguva nokushanda zano rakadaro. For kunonyanyisa kuchengetedzwa, Zvinokurudzirwa kuti ziso.

• Danda inofanira akanyudzwa asiri tichifungisisa murazvo nemishonga inodzivirira butiro kurerutsa ngozi netsaona kuona kana moto. Kuti vaenzanise danda kushandisa fluorescent sefa kana yechipiri viewfinders; Dzivisa yakananga ziso chokupfeka.
• Nokuti danda kunangiswa nzira vanoshandisa rakadzika simba. Kana zvichibvira nokuti rokutanga kunangiswa nzira vanoshandisa yakaderera magumo namano. Ichengetedzwe kuvapo tichifungisisa zvinhu zviri Laser nzvimbo.
• Kurambidza ndima danda mune nzvimbo ngozi pashure pemaawa achishandisa shutter, uye zvimwe zvipingamupinyi. Usashandisa pamasvingo mukamuri kuti vaenzanise danda Laser kirasi 3b uye 4.
• Shandisa non-tichifungisisa zviridzwa. Vamwe midziyo hazviratidzi chiedza anooneka, inova girazi ari asingaoneki chikamu chakarondedzera.
• Regai vanopfeka tichifungisisa zvishongo. Metallic Kushongedza kunowedzerawo mukana magetsi kuvhunduka.

chengetedza magirazi

Kana tichishanda lasers 4 makirasi pamwe nengozi rakavhurika, kana pangozi kufungisisa vanofanira kushandisa anodzivirira magirazi. Nyorai kwavari kunobva mhando nemwaranzi. Pfungwa anofanira kusarudzwa kudzivirira pfungwa, kunyanya diffuse, uyewo kudzivirira kuti pamwero apo yepanyama kuzvidzivirira dzepanguva anogona kudzivirira kukuvara ziso. Kwakadaro Manyiminya mano kuchengeta zvimwe akatodzana danda, kudzivirira ganda kutsva, kuderedza mukana nevamwe netsaona.

Zvokufunga nezvazvo paunosarudza Eyewear:

• kana wavelength kunzvimbo mwaranzi chakarondedzera;
• absorbance paneimwewo wavelength;
• kunonyanyisa illuminance (W / masendimita ²⁾ kana kuti danda simba (W);
• kutaipa Laser hurongwa;
• Power muoti - pulsed Laser nemwaranzi kana kuramba rudzi;
• kufungisisa nezvaanogona - specular uye diffuse;
• munda maonero;
• Kuwanikwa okugadzirisa lenses kana rakakura zvakakwana kuti kwokupfeka magirazi kuti chiratidzo kururamiswa;
• nyaradzo;
• kufefetedza mawindo kudzivirira misting;
• Mugumisiro ruvara chiratidzo;
• tinzwe musimbwa;
• kukwanisa kuita zvakakodzera mabasa.

Sezvo magogorosi havatani kukuvadza uye vanopfeka, rabhoritari kuchengeteka chirongwa kunofanira kusanganisira nguva nenguva inspections ava anodzivirira zvinhu.