Electronic commerce: kukura, kushandisa, tarisiro

Zuva nezuva, vanhu kutanga maziso kushandisa mashoko dzemuchina dzakaitawo. Kuti aite izvi, rinoshandisa Indaneti. Nhasi, nyika ino iri zvinenge zvose masangano Munotadzanura nzvimbo dzavo. Regai kumira parutivi, uye vagari vanhuwo. Yadzinobereka kuti mapeji dzavo pamusoro siyana evanhu network.

Internet - bwakashama Hurongwa ane vakawanda, izvo zvinoita kuti neitsva kusakarongeka pakati vanoshandisa. Uye hapana zvinoshamisa pakuti rwakatanga kushandiswa chaizvo e-bhizimisi. Uyu ndamboita, kwete chete musika uye zvoupfumi, asiwo magariro ukama pakati masangano uye vanhu.

History chokusika

E-basa ndiye kusangana vemabhizimisi vanhu vanoshanda mumunda e-zvokutengeserana. Vose vari vakabatana ebhizimusi Network. To musi, ino ndiyo pachiyero yose Indaneti.

Chii e-zvokutengeserana? Kusiyana neizvi, e-basa iri izwi rine rakatetepa zvarinoreva. Kunosanganisira kushandisa Internet sechinhu ruzivo mugero sangano pezvakaitwa zvebhizimisi. Muchiitiko chino, hapana tsika Zano "mari-zvinhu". It kuchatsiviwa "mashoko-mashoko".

E-commerce - hazvina kufanana paIndaneti kunozvitenga. Uye pakanga mhando iyi yebasa mumazuva apo vanhu akanga asina kuziva Internet. Zvino muna 1979, apo American Maykl Aldrih akasarudza kubatanidza pamwe kombiyuta uye waya TV. Kuti aite izvi, akashandisa yakamisirwa norunhare. Michina iyi zvinobvumira vanoshandisa arayire zvinhu, yakaratidzwa pamadziro. Yakanga chete muna 1990 na Tim Behrens akazogadzira Browser yokutanga. Shure kwaizvozvo, uye akatanga kukurumidza kukura yayo e-bhizimisi uye e-zvokutengeserana. Saka, muna 1992, Charles Stuckey ari boka rokutanga dzenyika akavhura paIndaneti chitoro kutengesa bhuku kugadzirwa. Muna 1994 akatanga basa rake Amazon.com, uye muna 1995 - E-bay.

Kukura e-pakutengeserana muRussia rinogona dzinoratidzwa anotevera:

1. 1991-1993. Munguva yose iyi, Internet ndiyo yega mari inoshandiswa kutaurirana pakati vezvesayenzi, zvekushandisa nzvimbo, kombiyuta nyanzvi, uye masangano ehurumende.
2. 1994-1997. Panguva ino mukana yose samambure rinotanga kufarira vomuSouth.
3. Kubva 1998 kusvika nhasi e-bhizimisi nokushingaira yakatanga tichibatsirwa paIndaneti uye e-zvokutengeserana.

vatsva zvinhu

Makambani vaitungamirira basa iri tsika nenzira, vane basa kunenge basa. Panguva iyoyo vari kupedza hombe mari yakawanda pamusoro chigadzirwa kukura uye kugadzirwa, anowedzera pakukurukura uye kutengesa apedza zvigadzirwa. Large mari inodiwa uye rutsigiro logistical yose Implementation rikurumidze.

Asi pano pakanga e-zvokutengeserana. Akatanga zvishoma nezvishoma kuchinja emakambani networked masangano rakapotsa. Uyezve, mumwe nomumwe nenhengo munharaunda ino vane mukana wavo mabasa pfungwa kupfuura nzira dzakakodzera. Izvi akabvumira kuti vazvo kuti vatengi yakawanda sezvingabvira kwakakwana kugadzirwa mhinduro.

Kamwe paiva e-zvokutengeserana bhizimisi vachava nemikana mitsva. With ichi ano mudziyo yakaitwa zvichibvira:

- Video conferencing;
- kuita paInternet kudzidzisa;
- Kugadzirwa itsva yokutengesa mienzaniso;
- kusikwa nebhizimisi hwaiitwa mashoko enyika;
- kuwana siyana mashoko;
- Implementation pamwe zvemari;
- kukura ukama hutsva pakati kushandisa zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ano Makambani;
- Nyaya itsva rweruzhinji mugero;
- nokusimbaradza pamwe;
- rutsigiro kungaitwa pane pfungwa;
- kukura itsva upfumi gadzira uye kutenga zvinhu.

The chikuru mabasa wezvokutengeserana paIndaneti

Kushandiswa e-zvokutengeserana kunosanganisira:
- pokugadzwa rokutanga nevanhu zvinogona bhizimisi, vatengi uye vatengi Indaneti;
- Exchange magwaro kusikwa electronic format, zvakafanira kuti Implementation rwokutenga uye kutengeswa kwema;
- sale kwenhumbi kana mabasa;
- pre-sale okushambadza zvigadzirwa uye post-okutengesa mutengi rutsigiro muchimiro uchida Briefings pamusoro watengwa chigadzirwa;
- Electronic mubhadharo zvinhu yakatengwa nokushandiswa zvigadzirwa mari kutamiswa, makadhi uye macheki;
- chokuendesa zvigadzirwa kuti mutengi.

Zano "zvebhizimisi bhizimisi"

Pane mhando dzakasiyana e-commerce. Uyezve, kupatsanura yavo inosanganisira chipfuro boka yevatengi. Mumwe mhando e-pakutengeserana ari zano "zvebhizimisi bhizimisi" kana B2B. kudyidzana uku rinoitwa pasi kumbonyanya nyore musimboti. Inoitwa pakuti mumwe kambani anotengesa mumwe.

Pasinei chokwadi kuti nhasi pane dzimwe mhando e-zvokutengeserana, B2B ndiro nokukurumidza kusimukira munzvimbo dzine tarisiro yakanaka chaizvo. Nemhaka Internet papuratifomu rose zvokutengeserana kwacho kwava rikurumidze uye yakajeka. Saka mumiririri mutengi kambani anokwanisa kuti vatambi kudzora yose gadziriro Implementation mabasa, mabasa kana zvokushandisa nhumbi. Kuti aite izvi, rinoshandisa Databases sangano-mutengesi.

Pakazosvika zvechadenga "bhizimisi-kuti-bhizimisi" womuenzaniso ndechokuti mune iyi mufambiro e-pakutengeserana hazvibviri pasina zvakazara zvoga kudyidzana pakati masangano kuti entrepreneurial basa. Uye ane anokwezva zvikuru tarisiro. Mukusarudza bhizimisi iri B2B zvekutepfenyura, kambani iri zvakafanana dambudziko kunzwisisa kushandisa michina ose ayo womukati utariri.

Trading platforms nokuti zano 'zvebhizimisi bhizimisi "

In e-zvokutengeserana, pane nzvimbo chaiyo apo anobata dzinoitwa uye rakatangwa ne akakodzera kwema zvemari. Ndicho zvokutengeserana platforms kuti vari rakapotsa iyi. Vanogona vasikwa:

- vatengi;
- Vatengesi;
- mabiko wechitatu.

Pari, somuenzaniso B2B mhando nhatu kutengesa platforms. Exchange ichi, okisheni uye katarogu. Ngationgororei navo zvizere.

Gadzira munhu dhairetori hwezvekukurukurirana kushandiswa search nezvaanogona akadzadzwa ano mashoko enyika. Panyaya iyi, mutengi kodzero kuenzanisa nokusanangura nhumbi panguva mutengo, pakukurukura musi, garandi, uye zvichingodaro. D. Catalogs zvinoshandiswa maindasitiri apo kupfuura kakawanda ndivo kwema nokuda Implementation kuderedzwa mutengo nhumbi, uye apo kudiwa riri oneka, uye mutengo zvinosiyana zvisinganyanyi kuitika.

Kana okisheni, ipapo ichi zvokutengeserana pachikuva womuenzaniso kunoratidzwa vasiri wakaiswa mitengo. Final Mari nenhumbi hunogadzwa kukwikwidzana kwacho. Auctions zvinoshandiswa panyaya apo mhindu zvinhu kana mabasa nevamwe adzo. Zvingava mashoma zvinhu kana midziyo guru, inventories, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Chechitatu mhando chaivo zvokutengeserana pechikuva - Exchange - dzinoratidzwa ndechokuti mutengo zvaipiwa nayo dzinotungamirirwa nemushonga uye kudiwa, uye saka pasi kuchinja simba. womuenzaniso Izvi zvakakwana akakodzera kuti Implementation zvinowanzoitwa zvinhu zvinopa wandei nyore standartiziruemymi unhu. Exchange ndicho chinonyanya kukwezva vaya misika apo mitengo uye kudiwa dzinotsauka. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, muenzaniso uyu unokubvumira kuchinjanisa anonymously, dzimwe nguva zvinokosha kuchengetedza makwikwi uye mutengo kusashanduka.

Nyanzvi dzinofungidzira tarisiro yakanaka e-zvokutengeserana, vachishandisa muenzaniso uyu. Chokutanga, rokutengesa kwakadaro kunobatsira vatengi. Pashure pezvose, kutengeserana kunoitika pazuva chepamusoro vezvokutengeserana Website pasina vanozoshanda. Uyezve, nokuti zvokutengeserana pakakwirira chakafanana kunoratidzwa nebasa rimwe mutengesi ane vakawanda vatengi.

Pane achangopfuura uye zvitsva akasiyana-siyana okutengesa muenzaniso ari B2B zvekutepfenyura. Izvi katarogu hurongwa kuti zvinobatana vakawanda vapemhi. Tanga kushanda uye zvemagetsi platforms kuti nokubatanidza zvaiitwa Exchange uye Auktionshäuser. Kwakadaro e-commerce kunoderedza nguva uye mari mari kutsvaka uye kusarudzwa zvakanakisisa zvigadzirwa, uyewo vanyorwa kutengeserana pakati mutengi uye mutengesi.

Zano "zvebhizimisi nevatengi"

E-commerce, inobva nheyo B2C, anowana kushandisirwa panyaya apo zvebhizimisi vatengi vasiri pamutemo, uye mumuviri vanhu. Kazhinji ndiwo chitoro kutengeswa kwenhumbi. nzira iyi kuita zvokutenga kutengeserana kunobatsira kuti munhu anoda kubetserwa. It zvinopa mukana rikurumidze uye nyore kutenga nzvimbo zvakafanira kwaari. Muvanhu, hapana chikonzero kunozvitenga. Zvaringana kudzidza zvinoitwa nhumbi zvavatengesi nzvimbo, kusarudza achida muenzaniso uye kuti arayire munhu chigadzirwa kuti achaiswa donongodzo kero.

E-commerce paIndaneti uri "bhizimisi-kuti-nevatengi" uye kunobatsira nokutengesa. Ane mukana kuudza traceability, vakapedza shoma zvinhu kukonzera kugutsikana.

Nokuti B2C zano kumhanya zvetsika paIndaneti zvitoro. mabasa avo vari nezvezvandaifanira nemharu boka yevatengi zvikuru. Sezvo 2010 iye akazviratidza uye akatanga kuva anonzi evanhu zvokutengeserana. Rinotaura kukura kwebasa rokutengesa nhumbi uye mabasa munzanga network.

Mumwe makambani kupfuura uchishanda pamusoro B2C womuenzaniso, chinhu American Amazon.com kambani. It anoita chitoro rokutengesa mabhuku uye ane vatengi vanopfuura miriyoni imwe yose. Kushandisa Zano "zvebhizimisi nevatengi", kambani equalized kuwana chigadzirwa pakati vatengi munyika dzakasiyana. Uye hazvina basa apo mutengi anogara muguta guru kana kure nharaunda.

Trading platforms nokuti zano 'zvebhizimisi nevatengi "

Mune B2C zvekutepfenyura vezvinhu dzinotengeswa kuburikidza:

- zvemagetsi zvitoro uye kunotenga arcades;
- Web-mahwindo;
- kushandiswa paIndaneti gadziriro;
- Auktionen.

Funga izvi vanotengesa platforms zvakawanda. E-commerce makambani madiki uye svikiro kadikidiki, ave mutemo, voitakura kunze kuburikidza paIndaneti retailers. Izvi rakapotsa platforms - kwete kuti mumwe, sezvo nekambani nzvimbo. A zvikuru kunzwisisa maumbirwo vari paIndaneti pamisara. Ivo vanoiswa vakawanda rakapotsa zvitoro.

E-commerce yokuRussia iri kazhinji kuitwa kuburikidza maduku hwindo Web-chitoro. Izvi tengeserana mumitsara, kazhinji anazvo diki mabhizimisi yemakambani. The chikuru zvinhu dzakadaro dziri kwemabhuku kana mutengo mazita kuti tsanangura chigadzirwa kana basa pacharo, uyewo marongedzero kuunganidzwa kwemari mirairo kubva vatengi.

Online Trading Systems (TIS) anoshandiswa makuru Holdings, makambani uye makambani. Izvi rakapotsa platforms vakwanise emakambani kuwedzera nerubatsiro basa kuita uye Sales, uyewo kuvaka kupfuura pfungwa rive ngetani mbishi zvinhu kugadzirwa muitiro, zvinhu, zvokushandisa, uye zvichingodaro. D.

Masangano akawanda ari kurapa e-pakutengeserana vanoshandisa chaiye Web-nzvimbo. Kwavari chero mutengesi anogona pachena chigadzirwa chako mutengo yepakutanga. Kwakadaro Web-site zvemagetsi Auktionen. Buyers aifarira vanotenga chigadzirwa zvingaratidza kukoshesa kwaari. Somugumisiro, mutengesi unopinda kutengeserana kambani, izvo akagadzirira kubhadhara zvakawanda.

Zano "mutengi-to-nevatengi"

Kukura e-pakutengeserana kwaita kuti chitarisiko C2C kwema. Akaita pakati vatengi vasiri Entrepreneurs. With zano iri, e-commerce vanowatengesa kuposita inopa avo chaiyo nzvimbo dzepaIndaneti, zvinova muchinjikwa pakati zvisingatomboiti pamusika, ari nhata musika, uye pepanhau ma ads. Somuenzaniso, U.S. Provider Saka ebay.com. Uyu pati wechitatu, vachibvumira vatengi kupinda chero kutengeserana munguva chaiyo. Zvino zvakaitika zvakananga Internet uye vane wemagetsi okisheni format. C2C womuenzaniso rava nevakawanda zvikuru nhasi. Buyers panguva iyoyowo inokurudzira chinokosha mitengo, zviri kuvatumwa muzvitoro.

Other mazano

Chiizve inogona e-zvokutengeserana? Kuwedzera pamusoro-kurondedzerwa Inonyanya Mazano dziripo uye nevamwe. Havasi dzakakurumbira chaizvo, zvisinei, zvinoshandiswa zvinoverengeka chaiwo kacho. Saka, kushandisa e-pakutengeserana kunounzwa kukurukurirana zvose zviri pamutemo masangano uye vanhu vane mamiriro zvivako. Izvi chokuita zvinodiwa siyana uye muunganidzwa kwemitero, tichishanda netsika masangano, uye zvichingodaro. D. kwakadaro siyana pamwe zvaibvira chete pamwe kukura Internet michina.

A chinokosha mukana zano iri kuti zviite e-zvokutengeserana chokupika vashandi vehurumende uye kubudiswa payers ose nyaya dzemapepa.

Basic mitemo nokuti Entrepreneurs

eCommerce kunyatsogona vanofanira kuziva munhu anoda kuva mabhizimisi avo kwakavakirwa mashoko dzemuchina dzakaitawo. Pane mitemo nyore kuti zvinofanira kuva mhando patafura chokuwanziridza chipi mutengesi. Ani naani anoda kuva mukundi ari makwikwi, achashora:

- kusika nzvimbo iri optimized kuti kutsvaka injini;
- exchange vashanyi vako vatengi;
- kuti aite yokutengesa zvinhu kuti achasimudzira nzvimbo paIndaneti;
- ongorora showgirl okutengesa.

Tarisiro kukura e-zvokutengeserana

Nhasi muRussia paiva nevamwe zvinoita kuti kuchikosha kukanganisa kukura EC. Pakati pavo:

- yakakura kukura munharaunda yacho, iyo zvinoda kuderedza matambudziko aripo ichikutadzisa kutengeswa nenhumbi, izvo chokuita remoteness ose pamusika vechikamu;
- kukosha kuvandudza ari kusangana kwacho nokuda kwemapazi bhizimisi Russian mashoko enyika uye zvoupfumi pezvakaitwa;
- dambudziko kuderedza dzaishandiswa mari, izvo aizobvumira zvinhu zvedu kuti yemakwikwi mumusika yose;
- kudiwa kungwarira kudzora kutengeswa fuma emakambani uye fiscal masimba;
- kukosha guru kukura kwezvinhu mujinga masangano pamwe Implementation kupfuura kwemichina yekufambisa mashoko yechizvino.

EC budiriro muRussia chinowedzera dzinozivikanwa yakakwirira nenhanho dzidzo yepamusorosoro. Mukuwedzera, zviremera zvemari munyika kare vakava pamberi zvigadzirwa, kushandiswa iyo inoita kure kwerunyararo Bank vatengi 'kwema. ecommerce chibatiso muRussia anopa iripo rwokugadzira mhinduro. Zvinosanganisira kushandisa maturusi zvinopa cryptographic kudzivirira mashoko inopiwa nhengo rakapotsa kutengeswa.

Asi munyika yedu pane zvimwe zvinetso e-zvokutengeserana. Somuenzaniso, rakapotsa kutengeserana kukura kwacho yekudyidzana kudziviswa nokuda:

- rakadzika nenhanho tsika idzva kwatiri pamusika ukama;
- Kusakwana zvemitemo kuumbwa;
- refu mwero monopolization hwenyika;
- kushaya kwezvivako pokumuka misika chinokosha;
- Kusakwana wegadziriro zvikwereti zvemari ukama.