Electricity Physics: kutsunga, ruzivo, chikwata

Electricity Physics - chinhu nako zvaitarisana nomumwe wedu. Munyaya ino tichakurukura dzinokosha pfungwa chokuita nayo.

Chii magetsi? Nokuti uninitiated munhu chokuita nokupenya kwemheni kana simba wedzerai TV uye wokuwachisa. Anoziva kuti kushandisa wemagetsi magetsi. Ndezvipi zvimwe zvaangaite kuudza? About yedu pazviri magetsi kuyeuchidzwa simba mitsetse. Mumwe munhu anogona kumbotipa mamwe mienzaniso inoverengeka.

Zvisinei, nokuda magetsi zvimwe, zvishoma pachena, asi zuva nezuva mananara zhinji. Navo vose isu kusuma wefizikisi. Electricity (mabasa, tsanangudzo uye Masvomhu) tinotanga kudzidza kuchikoro. Uye tinodzidza zvinhu zvakawanda zvinonakidza. Zvakaratidza, kurohwa mwoyo, achimhanya mutambi, avete mwana uye zvinoyangarara hove - zvose chamutsa magetsi simba.

Maerekitironi uye protons

Tinotsanangura dzinokosha idzi. Mukuona musayendisiti, magetsi wefizikisi chokuita kufamba maerekitironi uye dzimwe mhosva inoramba kupinda chepfu zvakasiyana siyana. Saka, kunzwisisa esayenzi yezvakaita Chiitiko inotifadza kunoenderana padanho ruzivo pamusoro maatomu vavo constituent subatomic inoramba. The kiyi kunzwisisa izvi duku maerekitironi. Maatomu chero fuma dzine mumwe kana kupfuura maerekitironi kufamba kutenderera siyana vakakomba chinoumba, sezvo nyika kutenderera kunhivi zuva. Kazhinji, nhamba maerekitironi iri atomu akaenzana nokuwanda protons vari musimboti. Zvisinei, protons, kuva dzinokwanisa zvairema kupfuura maerekitironi anogona kunzi sokuti sokwakarongwa nechepakati atomu. Uyu wokuenzanisira zvikuru itsanangudzo pamusoro atomu zvakakwana kutsanangura zvinokosha mananara akadai magetsi wefizikisi.

Chiizve unofanira kuziva? Maerekitironi uye protons zvakafanana kupfuura yemagetsi mutariri (asi pakatarisana chiratidzo), kuitira kuti vakwezvane. mutariri Purotoni akanaka uye Erekitironi - kunaka. Atomu rine Erekitironi mukuru kana muduku pane dzose, inonzi Ion. Kana atomu hakuna kukwana, inonzi yakanaka Ion. Kana rine kuvapfuura, inonzi zvakaipa Ion.

Apo maerekitironi kusiya atomu kuti anowana zvimwe kupomera zvakanaka. Erekitironi kuine kwayo nevakomana - hwepurotoni kana inofamba mumwe atomu, kana kudzoka yapfuura.

Sei maerekitironi anosiya atomu?

Izvi imhaka zvikonzero zvinoverengeka. Rakajairika ndechokuti pasi pakarepo chiedza kana zvokunze Erekitironi iri atomu chinofamba Erekitironi anogona vabudiswa kwayo muchadenga. Heat kunokonzera maatomu kuti oscillate nokukurumidza. Izvi zvinoreva kuti maerekitironi inogona chaibwinya kubva kwayo atomu. In nemakemikari, ivo vanotama kubva atomu kuti atomu.

Muenzaniso wakanaka ukama kwemakemikari uye Kugwina tsandanyama kutipa. fibers zvavo chibvumirano kana wemagetsi chiratidzo kubva tsinga. Magetsi zvinoita nemakemikari. Naivowo kutungamirira zvinoderedza tsandanyama. External zviratidzo zvemagetsi anowanzoshandiswa kuti artificially kukurudzira tsandanyama basa.

conductivity

Mune dzimwe zvinhu maerekitironi pasi pokudzora ane kwokunze yemagetsi munda inofamba akasununguka kupfuura vamwe. Vanoti kuti zvinhu zvakadaro conductivity zvakanaka. Ndivo vakadanwa conductors. Izvi zvinosanganisira nesimbi vakawanda, kupisa magasi uye dzimwe mvura. Air, rabha uye mafuta, polyethylene uye girazi regai kuitisa magetsi. Dzinonzi insulators uye anoshandiswa mudziye conductors zvakanaka. Ideal insulators (zvachose kwete kuitisa richidzidzwa) haako. Under zvimwe zvinhu, maerekitironi anogona kubviswa chero atomu. Zvisinei, kazhinji, izvi zvinhu zviri saka zvakaoma kuita kuti kubva inoshanda nemaonero, munhu fuma akadaro anogona kunzi sezvo vasiri conductive.

Maitiro Kuziva ine nesayenzi sezvo wefizikisi (Chikamu "Electricity"), tinodzidza kuti pane chinokosha boka zvinhu. It semiconductors. Vanoita pamwe ave dielectric, uye pamwe - sezvo conductors. Izvi zvinosanganisira, zvikurukuru, zvinosanganisira: germanium, nesilicon, uye mhangura oxide. Nokuda kwayo ehupfumi kuti semiconductors awana hunoshandiswa zhinji. Somuenzaniso, zvingava wemagetsi vharafu: kufanana bhasikoro tai vharafu runoita zvaipomerwa kufamba mune imwe chete chete. mano yakadaro inonzi rectifiers. Ivo zvinoshandiswa muchidimbu redhiyo vagamuchiri, uye simba guru miti exchange AC kuna DC.

Heat chinhu runobva chimiro kufamba mamorekuru kana maatomu netembiricha - nechiyero kusimba racho (dzimwe simbi dzakawanda pasi kwebasa Erekitironi tembiricha kunova looser). Izvi zvinoreva kuti kuramba vakasununguka kufamba maerekitironi shoma kudzikira tembiricha. Mune mamwe manzwi, conductivity yacho simbi inowedzerawo.

superconductivity

Mune dzimwe zvinhu yakaderera chaizvo kutonhora, nemishonga iyerere kubva maerekitironi zvachose haazombotaurwi uye maerekitironi vanotanga kutamira nayo mberi nokusingaperi. Fani iyi inonzi superconductivity. Pamusangano tembiricha ane madhigirii shoma pamusoro Mhedziso razero (- 273 ° C) zvinonzi kuchengetwa nesimbi akadai netini, kutungamirira, aruminiyamu, uye niobium.

Van De Graaff jenareta

Kosi yacho inosanganisira zvakasiyana siyana kuedza pamwe magetsi. Pane mozhestvo emagetsi marudzi, mumwe izvo tinoda kuti nekutatamura. The Van De Graaff akisarareta inoshandiswa kuwana superhigh voltage. Kana chinhu ine zvakawandisa rekuva ions, kuti aiswe mugaba, ipapo mukati pemvura yokupedzisira vachava maerekitironi, uye kunze - zvakafanana akanaka ions. Kana ikozvino batai yomukati penyika mhosva chinhu, ipapo achapfuura ose vakasununguka maerekitironi. On kunze zvakanaka mhosva kuramba.

Muna Van De Graaff zvakanaka ions kubva kupi anechekuita imwe conveyor bhandi anomuitira mukati resimbi bhora. Tepi chokuita romukati pose nokure pedyo nemunhu ari chimiro muhomba. Maerekitironi ichiyerera ichibva yomukati pechiso bhora. Kurutivi rwokunze kwayo ngapaonekwe ions zvakanaka. Zvinogona huchawedzerwa nokushandisa emagetsi maviri.

magetsi

Kuchikoro Physics Chokwadi rinosanganisira chinhu chakadai magetsi. Chii? The Magetsi nokuda inofamba dzemagetsi mhosva. Kana yemagetsi rambi chokuita kuti bhatiri, dzikava pamusoro, iyezvino Rwako achitevedza waya kubva danda rimwe bhatiri kusvikira rambi, ipapo kuburikidza bvudzi dzayo, zvichiita kuti dziratidze, uye anodzoka shure kune wechipiri waya kune dzimwe danda rimwe bhatiri. Kana iwe adzorere chinja achavhura redunhu - ano motokari rinomira uye chiedza unodzima.

The inofamba pakati maerekitironi

Current kakawanda chinhu akarayira inofamba pakati maerekitironi vari simbi somurongi kondakita. conductors All nedzimwe zvinhu nguva dzose kuitika zvimwe anongoitika kufamba kwavo, kunyange kana mamiriro asingadi ndokuyerera. Maerekitironi iri fuma kunogona nekaupenyu vakasununguka, kana zvakasimba waakaita. conductors Good vane vakasununguka maerekitironi kukwanisa kufamba. Asi murombo conductors kana insulators, ruzhinji nezvimedu izvi zviri zvakakwana zvakasimba chokuita maatomu izvo chinonditadzisa kufamba kwavo.

Dzimwe nguva dzinongoitika kana artificially vakasikwa kondakita inofamba pakati maerekitironi mune imwe negwara. kuyerera ichi anonzi uye yemagetsi kuvhunduka. It unotaurwa amperes (A). Current vatakuri vanogonawo kushumira ions (mu magasi kana mhinduro) uye "gomba" (kusava maerekitironi mune mamwe semiconductors. Recent azviite chokwadi mhosva vatakuri Magetsi. To kumanikidza maerekitironi kufamba mune rimwe divi kana mumwe, zvaida simba. In hunhu, kwarwakabva angava: kugara chezuva, rinobva migumisiro uye nemakemikari Vamwe zvinoshandiswa kugadzira magetsi Kazhinji kuti chinangwa ichi ndiwo: .. jenareta kushandisa simba rinonzi magnetic nemigumisiro, uye chaikosha (bhatiri), migumisiro iri kukonzerwa nemakemikari. mano vaviri, nokusika munhu electromotive simba (EMF) chikonzero maerekitironi kufamba mune rimwe divi pamwe chuma. The kwakakura pamusoro emf unotaurwa volts (V). Ava ndivo zvinokosha vamapoka simba chipimo.

Kwakakura pamusoro EMF uye pari vari interconnected sezvo dzvinyiriro uye ichayerera iri mvura. Zvikwepa mvura nguva dzose akazara mvura pasi mumwe kumanikidzwa, asi mvura inotanga iyerere chete kana vharuvhu akazarurwa.

Saizvozvowo, magetsi wedunhu anogona chokuita ndimo electromotive simba, asi kuitika mairi asingaiti ichiyerera chero asina hwaizogadzwa nzira pamwe iyo maerekitironi anogona kufamba. Vanogona kuva Somuenzaniso, wemagetsi rambi kana vacuum, kuti chinja pano inoita basa kondo, "izvo kunobereka" ano.

The reshiyo pakati kuitika uye voltage

Sezvo voltage kunowedzera uye kuitika kukura mudunhu. Kudzidza Physics Chokwadi, tinoziva kuti nemagetsi nematunhu dzine zvikamu siyana: kazhinji ufambe waya uye midziyo - nevatengi dzemagetsi. Ivo zvose zvakabatana pamwechete, zvinopa kuramba Magetsi, izvo (dzikapfeka tembiricha chenguva) haachinji nguva, asi mumwe nomumwe wavo rakasiyana nokuti yenhengo izvi. Saka, kana imwe voltage rinoshandisirwa rambi uye kuti dare chekubuda maerekitironi mu nechimwe mano achava akasiyana nokuda kwavo dzakasiyana nemishonga. Somugumisiro, kuitika inoyerera kuburikidza imwe redunhu mugove akatsunga kuita voltage chete, asi kurwisa kwakaita conductors uye namano.

Mutemo Ohm raMwari

The yemagetsi nemishonga unotaurwa ohms (Ohm) musayenzi zvakadai akadai wefizikisi. Electricity (fomura tsanangudzo kuedza) - wakafara musoro. Hatidi kuratidza Masvomhu dzakaoma. Nokuti wokutanga kuziva nyaya yakakwana pamusoro apa. Zvisinei, nzira yemaitiro zvakakodzera kuunza. Chinhu Snap. Nokuti chero kondakita kana mamiriro conductors uye mano ukama pakati voltage, ano uye kuzvidzivirira kunopiwa: voltage = ano X nemishonga. Uyu kwemasvomhu kutaura mutemo Ohm, wainzi kuremekedza Georg Ohm (1787-1854 gg.), Ndeupi wokutanga kusimbisa ukama pakati izvi parameters matatu.

Electricity Physics - a anonakidza bazi sayenzi. Takurukura chete dzinokosha pfungwa chokuita nayo. Munoziva kuti magetsi ndiwo, sei kuumbwa. Tinovimba ruzivo urwu unobatsira iwe.