ChiJudha - chiJudha ndiko ... Chii chakasiyana nezvimwe zvitendero? Musimboti wechiJudha

ChiJudha - nderimwe mukuru zvitendero zviri munyika. It yakaumbwa muna I remakore BC muJudhiya yekare. History of zvinotendwa kwakabatana zvakananga kuvanhu vechiJudha uye ayo akapfuma nhoroondo, uyewo kukura kworudzi rwacho uye upenyu vamiririri yaro Diaspora.

mwoyo

Vaya vanozviti kutenda uku, vachizviti vaJudha. Vamwe vateveri nharo kuti chitendero chavo dzakatangira mumazuva aAdhamu naEvha muPalestine. Vamwe vanodavira kuti muchiJudha - kutenda-kwakavakirwa boka duku muArabhu. Pakati pavo paiva Abrahamu uyo akaita chibvumirano naMwari, kuti aiva chinokosha chinzvimbo chitendero. Maererano gwaro iri, iro rinozivikanwa kwatiri sezvo mirairo, vanhu vaisungirwa kutevera mitemo upenyu vaizviita. Asi, yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira GD.

Vanonyanya kupa Jewish Studies - Old Testament uye neBhaibheri rose. Chitendero anobvuma matatu chete siyana mabhuku: vaporofita, nhoroondo uye Torah - bhuku, nokududzira murairo. A Talmud zvakawanda matsvene, zvinosanganisira mabhuku vaviri Mishna uye Gemara. Iye, Sezvineiwo, anoita zvose zvoupenyu, kusanganisira tsika, magariro uye kunyange mutemo: vehurumende uye mhosva mutemo. Kuverenga Talmud - zvitsvene uye basa rinokosha, izvo vanoita vaJudha chete ndivo vanobvumirwa.

misiyano

The chikuru chinoratidza chitendero kuti Mwari muchiJudha haana chimiro. In nezvimwe zvitendero vokumabvazuva yekare Wemasimbaose kazhinji anofananidzirwa kana muchimiro murume kana akafanana nechikara. Vanhu vakaedza natsiridza kwomuzvarirwo uye pakunamata nyaya, kuti kwavari zvinzwisiswe anofa. Asi vaJudha, verenga Bhaibheri, akaitumidza zvifananidzo, sezvo mukuru bhuku vaJudha richishora servility zvakasimba pamberi kuzvidhori, mifananidzo kana zvifananidzo.

Kana chiKristu, saka pane huru misiyano miviri. Chokutanga, Mwari muchiJudha akanga asina mwanakomana. Kristu, ivo vakatenda, aiva munhuwo zvake, muparidzi tsika uye mashoko wakazvipira muporofita wokupedzisira. Chechipiri, chitendero vaJudha chinhu yenyika. Ndizvo mugari nyika zvaitika inova muJudha, asina kodzero vakazoroorwa kubvuma chimwe chitendero. National chitendero munguva yedu - imwe kakasaririra. Chete munguva dzekare, chiitiko ichi akabudirira. Nhasi, zvinonzi airemekedzwa nevaJudha chete, apo kuramba ndivanaani uye kuzivikanwa vanhu.

vaporofita

MuchiJudha, ndiwo munhu kuti anotakura kurema kwaMwari. Achibatsirwa mirairo Wemasimbaose rinodzidzisa vanhu: vanhu vari kuwedzera, kuvandudza upenyu hwavo uye remangwana, kukura mupfungwa uye mune zvokunamata. Aizova muprofita, Mwari anozvisarudzira - chiJudha anoti. Chitendero haatongi kuti chisarudzo angawira pamusoro rufu, izvo zvachose asingadi kutora pamapfudzi avo basa iri rinokosha. Anopa muenzaniso Jona, uyo kunyange akaedza kutiza pamupendero kwenyika mabasa ake matsvene.

Kunze zvetsika uye navaprofita mutsvene clairvoyant. Ivo afanotaura nezveramangwana, akapa zano zvinokosha nokuda Mukuru, kurapwa zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana, uye kunyange akatora mugove muupenyu enyika munyika. Somuenzaniso, Ahija ndiye chipangamazano yaJerobhoamu, muvambi voumambo hwaIsraeri, Erisha pachake - pave nokuchinja youmambo, Daniel - hurumende rinotungamirirwa oga. Dzidziso vaporofita vokutanga vanobatanidzwa Tanakh mumabhuku akazotevera - rakapa vakaparadzana zviitiko. Kunakidza, asi vaparidzi, mukusiyana kune zvimwe zvitendero zvekare vanotenda veMubatanidzwa ari "yendarama zera", apo marudzi ose vachagara murugare uye kubudirira.

The dzenzvimbo muchiJudha

Mumazana refu emakore ivepo, chitendero kwave kuchiita transformations zhinji uye kugadziriswa. Somugumisiro, vamiririri vayo vakanga vakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri: vaJudha chechiJudha uye vanochinja. First Holy kuomerera kutsika yemadzitateguru avo uye regai kusuma zvakagadzirwa mune zvaanotenda uye canons. Chechipiri, nekusiyana, akachingamidza akarurama nemiitiro. Vanochinja vanoziva michato pakati pevaJudha uye vamiririri nezvimwe zvitendero, chete-bonde rudo uye vakadzi basa sezvo rabhi. VaJudha Orthodox vanogara zvikurukuru chikamu chikuru vaIsraeri ano. The vanochinja - iri US uye Europe.

Kuedza kutyora pakati maviri aikwikwidza mumisasa akava weConservative chiJudha. Chitendero, izvo zvakazoita hova maviri, akawana pakati pasi kwetunhu iyi utsanzi uye tsika. Vaiomerera dzinotambura pakatanga nhengo mumhanzi uye mharidzo pamusoro mutauro musha nyika. Asi, tsika zvinokosha izvi sezvo kudzingiswa, Sabata uye zviyo Ruth, havana kubata. Pose tsika chiJudha kuRussia, United States kana masimba European, vaJudha vose vachengete akanyatsorongwa yakajeka, kuteerera vakuru kuti zvomudzimu nzvimbo.

mirairo

Vari vaJudha - vatsvene. Vamiririri vanhu vanodavira kuti munguva kushushwa zhinji uye kunyadziswa rudzi akapona uye wakasara nezvezvisikwa chete kuburikidza kuremekedza canons uye mitemo. Saka, mazuva ano haugoni kuenda pamusoro pavo, kunyange kana mungozi upenyu wayo. Zvinofadza, asi nheyo "mutemo nyika - mutemo" yakaumbwa kare III remakore BC. Maererano naye, hurumende mitemo vari fanira kuti zvizvarwa zvose pasina chaakasiya. VaJudha kuva vakavimbika kuna soro echelons simba, akabvumira kuratidza kusagutsikana kuti dzechitendero uye mhuri upenyu chete.

Zvaidiwa Mirayiro Gumi akagamuchira naMosesi muGomo reSinai - musimboti chechiJudha. Uye mukuru pakati pavo - kuchengetwa mutambo weSabata ( "weSabata"). zuva iri rinokosha, izvozvo hazvo zvinofanira chose kuti vazorore uye munamato. On yeMugovera, hazvibviri basa uye kufamba, kunyange kubika chikafu hakubvumidzwi. Uye vanhu havana nzara, vanorayirwa kuita rokutanga uye rechipiri makosi musi weChishanu manheru - mazuva mashoma pachine.

Nyika murume

ChiJudha - chitendero iyo inobva ngano kwezvisikwa kwenyika Mwari. Maererano naye, nyika zvaakasika kubva pemvura, kupedza basa iri rinokosha kwemazuva matanhatu. Saka, nyika uye zvose zvipenyu mairi - kwezvisikwa zvaMwari. Kana murume, mweya wake nguva dzose aripo misimboti maviri: zvakanaka uye zvakaipa, izvo zviri kugara kukakavadzana. Dark dhimoni inongoda kuti repasi pano mafaro, chiedza - kuti vaite mabasa akanaka uye kukura pakunamata. Kurwa akatanga kuratidza zviri muchimiro munhu maitiro.

Sezvambotaurwa, vateveri chiJudha tenda kwete kutanga kuvapo kwenyika, asi pakupedzisira rudzi - iri "yendarama nguva". Muvambi achava Mambo Mesiya, iye ndiye Mesiya, achatonga vanhu kusvikira pakuguma kwenguva, amuise kubudirira uye rusununguko. Muchizvarwa ose pane zvinogona Challenger, asi chete muzukuru waDhavhidhi wechokwadi, yave zvishoma nezvishoma kuchengeta mirairo, vakachena mwoyo uye mweya, zvinofanira kuva Mesiya dzakazara.

Marriage uye Family

Ivo dzakabatanidzwa mukuru kukosha. Man anofanira kuwana mhuri, ayo Kusavapo anoonekwa kumhura, uye kunyange chivi. ChiJudha - ndiye kudavira kusabatsira unova yakaipisisa chirango nokuda unofa. Munhu anogona arambe mudzimai kana pashure pemakore 10 kuroorana, akazvara mwana wake wokutanga. nhaka Religious rachengetedzwa mumhuri, kunyange munguva kutambudzwa nevaJudha, sero rimwe anofanira kuchengeta tsika nemagariro evanhu ayo.

Murume anofanira kupa mudzimai wake zvose unofanira: pokugara, zvokudya, zvokupfeka. basa rake - kutenga nawo kana yokutapwa, kuvigwa, kutarisirwa panguva yokurwara, kupa munhu basa, kana ari mukadzi anoramba chirikadzi. Ndozvakaitawo vana pamwechete vakanga vasina chadzinoda. Vanakomana - kusvika zera ruzhinji, mwanasikana wake - kusvikira Nokuvimbisana kuroorana. Asi, munhu, sezvo musoro wemhuri kodzero kuti aiwana yechipiri ayo hafu, ayo pfuma uye tsika. Anogona nhaka wake mamiriro uye kurishandisa migumisiro basa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvavo. Pashure porufu rwake, chirikadzi vanosungirwa kuroorwa mukuru munin'ina wake, asi bedzi kana vakaroorana asingabereki.

vana

The baba anewo zvakawanda mabasa venhaka. Mwanakomana anofanira chokushandisa subtleties kwerutendo inoparidza bhuku dzvene. ChiJudha inobva Torah, uye anoongorora mwana pasi pokudzora mubereki. Mukomana wo achibatsirwa yasarudzwa raanoziva vatenzi, musikana - kuwana roora rakanaka. zvikuru vabereki vaJudha vaduku inoremekedzwa, kuita mirairo yavo uye usambofa perechat navo.

Kusvika 5 makore zvokurera vana mubasa mai dzechitendero. Kunotidzidzisa vana dzinokosha minyengetero uye mirayiro. Pashure ivo vakatumwa kuchikoro musinagoge, apo ivo kudzidza zvose uchenjeri zvebhaibheri. Training kunoitika pashure-chikoro kana mangwanani Sunday. Vanonzi rechitendero ruzhinji runowanikwa nemakore 13 ari vakomana, vasikana - 12. Panhambo iyi, ronga siyana mhemberero mhuri, izvo zvinomirira mukova wacho kupinda vayaruka. Kubvira ipapo vaduku zvisikwa vanofanira kuramba kuenda kusinagogi uye kurarama hupenyu hunodiwa naMwari, uye kuramba zvimwe zvakadzama kudzidza Torah.

Huru mazororo Jewish

The mukuru - Pasika, iyo vaJudha vanopemberera yechirimo. Nhoroondo yacho mavambo hwakada chokuita nguva muIjipiti. The ndangariro zviitiko vaJudha kudya chingwa nemvura uye furawa - matzo. Pataitambudzwa vanhu havana nguva kubika makeke zvizere, saka kugutsikana kwavo dzakaonda ishamwari. Uyewo patafura vari nemiriwo inovava - chiratidzo muEgipita muuranda.

Panguva Exodus akatanga kupemberera New Year - naRoshi Shana. Izvi September mutambo kuti unoparidza ushe hwaMwari. Zuva iroro Jehovha achatonga vanhu anoteya nheyo nokuda zviitiko zvichaitika kuvanhu mugore rinouya. Sukkot - chimwe chinokosha kwematsutso musi. Pamutambo vaJudha, tenda Mwari, mazuva manomwe vanogara muzvivako pfupi Sukkah-akafukidzwa mapazi.

Hanukkah - uyewo chiitiko zvikuru muchiJudha. Celebration - chiratidzo kukunda zvakanaka pamusoro zvakaipa, chiedza - pamusoro rima. It yakabuda somunhu kuyeuka zvishamiso sere zvakaitika panguva kumukira hurumende Greek-reSiriya. Kuwedzera okupemberera makuru izvi vaJudha kupemberera Tu-Bishvat, nezuva Kippur, Shavuot, uye vamwe.

Kurambidzwa chikafu

ChiJudha, chiKristu, chiIslam, chiBuddha, chiConfucia - chitendero chimwe nechimwe chine pachake zvachiri, zvimwe izvo kungapfuurira kubika. Saka, vaJudha havagoni kudya "kuchena" zvokudya: nyama yenguruve, namabhiza, makamera uye shiri. Naivowo vakarambidza oysters, kuti shrimp nezvimwe zvomumvura vagari. Zvokudya zvakakodzera muchiJudha anonzi kosher.

Handizivi chitendero unorambidza chii kwete chete vamwe zvigadzirwa, asi zvose zviri zviviri. Somuenzaniso, kuti kunorambidzwa - dheri uye nyama ndiro. Ushe mukanyatsochengeta vanoomerera zvose maresitorendi, mbariro, cafes uye canteens Israeri. To ndiro izvi zvaiva kure mumwe, vanopa mu nemasangano aya nepamahwindo siyana uye vakagadzirira ari oga mbiya.

VaJudha vakawanda vanoremekedzwa kosher zvokudya , kwete chete nokuti kazhinji chinyatsotsanangurwa muna Torah, asiwo kuvandudzika kwomuviri yavo. Pashure pezvose, simba iri zano anzverwa ne nezvezvokudya zhinji. Asi zvino aigona angapokana kuti kana nyama yenguruve isinakukodzera saka, zvino chii vakagumbuka zvomugungwa - harizivikanwi.

zvimwe zvinhu

Culture Judaism nezvi- tsika kujairika, usinganzwisisiki kune vanhu vemamwe zvitendero. Somuenzaniso, zvinoreva kudzingiswa. The setsika yave ichiitwa pazuva rechisere roupenyu achangozvarwa mukomana. Kuva zvakazara mukuru, iye aidawo kukura kuva ndebvu uye ndebvu, sezvinoita wechokwadi muJudha. Long zvipfeko uye akafukidza musoro wake - mitemo mumwe zvikuru dzisina yechiJudha. Uye chivharo haana kubviswa, kunyange panguva hope.

Mutendi anosungirwa aone mazororo zvose echitendero. Hazvifaniri kugumbura kana vanotuka vamwe vavo. Vana kuchikoro kudzidza kutanga chitendero chavo, ayo nheyo, tsika uye nhoroondo. Uyu ndiwo mumwe mukuru kusiyana pakati chiJudha nevamwe zvitendero. Tinogona kutaura kuti rudo chitendero vana muchayamwa mukaka waamai, kuzvipira kwavo akapfuura sezvariri ari majini. Zvichida ndosaka vanhu kwete chete akapona panguva kuparadza ake vakawanda, asi vakakwanisa kuva zvizere, vakasununguka uye yakazvimirira kurarama uye abudirire munyika yavo yakaorera.