Zvinoitwa nesarufa. Kushanda nesarufa. Medical sarufa

Chalcogens - boka zvinhu rinoreva nesarufa. Its makemikari chiratidzo - S - tsamba Latin zita Sarufa wokutanga. Zvinoumba nyore fuma chakanyorwa chiratidzo ichi pasina indekisi. Funga huru chokuita nemamiriro, zvivako, kugadzirira uye kushandisa maatomu akafanana izvi. sarufa zvinhu zvichakurukurwa zvakadzama sezvinobvira.

Common zvinhu uye kusiyana chalcogen

Sarufa chokuita munhu subgroup reokisijeni. Ndicho rechi16 chikwata mune ano refu-nguva zvinoumba mufananidzo periodic ino (PS). Nderechinyakare makamuri uye indekisi - Via. Mazita zvine maatomu akafanana zviri boka, makemikari zviratidzo:

• okisijeni (O);
• sarufa (S);
• selenium (Se);
• tellurium (Te);
• polonium (Po).

Rokunze Erekitironi goko okunze akaronga pamusoro chete. Rine zvose nhanhatu Valence maerekitironi iyo tinogona kubatanidzwa nokuumbwa kwemakemikari zvisungo nedzimwe maatomu. Rehydrogen yeimwe vane mamiriro H ₂ R, semuenzaniso, H ₂ S - rehydrogen sulfide. Names kwemakemikari zvinhu dzichiumbwa pamwe okisijeni mhando mbiri yeimwe: sarufa, selenium uye tellurium. General Masvomhu oxides ose zvinhu izvi - VaR _2, Ro _3.

Chalcogen anoenderana nyore zvinhu, izvo akasiyana zvikuru panyama svostvam. Rakajairika muna goko vose chalcogen - okisijeni nesarufa. Wokutanga chaikosha rinotsanangura maviri gasi, wechipiri - the nezvishoma. Polonium - iri radioactive chinhu - chisingawanzowaniki panyika nechepasi. Muboka reokisijeni kuti polonium esimbi zvivako dzikira uye zvibereko zvesimbi. Somuenzaniso, sarufa - kwese nonmetal uye tellurium ane esimbi kubwinya uye yemagetsi conductivity.

№ chaikosha 16 periodic hurongwa Di Mendeleev

The hama mabhomba uremu sarufa - 32,064. Zvikuru zvakafanana dzinongoitika isotope ³² S (anopfuura 95% uremu). Inowanikwa maduku akawanda nuclides pamwe mabhomba gobvu 33, 34 uye 36. chinoratidza nesarufa pamusoro mamiriro ezvinhu ari SS uye mabhomba mamiriro:

• Serial nhamba - 16;
• nokuchengeta atomu ndiyo 16;
• mabhomba nharaunda - 0,104 nm;
• ionization nesimba -10,36 EV;
• hama electronegativity - 2.6;
• ukuru oxidation mu yeimwe - +6, +4, +2, -2;
• Valence - II (-), II (+), IV (+), VI (+).

Nesarufa ari wechitatu kumwedzi; maerekitironi iri atomu chiri panzvimbo nhatu simba mumatunhu: wokutanga - 2, wechipiri - 8, - wechitatu 6. Valence maerekitironi vari kwokunze zvose. Kana kuwadzana zvinhu zvakawanda electronegative sarufa anopa 4 kana 6 maerekitironi, kuwana mumufananidzo oxidation mamiriro +6, +4. Zvinoitwa vane rehydrogen uye chakaumbwa atomu anokwevera maerekitironi zvisipo octets maviri kuti kuzadza uye kuti vawane rakadzikama ezvinhu. The oxidation uyu nyaya iri ashaye kuti -2.

The ehupfumi zvokunyama rhombic uye monoclinic allotropic nezvimiro

Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, nesarufa maatomu vari akabatanidzwa necheparutivi mu yakagadzikana redunhu. Vanogona akavharwa rin'i, zvichireva kuvapo cyclic nesurferi mamorekuru. Zvinoumba Formula kuratidza S ₆ uye S _8.

sarufa zvinhu zvinofanira vaisanganisa tsananguro kusiyana allotropic okunatsiridza vane utano ehupfumi siyana.

Rhombic kana α-nesarufa - akatsiga zvikuru crystalline fomu. Izvi inopenya tsvuku crystals, iine mamorekuru S _8. rhombic sarufa arambe achirema ndiyo 2,07 g / cm3. Light yero crystals ari monoclinic chimiro β-aumba nesurferi ari arambe achirema pakati 1,96 g / cm3. Kubika nguva inosvika 444,5 ° C.

Kugadzirira amorphous nesurferi

Chii ruvara isuferi mune epurasitiki ezvinhu? Uyu shava guru, zvikuru akafanana yeyero upfu kana crystals. Kuti vawane izvozvo, unofanira itye ari rhombic kana monoclinic nesarufa. At kutonhora pamusoro 110 ° C imwe mvura aumbwa, apo mamwe muchidziisa nayo anodzima pa 200 ° C anova gobvu uye viscous. Kana akakurumidza kudurura yakaumbwa nesurferi mumvura inotonhora, ichioma kuumba Zig-zag ngetani, iyo mamiriro inoratidza nzira S _n.

The solubility rwesarufa

Vamwe okunatsiridza ane pfuma soluble zvinotora disulfide, benzene, toluene kana mvura amoniya. Kana dzaserera zvishoma nezvishoma Organic mhinduro dziri ipapo kuumbwa monoclinic sarufa tsono. Nokuti kwemvura ine mvura zvakajeka ndimu-yellow crystals yacho rhombic nesurferi. Ivo vatete, vanogona kuva nyore ngaakuyire mumwe upfu. Sarufa iri insoluble mumvura. The crystals kunyura kusvika pasi mudziyo, uye madota anogona kuyangarara pamusoro pemvura (non-wettable).

mushonga ehupfumi

Zvinoitwa vanoonekwa kwese nonmetallic maatomu akafanana ehupfumi № 16:

• sarufa oxidizes nesimbi uye rehydrogen, ipfupi kuna S ^2- Ion;
• ari combustion dzedenga uye okisijeni anobudiswa va- nesarufa trioxide, izvo asidhi anhydrides;
• ne maitiro nomumwe zvikuru electronegative maatomu akafanana - fluoro - Sarufa vanorasikirwawo maerekitironi ayo (oxidize).

Free nesurferi zvakasikwa

Sezvo Kuwanda nesarufa pasi goko iri rechi15 nzvimbo pakati zvine maatomu akafanana. Avhareji zviri S maatomu ari pamatombo uye zvicherwa zviri 0,05% kubudikidza kurema goko.

Chii ruvara isuferi zvakasikwa (chizvarwa)? Ichi chiedza yero upfu ane maitiro kwakanaka kana tsvuku crystals kuva girazi kubwinya. Deposits muchimiro deposits, ari crystalline akaturikidzana rwesarufa yakawanikwa munzvimbo vekare nevazvino volcanism kuItaly, Poland, Middle East, Japan, Mexico, United States. Kazhinji dzokubudisa kuti drusen chinhu chakanaka uye hofori crystals kuroorwa.

Rehydrogen sulphide uye oxides zvakasikwa

In kuputika nharaunda dziri pamusoro pemvura gaseous nesurferi akakura. Black gungwa ari kudzika kupfuura 200 mamita ndiwo upenyu nokuda kuparadzana rehydrogen sulfide H ₂ S. The nzira divalent sarufa oxide - SO _2, trivalent - SO _3. Izvi gaseous yeimwe varipo vari Zvinoumba mamwe mafuta, gasi, dzinongoitika mvura. Sarufa rwuripowo Zvinoumba marasha. Zvakafanira kuti kuvakwa vazhinji Organic yeimwe. Kana putrefaction kwemapurotini mazai huku akasunungura rehydrogen sulfide, saka Zvinowanzotaurwa kuti gasi munhuhwi mazai akaora. Nesarufa ndohwaJehovha biogenic okunze, zvakakodzera kuti kukura womunhu, mhuka uye zvirimwa.

Kukosha dzinongoitika sulphides uye sulphates

Zvinoitwa rwesarufa achava kukwana kana hazvirevi kuti chinhu chinowanikwa kwete chete muchimiro nyore pfuma uye oxide. Rakajairika dzinongoitika yeimwe - iri munyu sulfuric asidhi uye rehydrogen sulfide. Sulfides zvemhangura, simbi, zingi, mekuri, mutobvu anowanikwa Kuronga zvicherwa chalcopyrite, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, uye cinnabar. Kubva sulfates anogona kutaurwa yavaibvisa, calcium, barium uye magnesium munyu izvo zvinoumba zvakasikwa zvicherwa uye matombo (mirabilite, gypsum, selenite, barite, kieserite, epsomite). Vose yeimwe izvi zvinoshandiswa sectors siyana hwenyika, anoshandiswa sezvo mbishi zvokuvakisa maindasitiri kubudiswa, fetiraiza, zvokuvakisa. Great zvokurapa ukoshi zvimwe crystalline.

mutambo

shora fuma iri vakasununguka mamiriro kunoitika zvakasikwa panguva dzakasiyana pakadzika. Kana zvakakodzera, nesarufa unonyauka kubva pamabwe pasina woupenyu pamusoro, apo kupomba kudzika chaipisa hwemvura uye compressed mhepo. Chimwe nzira kunosanganisira sublimation kuti vakadzvinyirirwa matombo anokosha yamavira. Dzimwe nzira dzinosanganisira pokufa kabhoni disulfide kana flotation.

Industry zvinodiwa Sarufa guru, saka kuwana zvokuvamba fuma yaro kushandiswa akakura. Hydrogen sulfide uye sulfide nesarufa iri shoma muchimiro. The oxidation mamiriro chinhu akaenzana -2. Sarufa oxidation rinoitwa nokuwedzera kukosha kuti 0. Somuenzaniso, maverengerwe LeBlanc yavaibvisa sulfate ipfupi kuti sulfide kabhoni. Zvadaro inotengwa kubva karusiyamu sulfide, zvinonzi kubatwa carbon dioxide inobvisa uye mvura mhute. The zvichiguma rehydrogen sulfide iri oxidized ne mumhepo okisijeni pamberi anowedzera: 2h ₂ S + Haiwa ₂ = 2h ₂ O + 2S. Kutsunga rwesarufa vakawana munzira dzakasiyana, dzimwe nguva anopa akaderera kuchena zviratidzo. Achinatsa kana yokunatswa riri kuitwa DISTILLATION, rectification, kubudiswa wemisanganiswa ose acids.

Kushandiswa nesarufa indasitiri ano

Granular sarufa anoenda zvakasiyana kugadzirwa zvinodiwa:

1. Kugadzirira sulfuric asidhi mu makemikari indasitiri.
2. Production sulfites uye sulfates.
3. Tisunungurirei achigadzirira kuberekesa zvinomera, chirwere uye tupukanana.
4. Sarufa tubhokisi ores mune migodhi uye kwemakemikari miti kupatsanurwa kuti nonferrous simbi. Concomitant Kugadzirwa iri sulfuric acid.
5. Kutanga zvimwe mamakisi hwendarira kupa chaiwo ehupfumi.
6. Nokuda vulcanizing rabha manzwirwa rabha.
7. Production machisi, pyrotechnics, zvinoputika.
8. Shandisa achigadzirira pendi, pigments, chakaita zvokugadzirwa fibers.
9. Bleaching micheka.

Toxicity rwesarufa yayo yeimwe

Dusts nezvimedu vane risingafadzi kwakanaka, kutsamwisa mucous membranes pamusoro nasal mhango uye kufema turakiti, maziso uye ganda. Asi zvokuvamba sarufa toxicity hakunganzi kunyanya mukuru. Inhalation rehydrogen sulfide uye dioxide inogona kukonzera chakakomba chepfu.

Kana roasting sarufa tubhokisi mhangura mu smelters chiutsi magasi haana vakateyiwa, vanopinda mhepo. Unobva pamwe madonhwe emvura mhute, sarufa oxides uye senitrogen kukonzera vanonzi asidhi mvura.

Sarufa ayo yeimwe mune zvokurima

Plants upise sulphate ions pamwe ivhu mhinduro. Kuderedza nesarufa tigutsikane zvinotisvitsa unononoka pasi ari munyoro masero muviri kuti amino acids nemapurotini. Naizvozvo sulfates kushandiswa kuberekesa zvirimwa zvokurima.

To disinfect yehuku dzimba, wedzimba, miriwo zvitoro nyore fuma kupiswa kana kubatwa zvivako ano sulfa zvinodhaka. sarufa oxide ane inorwisa utachiona ehupfumi kuti vagara akawana chikumbiro kubudisa waini kana kuchengetwa miriwo nemichero. sarufa mishonga inoshandiswa sezvo mishonga yezvipembenene kuti kudzora zvirwere uye tupukanana (powdery nokuvhuvha dandemutande mites).

Inoshandiswa mukurapa

Great kukosha kuti kudzidza semushonga yellow upfu akapa vanachiremba guru kare Avicenna uye Paracelsus. Zvakanga gare gare kwatemwa kuti munhu haasi kuwana sarufa zvakakwana kubva simba zvokudya, nematambudziko utano (izvo zvinosanganisira kuvaviwa uye flaking ganda, bvudzi uye zvipikiri kwakaderera). Chokwadi ndechokuti pasina nesarufa vasingadzoreki kwetunhu amino acids, puroteni nokukanganisika pezvakaitwa mumuviri.

Medical nesarufa wakazopinzwa chizoro kuti kurapa ganda zvirwere: mburwa, eczema, psoriasis, chisimbwa, seborrhea. Madziva nesarufa kunogona kuderedza marwadzo rheumatism uye gout. Nokuti Absorção de Água nani nokuda muviri chokusika mvura soluble sulfa zvinodhaka. Izvi hazvisi yero upfu, akanaka crystalline chena fuma. Nokuti kunze mafomu remubatanidzwa ichi chinotarisirwa iri zvizorwa kuti ganda kutarisirwa.

Gypsum yagara wakashandiswa immobilization iri akakuvara nhengo dzomuviri. Glauber kuti munyu uri ushandiswe kuva mushonga laxative. Magnesia lowers BP rinoshandiswa pakurapa neBP.

Nesurferi munhau

Kunyange kare nonmetallic fuma maruva yero vade munhu afunge. Asi chete muna 1789, asi kemisiti huru Lavoisier akawana kuti upfu uye crystals zvakawanikwa zvakasikwa, rinoumbwa nesurferi maatomu. Zvaidavirwa kuti malodor yomuka panguva yayo combustion, haukwezvi zvakaipa zvose. Yemaitiro sarufa oxide, izvo yaunganidzwa combustion, - SO ₂ (silica). Izvi hunokachidza gasi inhalation zvine ngozi kuutano. Vanoverengeka zviitiko zvakawanda kutsakatika mumisha yose vanhu vari kumiganhu, pamapani masayendisiti kutsanangura yavaive nyika kana mvura rehydrogen sulphide kana nesurferi dioxide.

Nokugadzirwa kwakaitwa gunpowder yakawedzera kufarira yeyero crystals nemauto. Hondo dzakawanda dzakanga akahwina nokuda mano vatenzi chokubatanidza nesurferi nemamwe zvinhu zviri kugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinoputika. Chinonyanya kukosha remubatanidzwa - sulfuric asidhi - akadzidzawo sei kushandisa refu chaizvo nguva. KuMiddle Ages, ndiko pfuma inonzi mafuta vitriol uye munyu - sulfate. Copper sulfate ndiye CuSO _{4 uye} simbi sulfate FeSO ₄ haisi varasikirwa kukosha mune bhizimisi uye kurima.