Classical Sayenzi yemazuva ano

– одна из важнейших эпох в истории. Classic Danho kukura nesayenzi - mumwe eras inokosha munhau. Nezvokuvandudzika 17-19 remakore. Ndiyo nguva chinonyanya kukosha matongo uye zvigadzirwa. . Zvikuru nemhaka nebudiriro masayendisiti zviri anoonekwa somunhu chaiwo Danho sayenzi. Munhambo ichi nokuziva mharidzo yakanga yaitwa. . Ngatimboongororai zvimwe zvakanga sayenzi ari dzekare kumwedzi.

siteji

началось с формирования механистической картины мира. Inotungamirwa venguva nesayenzi akatanga paumbwe mechanistic mufananidzo wenyika. pfungwa wakaradzikwa iri hwaro kuti mitemo wefizikisi, hurongwa anoshanda kwete chete zvakatipoteredza asiwo dzimwe nharaunda, kusanganisira mabasa chekambani. формировалась постепенно. Classical sainzi yakaumbwa zvishoma nezvishoma. Danho rokutanga ane 17-18 emakore. Zvinonzi chokuita kuwanikwa mutemo Newton raMwari simba regiravhiti uye kukura pamabasa ake nemasayendisiti European. In yechipiri Danho - mukupera rechi18 uye kwezana remakore rechi19. - dzakatanga Kusiyanisa nesayenzi. Rakanga riine nokuda maindasitiri nokumukirana.

Features

обладает следующими специфическими чертами: Classical Sayenzi zvinotevera chaizvo zviri:

1. Sezvo kiyi nzvimbo yezivo waitsigira wefizikisi. Masayendisiti vari pfungwa kuti mukuranga ichi anobva zvose vamwe mirayiridzo, kwete chete dzinongoitika asiwo ruyamuro. Newtonian Physics anofunga zvenyika sezvo mashandiro kuti uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. zvinhu miviri, ane inofamba iri mitemo yakaoma dzinongoitika. kunzwisisa kwakadaro zviri kuitika kupararira Sociological kwendangariro.
2. Nyika akaonekwa chine masimba kuvenga uye kufarira. представляла как перемещение элементов вещества, лишенных качественных особенностей. pezvakaitwa All, kusanganisira zvemagariro, dzekare Sayenzi dzazvino achimiririrwa kufamba zvezvidzidzo nyaya, zvisina Qualitative zvinhu. Pokutanga muupenyu nzira vakatanga kuwana Masvomhu, kuyerwa zvinonyatsochengeta kunge pfungwa.
3. нового времени формировалась на собственной основе. Classical sayenzi yemazuva rakavapo pamusoro wayo hwaro. Yakanga isiri pasi pokudzora mafungiro vezvitendero, uye aivimba vachingoshandisa ayo vawana.
4. на сложившуюся в эпоху Средневековья систему образования. Classical Uzivi sayenzi sei magetsi kuMiddle Ages dzidzo hurongwa. Huripo mumayunivhesiti vakatanga kuwedzera sangano chairo polytechnic rokudzidzisa. In chirongwa ichi yokudzidzisa vakanga inoumbwa yakasiyana zano. Kwakavakirwa panzvimbo yokutanga vaziva Vanamakanika, ipapo akafamba wefizikisi uye kemisitiri, biology uye evanhu.

The Age of Kujekerwa

Rakaburukira pamusoro rechi17 mugumo rechi18. находилась под влиянием идей Ньютона. Panguva iyi dzekare nesayenzi nokupesvedzera pfungwa Newton vake. In basa rake, akataura uchapupu kuti giravhiti iri dzakaonekwa mu pano ezvinhu, - ndiyo chete simba anoramba nyika mune muchadenga uye dzimwe miviri yokudenga. Nyanzvi dzakawanda vauya pfungwa pose mavambo uye pamberi Newton. Zvisinei, kukosha yokupedzisira iri chokwadi kuti akakwanisa nekutaura chinokosha simba regiravhiti mukati mufananidzo wenyika. muenzaniso uyu raiva nechepasi kusvikira remakore rechi19. Muenzaniso hwakapandukirwa kubudikidza Einstein uye Bohr. Chokutanga, zvikurukuru, zvakaratidza kuti kana kumhanya chiedza uye makuru marefu maitiro megaworld, nzvimbo uye nguva, uyewo zvakananga uye vakawanda miviri vasingateereri mutemo Newton vake. Boron, achiziva Microcosm kudzidza akawana kuti zvokutanga nezvimedu uyewo regai kushandisa mitemo hwokurara kwokutanga. maitiro avo vanogona rakafanotaura kungotaurwa maererano dzidziso mukana.

Rationalist nemaonero

. Uyu ndiwo mumwe mukuru features, ine dzekare nesayenzi. In Kujekerwa mupfungwa masayendisiti aiti natsiridza nyika kusiyana vechitendero (kwakavakirwa dzidziso). Zvaidavirwa kuti zvakasikwa kukura rinobva maererano nemitemo yokusafa chete nayo. Pfungwa yakadaro yokugutsikana kwave akaratidza mu "hurongwa yokudenga" yaJehovha Laplace. Bhaibheri unotsiva "Encyclopedia of Crafts, Arts uye Sciences", vakasikwa Rousseau, Voltaire uye Diderot.

"Zivo - simba"

Panguva Kujekerwa, sayenzi zvakurukurwa zvikuru nomukurumbira basa. Bacon aiva munyori yakakurumbira sirogani "zivo - simba". It akasimbisa maonero mupfungwa vanhu kuti munhu ruzivo uye munzanga mberi vane mukana wokuita zvakawanda. mafungiro Izvi vakagamuchira zita mumagariro zvishande tariro. On hwaro ichi, vakawanda munzanga utopias kuumbwa. Pakarepo shure Bhuku T. Mora, vane bhuku T. Campanella, Francis Bacon. Mumakore basa, "The New Atlantis" yakatanga kufamba basa nokuda sangano nehurumende. – Петти - сформулировал исходные принципы познания в сфере хозяйственной деятельности. Muvambi dzenhoroondo zvoupfumi - Petty - akagadzira dzinokosha zivo iri nzvimbo zvoupfumi basa. Iye zvinganaka Nzira kuti pakuverenga National mari. рассматривала богатство, как гибкую категорию. Classical dzezvoupfumi anonzi upfumi, ave muchikwata anonzwisisa. Zvikurukuru, Petty akati kuti mari yacho mutongi kunoenderana chitsama abatsire vomunyika dzose. Saizvozvowo, havazombonyanyi tinozopfuma, uno- mitero kwavari.

vachembera

Akanga ari Kujekerwa asi nokushingaira. Panguva iyi vakatanga kutora kuumba munhu dzekare sangano sayenzi ino, iyo kuchiripo nhasi. Panguva Kujekerwa akasimuka chaiwo masangano kubatanidza masayendisiti ounyanzvi. Vakadaidzwa zvikoro of Sciences. Muna 1603 makanga sangano yokutanga yakadaro. Raiva Roman Academy. Sezvo imwe nhengo yayo yokutanga Galileo akaita. Zvinonzi nokukurumidza yakanga Academy vakarwira dzidziso yechechi kurwiswa. Muna 1622 chevanorwara chakafanana akasikwa muEngland. Muna 1703 musoro Royal Academy akava Newton. Muna 1714 rakava yokumwe nhengo Prince Menshikov, Peter Mukuru akaswedera. Muna 1666 rayakavambwa Academy of Sciences muFrance. nhengo dzayo akasarudzwa chibvumirano namambo chete. Panyaya iyi, namambo (panguva yakanga Louis XIV) akaratidza kufarira mabasa Academy. Foreign-nhengo akasarudzwa muna 1714. Petro pachake yokutanga. With zvimutsigire, muna 1725, rimwe sangano yakafanana akasikwa Russia. Sezvo rokutanga nhengo dzayo vakasarudzwa nokuda Bernoulli (a zvipenyu uye nyanzvi yemasvomhu) uye Euler (yemasvomhu). Gare gare, Academy rave kugamuchirwa uye Lomonosov. Panguva iyoyo ndakatanga kuwedzera pamwero kutsvakurudza mune kumayunivhesiti. Special mumayunivhesiti akatanga kubuda. Somuenzaniso, muna 1747 Mining School yakavhurwa muParis. A yakafanana sangano muRussia akazviratidza muna 1773

specialization

Sezvo humwe uchapupu kuvandudza sangano sayenzi wemuTesitamende nyasha panowanikwa zvatichakurukura zivo. Vaiva rinokosha tsvakurudzo zvirongwa. Akafunga I. Latkatos, munhambo ichi akaumba 6 munzvimbo dzinokosha. Maererano naye kuitwa pakudzidza:

1. Mhando dzakasiyana-siyana simba.
2. Metallurgical kugadzirwa.
3. Electricity.
4. Chemical kwendangariro.
5. Biology.
6. Astronomy.

Pfungwa huru

Pasinei kumbonyanya kushingaira Kusiyanisa zviripo kwenguva chaiwo sayenzi hurongwa, kuchiri anoramba mumwe kuomerera vamwe methodological nezvemaitiro rwevanhu uye siyana rationality. Ivo Chokwadi, akachinja pfungwa chinzvimbo. Pakati izvi zvinhu ndedzinotevera mazano:

1. Kwokupedzisira okuti chokwadi paMhedziso chokupedzisira chimiro, hakunei ezvinhu zivo. Kwakadaro dudziro anoruramiswa somunhu methodological zvinodiwa pakutsanangura uye achirondedzera idealized yokungotaura Mapato (simba, zvinhu pfungwa, uye zvichingodaro) kuti akanga achida kutsiva zvinhu zvechokwadi uye dzavo ukama.
2. Installation iri inonzwisisika causal tsananguro zviitiko, uye muitiro. It dziripowo inobva mukana uye anongoitika zvinhu, izvo zvaionekwa somugumisiro kukwana ruzivo, uyewo kuzviitira mauya neizvozvi.
3. The voga kubva yesayenzi kutaurwa zviri kuzviitira uye pachake zvinhu yaingowanikwa ake nzira uye modalities pamusoro Implementation kutsvakurudza mabasa.
4. Dudziro zvinhu ruzivo sezvo nyore gadziriro, kuteerera zvinodiwa kunofambira mberi kusashanduka uye ayo anokosha maitiro.

Classical uye non-dzekare sayenzi

In rechi19 - kwezana remakore rechi20, pfungwa pamusoro kunge kuzivikanwa nevakawanda. Kuvakwa kwavo maererano ari dzekare muchimiro rationality nesayenzi. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti mufananidzo wenyika inovakwa uye kwakakodzera. Mune ramangwana, uchaita chete kufanira kunatsiridza uye nyama dzimwe yenhengo dzayo. Zvisinei, munhau dzinongoda zvishoma zvakasiyana. Nguva iyi pakataurwa vanoverengeka zvakawanwa kuti hapana nzira vadzidza kupinda mufananidzo chokwadi aivapo. Bor, Thompson, Becquerel, Dirac, Einstein, Broglie, Planck, Heisenberg, uye nezvimwe masayendisiti revolutionized wefizikisi. Vakaratidza chinokosha unsoundness hwakagadzwa mechanistic nesayenzi. Nokuedza masayendisiti ava nheyo mutsva quantum-relativistic chokwadi. Saka sayenzi yakatamira mutsva vasiri dzekare Danho. Nguva iyi yakatora kusvikira 60s remakore rechi20. Panguva iyi, kwaiva akatevedzana echimurenga kuchinja siyana nzvimbo ruzivo. In Physics akaumba quantum uye relativistic dzidziso dziri cosmology - dzidziso dzisiri mira muchadenga. The kwaita genetics akapa nokuchinja kukuru mune zvipenyu ruzivo. Systems pfungwa, cybernetics vakabatsirawo chinokosha kuti paumbwe dzisiri dzenhoroondo mifananidzo. Zvose izvi zvakaita kuti kukura frontal pfungwa maindasitiri zvemichina nemagariro tsika.

Musimboti chimurenga

– естественные явления, возникшие в ходе становления и расширения системы. Classical uye non-dzekare sayenzi - zvakasikwa yomuka panguva paumbwe uye kuwedzera kwenyika. Kuchinja kubva panguva imwe necessitates paumbwe itsva muchimiro rationality. Mupfungwa iyi, vanonzi rairo chimurenga pasi pose. Chaizvoizvo Its iri ndechokuti zviri "muviri" pakati cognition raitongwa kuti nyaya. Classical Zvidzidzo sainzi chokwadi zvinonzwisiswa sezvo chinhu. Mugadziriro yechinangwa yaivapo pfungwa zivo hakunei nyaya kusvika mamiriro ezvinhu uye achishandisa kwayakaita. The nonclassical muenzaniso sechinhu chinokosha chinodiwa kuti tiwane tsananguro chaicho kwechokwadi anoita chizvidavirire uye explication aiita pakati chinhu uye huchashandiswa voitakura cognition. Somugumisiro, izvozvo zvakachinja paradigm nesayenzi. Subject ruzivo kwete sechinhu Mhedziso chinangwa chaichoicho, uye sezvo yaro chaiyo bande kuburikidza prism zvakafanorongwa nzira, nezvimiro, zvinoreva kudzidza.

Classical, nonclassical uye post-nonclassical sayenzi

Sezvo 60s okupedzisira remakore vakatanga yezwi mudariro qualitatively itsva. Science yasvika kuwana vaakasarudza postnonclassical (ano) zvinhu. Panguva iyi pokuchinja kwakaitika zvakananga hunhu zvishande basa. Rakanga riine ne vachinje zvikuru nzira uye nzira yokuwana, kubudiswa, kuchengetwa, hutachiwana uye kuongorora ruzivo. Kana isu funga postnonclassical nesayenzi tichitarisa shanduko mhando rationality, yekudyidzana izvozvo akawedzera kukura kwebasa methodological Kufungisisa pachinhu kiyi parameters uye STRUCTURAL zvinoumba pakutsvakurudza mabasa. Kusiyana pre-yaivapo gadziriro, zvinoda ane tinyatsonzwisisa mukukurukurirana uye mediations zivo kwete chete kune chaizvo akavhiyiwa uye mari zvokutsvakurudza vanotongwa, asiwo kukosha-kuvimba zvinhu, ndiko kuti, kuna socio-tsika nhau ichikosha somunhu chaiye ezvinhu. Non-venguva paradigm kunosanganisira kushandisa methodological regulators akapa muchimiro relativity kuti zvokurarama pakuongorora, Statistical uye probabilistic hunhu yezivo complementarity-siyana zvinhu tsanangudzo mitauro. The muenzaniso ano wegadziriro anotungamirira mutsvakurudzi kuongorora paumbwe mananara, kuvandudzika pamusoro pezvakaitwa nokuzvidzora sangano iri kuzvizivawo chokwadi. Kunosanganisira kudzidza zvinhu kare sezvazviri, kufungisisa pamwe, synergistic migumisiro ine kudyidzana kwavo uye coexistence. Chinokosha basa iri mutsvakurudzi kwaiva yokungotaura rokuvakazve zviitiko kusvikira dzimwe siyana mediations ayo uye kubatana. Rinotibatsira hurongwa uye RUBATSIRO RUNOTARISA zvinotivaraidza chifananidzo kwacho mumutauro nesayenzi.

The chaizvo ari muenzaniso ano

Zvinonzi zvinorondedzera vose kiyi zviratidzi chinangwa munda postnonclassical sayenzi hazviiti. Izvi imhaka yokuti anovapavhurira zviwanikwa yakwo uye kuita zvinenge mabhora ose chokwadi, kusanganisira socio-tsika yezvinhu, hunhu, pakunamata uye mupfungwa bhora. Postnonclassical sainzi inodzidza dzinotsanagura yepasi pose shanduka, vanhu nyaya nekuita pamwe biosphere, kuti kwaita yepamusoro ruzivo uye kubva nanoelectronics kusvikira neuro-nemakombiyuta, pfungwa pose evolutionism uye co-shanduka, uye zvakawanda. Nokuti muenzaniso ano ichazivikanwa noku interdisciplinary chinangwa uye dambudziko vaifarira kutsvaka. Sezvo zvinhu kudzidza nhasi ndivo akasiyana mumagariro uye zviwanikwa enyika, umo munhu aripo marongerwo.

mhedziso

Kwakadaro anoyevedza kupinda munyika yevanhu sayenzi gadziriro pave nemamiriro ezvinhu zvachose itsva. Vanoita kunzwisisa zvikuru kunzwisisa nyaya ouzivi pamusoro kukosha uye zvinoreva ruzivo, maonero waro kuvapo nokuwedzera kudyidzana nedzimwe mhando tsika. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro hazvisi zvikuru kwepamutemo kubvunza mutengo chaiye utsanzi, kungangokonzerwa migumisiro Sumo yavo hurongwa kukurukurirana kwevanhu, pakunamata uye mune zvokunyama kugadzirwa.