Ndezvipi Valence maerekitironi?

Physics uye kemesitiri vadzidzisi muzvikoro Zvinozivikanwa kuti zviri nyore zvikuru kutsanangura chero nyaya vachiita ringanidzo kana kushandisa anofungidzirwa mienzaniso, vachitsanangura "minwe". Zvisinei, kunyange zvazvo rondedzero yakapiwa hadzikwanisi kusangana mureza womuenzaniso, nzira iyi kuzvirereka results. Izvi ndozvazvakaita mu mabhomba wefizikisi.

Chemical ehupfumi kuti zvinhu zviri nyore kutsanangura, kana ukashandisa dzidziso mabhomba mamiriro, wakatangwa muna 1911 ne Chirungu yefizikisi E. Rutherford. Pasinei chokwadi kuti muenzaniso wake akarurama chete muchidimbu, kuti Zvakaringanira kunzwisisa kwemasayendisiti kuitika. Nhasi tichataura pamusoro chii Valence maerekitironi uye chii ukama hwavo pamwe ehupfumi zviri zviri kudzidzwa. Asi kutanga, ngatiyeukei yemapuraneti muenzaniso mabhomba mamiriro.

Rutherford akasarudza kuti atomu haasi indivisible PARTICIPLE, sepakutanga akafunga, asi ine panozogadzirika zvakaoma pakati uye maerekitironi kutenderera nayo. The yemagetsi mutariri nuclei zvakanaka (+) uye maerekitironi uyewo, kunaka (-). Makore masere pashure Bhuku dzidziso yake mabhomba mamiriro, Rutherford akakwanisa kushandisa dzakasiyana panguva, chiitiko - exchange senitrogen kupinda oxygen. The kuedza kwaisanganisira "wakabhombwa" by Arufa nezvimedu senitrogen maatomu. Pashure kudhumhana akaumba okisijeni atomu uye "mamwe" PARTICIPLE ane kupomera akanaka, vakabva kunzi hwepurotoni.

Dzidziso vakatodzidza rapera chimiro chinoumba rinosanganisira protons, kushandisa simba rinonzi magnetic mauto vakabata maerekitironi kuti kutenderera. Sezvo atomu ari electrically kwavakarerekera, uye Purotoni Erekitironi vanokweverwa, avo yaipedzerwa vakaenzana. . Muna 1932, nyanzvi yefizikisi J. Chadwick akawana kuti ari musimboti kunze protons vari nezvimedu pasina muripo - neutrons. Ndizvo avo vane basa vakawanda. Zvichienderana Erekitironi simba, anogona riri panguva dzakasiyana kure musimboti. Valence maerekitironi - izvi isakarurama mhosva inoramba kuti:

• Vari riri kunonyanyisa kure kubva musimboti, pamusoro dzokunze kutenderera;
• ingashanda dzakavakidzana maatomu.

Pasi kukurukurirana kunokosha kunzwisisa mukana kusiya mabhomba yavo muchadenga kana kushandura trajectory inofamba.

Pakutsvaga Valence maerekitironi iri nyore chaizvo - pamusoro periodic table. Nokuti zvinokosha (kunze subgroups, sezvo paine kunze) ezvinhu ndechechokwadi: kufadza uwandu Valence maerekitironi rinoenderana boka nhamba umo chinhu anoongororwa. Atomu kuva huru yokungotaura nhamba inoramba yakadaro, vasingadi anovatuma vamwe maatomu Zvisinei imwe oxidizer (Zvinotora chisipo). Asiwo, nokuti vashoma boka nyore Valence maerekitironi vanopiwa maatomu akafanana, vachipinda kuroorana. Muchiitiko ichi tiri kutaura pamusoro mukuderedza mumiririri kana atomu anyatsoronga.

Valence maerekitironi vari zvakananga novimba mamiriro atomu. Saka, kana ari dzimwe nzira kubva kunze kupa mamwe simba (dzikwanise yaifara state), kuti Valence kutenderera zvacho zvichava zvakawanda.

Data pamusoro Valence zvinhu kuvatendera vachishingaira kushandisa vachifanotaura mugumisiro. Somuenzaniso, zvemakemikari manyuko Magetsi pahwaro kushandiswa electrolytes dzakadaro zvinhu vanogona kupa uye kugamuchira maerekitironi. Kwazvakarerekera zvinhu hazvaibatsira iyi. Zviri nyore kufungidzira kuti kana zvose chokunze Erekitironi goko pamusoro atomu izere, ipapo chinhu ichocho chiri mishonga enyika uye asingauyi sei nevamwe maatomu (kana kuti kukurukurirana simba zvokuti kunyora nezvavo kuti rinogona kuregeredzwa). Muenzaniso unoshamisa ichi - inert magasi.