Law neShanduro

The Great Dictionary shoko nerokuti (Latin unorira aequivalens) rinotsanangura sei chinhu zvakafanana, kana nerechiHebheru chinhu yakaenzana mumwe, kuti rinogona kutsiva nyore. In wekemisitiri, mutemo neShanduro (kushandiswa kubva mukupera remakore rechi18, zviri kuchikoro, shandisa mishonga uye zvipenyu kubva kunyika dzakasiyana mune dzidziso uye tsika) iroro kuti mishonga zvose sei zvakaenzanirana neShanduro dzavo. Vhurai mutemo waiva kemisiti wokuGermany I. Richter, vane mabasa kare kuzivikanwa. In yayo basa mavhoriyumu matatu akabudiswa munguva kubvira 1792 kusvika makore 1794, yaiva nomusoro waiti "Principles pamusoro stoichiometry, kana nzira kuti kuyera zvine maatomu akafanana", Academic kuratidzwa kuti makemikari sei nyore reshiyo. Ivo akatanga izwi akadai "stoichiometry". Zvino yava chikamu chose wekemisitiri iyo inorondedzera nhamba yacho reactants vachipinda nemakemikari kudyidzana.

Richter kutanga mabasa ake akauya quantitative kuita equations. Dzinomirira CONDITIONAL kupinda ine Qualitative uye quantitative ruzivo pamusoro pezvakaitwa kuitika kukurukurirana pamusoro makemikari akasiyana inonzi reagents. Kunyange munguva alchemical sayenzi kureva nyore zvinhu Vanotsvakurudza vaishandisa zviratidzo zvakasiyana Papera Formula kunzwisisa (zvinosanganisira zvakawanda zvinhu) zvaiva pachena makemikari. Asi I. V. Rihter (pasi pokudzora ake mudzidzisi uye muzivi Immanuel Kant, uyo aiti dzimwe nzvimbo sayenzi zvepanyama dzine sayenzi yechokwadi zvikuru sezvo rine masvomhu) rakashandiswa chinyorwa kwemakemikari Masvomhu uye shoko rokuti "stoichiometry", akatsanangura maitiro quantitative mukana wokuti vanhu vanga uye akazarura mutemo neShanduro. The yemaitiro, Kunoratidza inogona zvakanyorwa: E2 • M1 = E1 • m2. Apo M1 uye m2 - uremu zvinhu zviri "1" uye "2", unreacted, uye A1 uye A2 - ndiwo neShanduro dzavo nemakemikari.

Kuti tinzwisise mutemo neShanduro, zvakakodzera tsanangurai kuti yakaenzana - ari kwakajairika nhamba chaiyo kana fuma kuti anogona batanidza hydrogen nokuo- nga ari asidhi-alkali maitiro kana Erekitironi somugumisiro redox siyana. Noenderana guru - munhu guru rimwe nerokuti. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti rimwe yakaenzana ikasakendenga fuma (kana displaces) ne 1 giremu rehydrogen kana okisijeni pamwe 8 magiramu kana 35,5 magiramu kuti kuiisa chlorine. In tsika, uwandu fuma yakaenzana kazhinji ane vashomashoma saizi, saka kakawanda anoratidzwa moles. Mune imwe nhuta rine kuramba mari nezvimedu (maatomu, ions kana mamorekuru) akaenzana nhamba Avagadro: NA = 6,02214179 (30) * 1023. Weight mumwe Chidembo ari fuma, chinoratidzwa magiramu, ndiyo dziwande kuenzana kwayo uremu mu mabhomba vakawanda dzakabatana.

Yakavakirwa neShanduro mutemo, tinogona kutaura kuti asidhi-nechigadziko titration inoyerera kuburikidza mukana wokuti vanhu vanga nazvo: Koh + HCl → KCl + H2O, kunokonzerwa kubata 1 nhuta kuti potassium hydroxide ne 1 nhuta pamusoro hydrochloric asidhi inotengwa 1 nhuta yomunyu inonzi potassium chloride, uye 1 norwaivhi mvura. Ndiko, zvakafanana kurema potassium hydroxide vakaenzana E Koh = 39 + 16 + 1 = 56 d hydrochloric asidhi - E HCl = 1 + 35 = 36 g, potassium chloride - E KCl = 39 + 35 = 74 g, mvura - E H2O = • 2 1 + 16 = 18 kuti zvachose neutralize 56 g potassium hydroxide zvakafanira 36 g hydrochloric acid. The Zvichaguma 74 g potassium chloride uye 18 g mvura. Asi sezvo mutemo kuti uremu zvinhu, unreacted Proportional kune neShanduro dzavo, ndichiziva uwandu reagent anogona overenga sei achapinda zvakaitwa kana kuti reagent wechipiri kuverenga chigadzirwa zvibereko.

Somuenzaniso, sezvo kuda potassium chloride, kana inozivikanwa kuti hydrochloric asidhi akanga neutralized ne 100 g potassium hydroxide zvachose? Achishandisa mutemo neShanduro, zvinogona zvakanyorwa: 56 • mKCl = 74 • 100. Ipapo mKCl = (74 • 100) / 56 = 132 A pamusoro hydrochloric asidhi kuti neutralize kuti potassium hydroxide waida 100 64 100 Kana guta d potassium hydroxide kuti neutralize mashoko sulfuric asidhi: 2KOH + H2SO4 → K2SO4 + 2H2O, izvi zvaizoda akasiyana chaizvo yakawanda acid. Sezvinoratidzwa stoichiometric coefficients iyi kuita, 2 moles kuti potassium hydroxide sei 1 nhuta pamusoro sulfuric asidhi uye mugumisiro uri 1 nhuta kuti potassium sulfate uye 2 norwaivhi mvura. Kuziva chii kurema unreacted zvinhu Proportional rinoenderana Zviidzo, mumwe anogona kunyora: 2 • 56 • 98 • mH2SO4 = 100, ipapo 100 kuti neutralize kuti potassium hydroxide waida mH2SO4 = 88 g sulfuric acid. Izvi unoumba 155 g potassium sulphate. Huwandu mvura ndapedzisa neutralization 100 g potassium hydroxide hydrochloric kana sulfuric acid, achava mumwe chete uye akaenzana 32 g.

Rinoshanda neShanduro Zvokuita kemisitiri (Analytical, inorganic, makemikari, etc.) nokuti pakudzidza uye nedzimwe kuedza inobva kukarukureta pachiyero nemakemikari. Uyezve, rinoshandiswa (gadziriro zvinhu zviyero) pamasikiro uye kushanda murabhoritari, mufambisi kana maindasitiri zvivako kuti kwetunhu makemikoro. Vanoramba kushandisa unyanzvi kwemakemikari, zvokurapa, utachiona, utsanana-epidemiological mumarabhoritari, sezvo hwaro zvokuimba iro dzemaitirwe vazhinji pakuongororwa.