February 19, 1861. Murimi mudiki kuchinja mu Russia. The abolition pamusoro serfdom

paitonga Alexander II (1856-1881) akaburuka munhau sezvo nguva "zvinhu zvikuru". Zvikuru nemhaka mambo akatora abolition kuti serfdom muRussia muna 1861 - chiitiko izvo, chokwadi, ndizvo chikuru kubudirira kwayo, izvo akabatanidzwa basa guru yemberi kukura ehurumende.

MARARAMIRO abolition kuti serfdom

Mumakore 1856-1857 wandei wokumaodzanyemba enyika yakazununguka murimi mudiki nokusagadzikana, zvisinei, izvo, nokukurumidza zvapera. Asi, zvakadaro, vakashanda sechiyeuchidzo simba kutonga, kuti nzvimbo umo vanhu vakaderera, pakupedzisira kungaita mutsekwende naye.

Uyezve, ano serfdom yekudyidzana kufambira mberi nyika. The axiom kuti vakasununguka basa zvinobudirira kumanikidzwa wakaratidzwa zvizere: Russia zvikuru lagged shure Western nyika uye upfumi uye mune socio-enyika bhora. Izvi pangozi chokwadi kuti kare akasikwa nemufananidzo simba vaisagona nyore kugumisa, uye nyika vaizopinzwa ndanogara muboka muduku. Tisingatauri chokuti serfdom rakanga rakafanana muuranda.

By pakuguma 50s of miriyoni 62 yevanhu panguva tsitsi yavanatenzi vavo vakararama kupfuura wechitatu. Russia kudiwa murimi mudiki kuchinja. 1861 inofanira kuva gore kuchinja zvikuru kuti vanofanira kuchengeta zvokuti vaisagona zunzai isingachinji nheyo autocracy uye kwamachinda rakaramba hukuru chinzvimbo. Naizvozvo, pfungwa yacho abolition pakati serfdom zvinoda kungwarira kuongorora uye kudzidza, uye ichi ndicho nokuda Kusakwana midziyo kwave matambudziko.

Matanho anodiwa kuti kuchinja remangwana

The abolition kuti serfdom muRussia muna 1861 aiva chakakomba kwakabatsira nheyo eumambo nyika zvinokosha.

Zvisinei, kana States mhenyu bumbiro pamberi kupedza imwe kushandurwa ndiko kudzidza hushumiri uye nhaurirano muhurumende, pashure izvo kuchinja vakagadzirira mabasa vanopiwa Paramende, achitsungirira yokupedzisira mutongo, wokuRussia kana shumiro kana mumiririri muviri hauna ipapo. Asi serfdom akanga legislated panguva mamiriro pamwero. Kukanzura nayo unilaterally Alexander II asingagoni, sezvaringaita kodzero dzevanhu kwamachinda, inova hwaro autocracy.

Saka, munyika kusimudzira kuchinja kwaiva kuumba chikwata zvakananga chokuita abolition pamusoro serfdom nemaune. Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti zvichaita panofanira masangano dzakarongwa mumunda, vane vaitaura inofanira akabvuma uye kupatsanurwa muna Central Committee, izvo zvaizoitawo tungamirwe namambo.

Sezvo, muchiedza kukasaitwa kuchinja landlords vakawanda vakanga kurasikirwa nayo, ipapo Alexander II, yakanakisisa mhinduro yaizova, kana chirongwa kusunungurwa vanhuwo zvavo yaiva nyaya kwamachinda. Nokukurumidza iyoyo pakashandurwa.

"Chirevo Nazimova"

Pakati pezana remakore matsutso 1857, iye akasvika St. Petersburg General Vladimir Ivanovich Nazimov - mubati Lithuania, wakakubudisa naye chikumbiro pamusoro rabvuma kodzero, uye navabati Kovno uye Grodno neyenyika kupa serfs vavo rusununguko rwavo, asi pasina achivapa nyika.

Mukupindura, Alexander II akatuma chibvumirano yakanyorerwa Nazimova (Imperial private tsamba), izvo anorayiridza vepo Varidzi kuronga dzematunhu makomiti. basa ravo rakanga kuva shanduro remangwana murimi mudiki kuchinja yavo. Mutsamba mambo achirumbidza ake:

• Kuchengeta rusununguko serfs rakakwana.
• runofarira All nyika vanofanira kuramba kuti landlords ukaramba uridzi.
• Zvichiita kuti vasunungurwa vanhuwo zvavo vawane nyika runofarira pasi kubhadhara zvakavakodzera kana kushanda kunze serfdom.
• Vakwanise varimi kutenga wakare yavo.

Nokukurumidza chibvumirano nayo akazviratidza pachaunga, iyo zvakasimbisa mukuru kukurukurwa kumubvunzo serfdom.

Pokugadzwa mumatare

Early pamusoro muna 1857, Kesari, vachitevera urongwa hwake, akasika chakavanzika komiti iri murimi mudiki mubvunzo, uyo pachivande mubasa kukura zvinhu yokubvisa serfdom. Asi chete mushure "chibvumirano Nazimova" akava pachena, tsika chakabereka zvizere simba. In February 1958 akabvisa ose pakavanda, renaming ari Main Committee musi murimi mudiki Affairs, iro rinotungamirirwa Prince AF Orlov.

Kana paakasika Editorial Commission, iyo vaiona mabasa vakabvuma ne amachinda dare, uye kare maererano ari dzakaunganidza mashoko akasikwa munyika shanduro ramangwana kuchinja.

Sachigaro komisheni akagadzwa nhengo State Council General Yi Rostovtsev, vaitsigira zvakazara pfungwa yacho abolition pakati serfdom.

Kupokanidzana uye basa rinoitwa

Nokufamba chirongwa chikuru eDare uye ruzhinji amachinda Varidzi kwete pasina zvakakomba kuzvipokanidza. Somuenzaniso, landlords vakaomerera kuti nekodzero dzevanhu pamusoro serfs aihuitira chete nourongwa rusununguko uye nyika shure kwavo aigona richengetwe chete chikwereti pasina muripo. The Committee aidawo kupa mukana kutenga vaimbova serf wenyika, achiva muridzi zvizere.

Muna 1860 Rostovtsev kufa, uye saka musoro wedzero basa, Alexander II anogadza Count VN Panin, uyo, sezvinei, akanga aionekwa semuvengi serfdom kukanzura. Kuva hwusina executor woumambo kuda, akamanikidzwa kupedza kuchinja chirongwa.

Muna October of drafting boka rakapera. Total dzematunhu Matare akagovera nokuongorora abolition pakati serfdom 82 muzvirongwa, rakava nokuda Vhoriyamu mavhoriyamu 32 akadhindwa. Mugumisiro kushanda zvakaoma rave pasi kuti nezvomunhu State Council, uye pashure ayo wokugamuchirwa anoratidzwa kuti setifaya mambo. Pashure kuaverenga wacho wakasainwa yakakodzera Manifesto nemirau. February 19, 1861 yaiva yebasa zuva abolition pakati serfdom.

March 5, Alexander II pachake kuverenga zvinyorwa pamberi pavanhu.

The chikuru zvokudya pamusoro Manifesto February 19, 1861

The chikuru zvokudya gwaro akanga sezvinotevera:

• Serfs hwacho akapiwa rakazara pachavo rusununguko, vava kunzi "akasununguka okumaruwa vagari."
• Kubva zvino (kureva 19 February 1861) nhare vaionekwa vagari Uzere akakodzera mutemo munyika.
• All chinjwa enzvimbo murimi mudiki, uyewo dzimba uye muzvivako vakaziva sezvo pfuma yavo.
• For Varidzi vanochengeta kodzero kunyika yavo, asi vaifanira kugovera varimi nemba yake oga uye munda runofarira.
• Nokuti kushandiswa munyika kuti vanhuwo zvavo vakanga kubhadhara rudzikinuro sechipo zvakananga muridzi kwenharaunda uye mamiriro.

Zvakakodzera nadzurudzo nzwisisa

Kuchinja itsva vaisagona kugutsa zvinodiwa wekuongorora. Vakanga vasingagutsikani vanhuwo zvavo pachavo. Chekutanga ose mashoko vakapiwa nyika, iyo, chaizvoizvo, ndiyo nzira huru chokuvapo pairi. Naizvozvo, Alexander II kwakaita zvinhu, kana kuti, dzimwe mbuva ayo zvakawanda.

Saka, maererano Manifesto, nharaunda yose Russia asimbisa kufadza uye shoma kukura nyika Holdings por capita, zvichienderana dzinongoitika uye zvoupfumi maitiro kumatunhu.

Zvakanga vaifungidzira kuti kana murimi mudiki mugove waiva duku pane kuisa gwaro, izvozvo anoita kuti muridzi kuwedzera chisipo nzvimbo. Kana chete - guru, nekusiyana, akagura zvakawandisa uye, sezvo mutemo, zvakanakisisa chikamu mugove.

The dzemunharaunda inopiwa minda

Manifesto yaFebruary 19, 1861 akaputsa European chikamu nyika pamusoro lobes vatatu: inowanzorimwa, nhema pasi uye Nonchernozem.

• Norma minda nokuda inowanzorimwa chikamu - matanhatu nehafu kusvika gumi maeka.
• Norm nokuti chernozem mapazi runobva matatu maeka mana nehafu.
• Nokuti asiri chernozem bhandi - matatu kota kune maeka masere.

Munyika, nharaunda akatanga kuisa zvishoma pane zvakanga pamberi kuchinja, saka kuti murimi mudiki kuchinja zvinhu 1861 kunyimwa kuti "vasunungurwa" anopfuura 20% munyika arable.

Uyezve, paiva chikamu serfs, uyo, vakawanda, havana kugamuchira chero nyika. Izvi pachivanze vanhu, vanhuwo zvavo kare zvaiva munyika-nzara vanokudzwa, uye kushanda mafekitari.

Nyika chinja mamiriro ari pfuma

Maererano kuchinja musi February 19, 1861, nyika yakapiwa vanhuwo zvavo kwete zvivako, asi chete kushandiswa. Asi vakanga nomukana kutenga kubva muridzi, kureva, kupinda Yaunoti kudzikinurwa mutengapwe. To pfungwa yakafanana ivo zvaionekwa kwenguva duku uye kushandiswa munyika aizofanira kushanda serfdom, yaiva mazuva hapana anopfuura 40 pagore varume uye 30 - vakadzi. Kana kuti kubhadhara zvakavakodzera, uwandu yaiva kupfekwa pamusoro 8-12 rubles, uye kugadzwa yomutero kunodiwa kufunga hwevhu. Panyaya iyi, asi kwenguva duku havana kodzero chete mapfumo pasi mugove chero, kureva serfdom vachiri kushanda.

Mushure ruregerero kutengeserana murimi nokuzadzika anova zvizere muridzi nyika.

Uye mamiriro asingagari pasina

On February 19, 1861, nokuda Manifesto, hurumende ine mukana muzadze muchivigiro. Izvi mari chinhu yakavhurwa nokuda nzira yaishandiswa ngaaverenge kukura rokudzikinurwa muripo.

Mari kuti murimi aifanira kuita kuti nyika, yakanga yakaenzana CONDITIONAL guta inonzi, iyo yakarongwa muna State Bank pa 6% pa annum. Asi pauwandu hweavo izvi kuenzaniswa mari iyo kare akagamuchira kubva muridzi zvakavakodzera.

Ndiko, kana muridzi womunda akanga mweya mumwe mugore 10 rubles zvakavakodzera, dzemaitirwe maererano nzira: 10 rubles vakanga vakakamurwa kuva 6 (mubereko guru), uye ipapo kane 100 (yaipedzerwa mubereko) - (10/6) x 100 = 166,7.

Saka, yaipedzerwa zvakavakodzera vakasvika 166 rubles 70 kopeks - mari "impossibly mukuru" kuti aimbova serf. Asi pano anopinda kwema hurumende: Murimi aifanira kubhadhara kuti muridzi panguva 20 chete% kubva pakukosha mutengo. The yasara 80% kunobva mamiriro, asi kwete kudaro, uye kupa nguva refu chikwereti ane kukura makore 49 uye 5 months.

Zvino murimi mudiki aifanira kubhadhara gore negore kuHurumende Bank 6% rekuregererwa muripo. Zvakaitika kuti chitsama kuti aimbova serf aifanira kuita kuti pfuma vakapfuura chikwereti katatu. Kutaura zvazviri, February 19, 1861 yaiva musi apo aichimbova serf, anosarudzwa kubva muusungwa chete, ndokuwira mumwe. Uye pasinei nokuti ukuru Kudzikinurwa uwandu akapfuudza musika kukosha mugove.

Results kuchinja

The nadzurudzo nevamwe yaFebruary 19, 1861 (the abolition pakati serfdom), pasinei nezvikanganiso, akapa yakasimba chaizvo kuti nyika. The rusununguko yakapiwa vanhu mamiriyoni 23 kusvika, izvo zvakaita kuti chikuru kwokushanduka evanhu maumbirwo Russian munzanga, uye mberi akazivisa kudiwa Kushandurwa enyika yose hurongwa.

Panguva Chaiyo Manifesto akasunungura February 19, 1861, iyo zvinhu zvingaita kuti chakakomba regression, aiva kuita kuti kukura capitalism ari Russian mamiriro. Saka, kubviswa serfdom Chokwadi, mumwe nechepakati zviitiko munhoroondo yacho.