Chii lysosomes: chidziro, akafanana uye kushanda lysosomes

Sezvo muchitokisi anokwanisa "kugaya kuti" zvinhu kuti vasawira cytoplasm? Mhinduro yacho inogona kuwanikwa nokuongorora zvakaitwa lysosomes. Chii mamiriro avo? Nokuda kuti zvivako zviri organelles izvi kuita ayo ushande?

Lysosomes. Zvakakurukurwa marongerwo uye basa

Lysosome - ichi masero organoid vari kuda 0.2 microns kukura, takapoteredzwa Kamudzira uye rine hydrolytic makemikari. The chikuru basa matema akadaro kukamurwa zvinhu chakaunzwa muchitokisi nokuda endocytosis, kana ravo mamorekuru, kuti vari isingachadiwi.

Chii sechivako lysosomes muurongwa?

Cleavage kana zvinhu kudzikisirana achishandisa hydrolases - makemikari anogona kushanda iri acidic svikiro. Kuti tichengetedze pasi ph, vari midzi muna lysosome Kamudzira ATPase vacuolar-mhando (V-mhando). Dzakananga nemamiriro akaoma achibvumira kupomba pamusoro wevasungwa gradient pakati rehydrogen protons, nokudaro vachiwedzera nhamba yavo yomukati zvakatipoteredza organelles.

Hydrolase anogona chete kushanda mune imwe acidic ezvinhu. It unokosha unodzivirira basa, t. To. In ari cytoplasm muchitokisi svikiro iri kushanda kwazvakarerekera. Kana Kamudzira lysosomes zvimwe dzaparadzwa, uye makemikari vaiva cytosol, vanorasikirwa kugona kwavo kuti kuputsa zvinhu uye organelles.

Lysosome Kamudzira ine mundiro uye micellar nzvimbo. The nemaburi akaturikidzana ose phospholipids azere nemvura. Pamusoro nzvimbo yacho Kamudzira vakapararira dzakawanda pores ayo uyewo akazara mvura uye rinogona kuvharwa nezvinhu polar mamorekuru. mativi kunzwisisa kwakadaro pamusoro Kamudzira maitiro uye kunoita pinda organelles uye hydrophobic uye hydrophilic mamorekuru.

Sei kuumba lysosomes

Mapuroteni inodiwa kuvaka lysosomes vari pakutanga synthesized muna EPR. Next, vanofanira "Tag" by achabatanidza mannose vakasara. Ichi Zvakasara mannose chinhu chaicho mureza Golgi midziyo: mapuroteni vari pfungwa panzvimbo imwe, uye ipapo vari synthesized chinu pamwe lytic makemikari. Ndizvo zvinotaurwa lysosome mu zvipenyu.

The internals of lysosomes

Chii lysosome uye chii Kuronga womukati hwaiitwa organelles izvi?

Inside lysosomes vaitsigira acidic ezvinhu, ph izvo rinosvika 4.5-5. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, makemikari anogona kuita ayo cleavage chaitika. Hydrolase - ndiro zita zvinowanzovapo boka makemikari. Just lysosome rine vanenge 40 pakugadzira kushingaira siyana mamorekuru izvo catalyze kwayo zvachose chaizvo kuita.

Senzira dzomukati zviri lysosome makemikari anogona kuwanikwa zvinotevera:

• iine acid phosphatase - unodokwairira yeimwe ane mapoka phosphate;
• nuclease - anoparadza nucleic acids ;
• runovharidzira mamwe - unodokwairira mapuroteni;
• collagenase - anoparadza mamorekuru ose collagen;
• Lipase - unodokwairira esters ;
• Glycosidase - mhanyisa siyana carbohydrate cleavage;
• asparaginase - unodokwairira aspartic asidhi;
• glutaminase - anoparadza glutamic acid.

Just lysosomes rine vanenge 40 hydrolases zvakasiyana. Saka, mubvunzo chii lysosome, mu zvipenyu unogona kupindurwa: idura makemikari.

marudzi lysosomes

Govera 4 Mhando lysosomes: nesekondari lysosomes, autophagic basa uye masero residual.

lysosomes Education - muitiro wakaoma kunzwisisa, izvo pamwe nokushanda siyana zvichikurukura mamorekuru pamusoro pemvura EPR uye BP. Primary lysosome - a sefuro duku, izvo wakanamatira kubva Kamudzira yacho Golgi midziyo.

pakutanga Primary lysosome rine yose kunzwisisa kuti makemikari vaifanira kuputsa macromolecules.

Secondary lysosome - maumbirwo ichi, guru vhoriyamu. It chakaumbwa kubatanidzwa nomumwe chete chikuru sefuro zvinhu dzakabatwa endocytosis, kana sero muviri mishonga kuti anofanira kuraswa.

autophagosome inotungamirwa Rinobatanidzwa yakadaro muitiro sezvo autophagy - Absorção de Água uye "digesting" kupedza sero organelles.

Avhareji ya mitochondria mazuva 10. Pakangotanga organelle haasi kukwanisa kuita mabasa ayo, inofanira kuraswa. Nokuti chinangwa ichi, mumwe muzvizhinji chinonyanya lysosomes uye mitochondria komberedza vari interconnected. Somugumisiro, kuumbwa autophagosome kurei mukati unotanga anotsemura mitochondria kupinda monomers.

Chii lysosomes muchimiro residual mhuru? Izvi kwokupedzisira pfungwa kushanda chero lysosomes apo makemikari vakaita basa ravo, uye organelle vakanga zvinhu asingagoni kufamba mberi kukamurwa. Undigested vakasara vari kungoti vakandirwa kunze keji.

Zvirwere chokuita zvinetso zviri lysosomes

Makemikari regai nguva dzose kushanda zvakanaka. Lysosomes kukamurwa basa raiitwa chete kana hydrolase asina hadzina kufambiswa zvakanaka marongerwo. Naizvozvo, vazhinji zvirwere chokuita lysosomes, kunobva atadze kushanda zvakanaka pamusoro enzayemu.

zvarakasiya izvi zvinonzi zvirwere okuchengetera. Izvi zvinoreva kuti yokushomeka yacho enzayemu substrate rayo guru kungoti haana ozeyewa ari lysosome, nokuti chii anovaka uye anoita nemigumisiro.

Sfingolipidoz, Tay-Sachs urwere, Sendhoffa chirwere, Niemann-Pick chirwere, leukodystrophy - zvose zvirwere izvi zviri kusonganirana atadze kushanda zvakanaka pamusoro lysosomal enzayemu kana ravo kusavapo zvizere. Zvirwere zvakawanda zviri recessive zvakasikwa.