History of muBosnia, muChechnya kubva kare

Wokutanga Chechen State akazviratidza kuMiddle Ages. Muzana XIX remakore, shure Caucasian War refu nyika yakava chikamu Russian Empire. Asi munhoroondo yemberi muBosnia, muChechnya rakanga rizere mapeji dzinopesana uye zvinosuruvarisa.

ethnogenesis

The Chechen vanhu yave aumbwa kwenguva refu. The eCaucasus agara zvakasiyana ethnically siyana, saka kunyange munharaunda sayenzi haisati dzakabudirira rakabatana dzidziso kwakabva rudzi urwu. mutauro Chechen runobva kuna Nakh bazi Nakh-Dagestan mutauro mhuri. It Anonziwo vostochnokavkazskoy, maererano Resettlement vamarudzi yekare, vaiva mutakuri tumitauro izvi kutanga.

Nhoroondo muBosnia, muChechnya vakatanga pamwe pakuonekwa Vainakh (nhasi iri izwi iri raireva madzitateguru Chechens uye Ingush). In kwayo ethnogenesis vaiitawo siyana runochengeta dzavanhu: .. muSitia, Indo-Iranians, ivo Sarmatians, etc. Vanochera ndivanaMesiya madzitateguru ari Chechens vezvenhau Colchis uye Koban tsika. zvisaririra dzavo akaparadzirwa yose eCaucasus.

yekare kare

Nokuti kuti nhoroondo muBosnia, muChechnya yekare akatora nzvimbo pasina munhu centralized mamiriro, zviitiko zvakaoma zvikuru kuti kutonga kusvikira Middle Ages. Zvinozivikanwa chete kuti IX remakore Vainakh vakanga akaisa kuti vavakidzani vavo, akasika umambo kunzi Alania uye gomo vaAvar. Latest muna VI-XI emakore aigara hurumende rayo guru muna Sarir Tanus. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti pane zvave kwakapararira zvose Islam uye chiKristu. Zvisinei, nhoroondo muBosnia, muChechnya akanga zvokuti Chechens vakava vaMuslim (zvakasiyana Somuenzaniso, vavakidzani ayo Georgians).

Muzana XIII remakore Mongol nechisimba vakatanga. Sezvo Chechens kusiya inopisa vanotya mapoka akawanda. Maererano pfungwa imwe (uyewo ane vavengi), panguva imwe chete akasika yokutanga mangwanani feudal mamiriro Vainakh. inotungamirwa Izvi hazvina kutora nguva refu uye yakaparadzwa panguva nechisimba Tamerlane mukupera XIV remakore.

matepi

Kwenguva refu pamapani mujinga Makomo eCaucasus vakanga dzinodzorwa maererano nemadzinza Turkic-kutaura. Naizvozvo Chechen munhoroondo kwagara chokuita kumakomo. The mararamiro vagari wayo kuumbwa zvinoenderana okuti kwenzvimbo. In kwadzo misha, izvo dzimwe nguva akatungamirira chete vanopfuura mumwe, chero matepi. Ndivo miganhu masangano akasika pasi dzokumaruwa chavanopinda.

Akamuka yeMiddle Ages, matepi zvichiripo uye vachiri chinokosha chakajairika nokuda Chechen rose muvanhu. Songaniro izvi vakasikwa kuchengetedza pamusoro hasha vavakidzani. History rakazara pamwe Chechen hondo uye kurwisana. Mudunhu akatanga tsika ropa rokutsiva. tsika iyi kwakaita pachake peculiarities yaro noukama pakati teips. Kana kusawirirana kwakamuka pakati vanhu vanoverengeka, iye hazvo kwakawedzera kuhondo dzedzinza kusvikira zvachose muvengi. Kwakadaro kwaiva nyaya muBosnia, muChechnya kubva kare. Vendetta aripo kwenguva refu kwazvo kubvira teip hurongwa kwakatsiva mamiriro senguva dzose pfungwa shoko yakawanda.

chitendero

Information pamusoro zvakanga rekare nhoroondo muBosnia, muChechnya, kusvikira ikozvino akapotsa haana kurarama. Vamwe zvakawanikwa pakuchera matongo zvinoratidza kuti Vainakh kusvika XI remakore vaiva vahedheni. Vainamata pantheon vanamwari veko. The Chechens vaiva chitendero zvakasikwa nenhumbi dzayo mamirire zvinhu: .. Sacred yemiorivhi, makomo, miti, etc. Zvakajairika uroyi, mashiripiti uye nemimwe miitiro esoteric.

In XI-XII CC. munzvimbo kuCaucasus akatanga kuparadzira chiKristu kuti yakabva Georgia uye Byzantium. Zvisinei, nokukurumidza, Constantinople umambo yakadhirika. ChiKristu chikatsiviwa Sunni Islam. Chechens vava kubva kuvavakidzani Kumyks uye Golden Horde. Ingush vakava vaMuslim ari XVI remakore, uye vagari vemisha gomo kure - ari XVII remakore. Asi kwenguva yakareba, Islam vaisagona kukanganisa tsika evanhu vari zvakawanda inobva tsika dzenyika. Chete panguva pakuguma XVIII remakore Sunnism muBosnia, muChechnya akatora pamusoro chete nzvimbo sezvinoitwa Arab munyika. Rakanga chokuita chokuti chitendero rava chinhu chinokosha chokushandisa mukurwisa yokuRussia Orthodox kupindira. Kuvenga avatorwa dzakaparira kwete chete pamusoro National asiwo pane zvavanotenda.

XVI remakore

Muzana XVI remakore, Chechens akatanga kutora chinhu mubani pamupata rwizi Terek. Panguva iyoyowo, vazhinji vanhu vakagara mumakomo, kunge dzakashandisa mazvinogara. Anoenda kuchamhembe kutsvaka upenyu ikoko nani. Vagari sezvingatarisirwa akakura, uye kushomeka zvinhu zvakanga zvisina kukwana. Kurwadziwa uye nzara akamanikidza matepi dzakawanda kugadzirisa pamusoro kunyika itsva. The colonists akavaka musha muduku, yainzi nezita mutsa. Part nzvimbo mazita akachengetedzwa nanhasi.

History of muBosnia, muChechnya kubva kare kwave chokuita ngozi pamusoro chikamu muArabhu. Asi XVI remakore, vava zvikuru simba zvishoma. Zolotaya Orda Zvaparara. Pane zvakawanda ulus nguva nenguva hondo nemumwe, nei vaisakwanisa kudzora vavakidzani vayo. Uyezve, panguva iyoyo akatanga kuwedzera Russian Empire. In 1560. Vakanga yakakunda Kazan uye Astrakhan Khanate. Ivan Grozny aiva kudzora zvose Volga, nokudaro kuwana mukana kweGungwa reCaspian uye Caucasus. In Russia mumakomo zvave vakavimbika vatsigiri mukutarisana Kabardian machinda (Ivan Grozny kunyange kuroorwa Mary Temryukovna - mwanasikana mubati Temryuk Kabardian).

The nevanhu wekutanga Russia

Muna 1567, ivo akavamba kujeri Terek Russian. Izvi zvakanga Ivana Groznogo akabvunza Temryuk, uyo akanga achitarisira kuti vabatsire mambo aipikisana Crimean Khan - muranda hweOttoman Sultan. The kuvakwa wakakombwa rakanga muromo rwizi Sunzha - Terek rechibharo. Rakanga wokutanga Russian kugarwa chaipo kunharaunda Chechen nyika. Kwenguva refu yaiva springboard Terek mujeri Moscow kuwedzera kuCaucasus.

Colonists vaiva Greben Cossacks, vakanga vasingatyi upenyu kure kune imwe nyika, uye basa ravo kudzivirira zvido wamambo. Ivo makasimbisa zvakananga nevanhu vemo zvemo. Nhoroondo Chechen vanhu vanofarira Grozny, uye akatora wokutanga Chechen Embassy, izvo akatumira simba Prince Shih-Murza Okotsky. Akakumbira vadzivirirwe Moscow. Yakapa mvumo kuti mwanakomana Ivan Groznogo Fedor Ioannovich. Zvisinei, kwomubatanidzwa uyu haana kugara kwenguva refu. Muna 1610, Shih-Murza akaurayiwa, mudyi wenhaka yake pachigaro uye akakunda hugota pedyo rudzi Kumyks.

Chechen uye Terek Cossacks

Kare muna 1577 zvakanzi akaumba Terek Cossacks, hwaro iro vakasvika akatamira kubva Don, Chopra uye Volga Cossacks uye Circassians Orthodox, Ossetians, Georgians uye vokuArmenia. Recent vakatiza kubva Persian uye Turkish kuwedzera. Vakawanda vavo vakava Russified. Urefu Cossack uremu raikosha. Izvi ndisingagoni kuona muBosnia, muChechnya. Kwakatangira kurwisana wokutanga pakati Highlanders uye Cossacks haina wakaiswa, asi pakupedzisira musazonetsanazve akava kakawanda uye hakuzivani.

Chechens nezvimwe zvizvarwa zvemo vanhu Caucasus kufanorongwa vachirwisa kuti vabate mombe uye zvimwe kugadzirwa. Kazhinji vanhuwo zvavo vakanga vatapwa, uye gare gare vakadzoka rudzikinuro kana achivaita varanda. Achipindura, mukuru Cossacks uyewo kufanorongwa vachirwisa mumakomo uye vakapamba misha. Kunyange zvakadaro, nyaya dzakadaro dzaiva kunze pane mutemo. Kazhinji pane refu munguva yorugare, kana vavakidzani vane nhumbi nemumwe uye inopiwa noukama hwemhuri pachavo. Nokufamba kwenguva, mashoko Chechens, kunyange akakwereta zvimwe zviri kurima kubva Cossacks, uye Cossacks zvaizoitawo vakatanga kupfeka mbatya, chakafanana zvikuru Mountain.

XVIII remakore

The yechipiri yezana XVIII remakore ari North Caucasus aizivikanwa rokuvaka itsva Russian rakavakirirwa mitsetse. Chaiva nhare anoverengeka, apo nyika itsva akauya. Muna 1763 rakaumbwa Mozdok, ipapo Ekaterinodarskaya, Pavlovskaya, Maryinskaya, St. George.

nhare aya yakatsiviwa Terek mujeri kuti Chechens kunyange vakakwanisa musaga zuva rimwe. Zvichakadaro, mumakore 80 muBosnia, muChechnya vakatanga kupararira Sharia kufamba. Yakava akakurumbira masirogani ose jihad - hondo nokuda kwokutenda Islamic.

Caucasian hondo

Islamic zvesangano mamiriro muBosnia, muChechnya - In 1829 ari Caucasian Imamate yakatangwa. Panguva iyo nyika angosimuka yayo gamba renyika Gracious. Muna 1834 akava Imam. Akateerera Dagestan uye muBosnia, muChechnya. Nhoroondo chidzoke uye kuparadzira simba rake chokuita pakurwisana Russian kuwedzera muna North eCaucasus.

Kurwisa Chechens mberi emakore. Pane imwe Danho Caucasian War zvakanyatsobatana hondo Persia, uyewo Crimean War, apo nyika dzokuMadokero European vaipikisa Russia. Vane rubatsiro muBosnia, muChechnya aigona kuverenga? History Nokhchi mamiriro ari XIX remakore vaisazova akadaro refu, kana kwete kuti vatsigire hweOttoman Empire. Kunyange zvakadaro, pasinei nokuti Sultan akabatsira makomo, muBosnia, muChechnya yakazopera kukundwa muna 1859. Gracious akatanga akabatwa uye vaigara honorary nhapwa Kaluga.

Pokugadzwa simba yeSoviet

Pashure February Revolution pamusoro Chechen emakoronyera vakatanga kurwisa pedyo Grozny uye Vladikavkaz njanji. In kuwa 1917 kusvika pamberi World War First, akadzokera kunyika yokumusha kwavo inonzi "chizvarwa kupesana." Chaiva Chechens. The Kupesana akaita hondo chaiyo pamwe Terek Cossacks.

Nokukurumidza muna Petrograd Bolsheviks vakauya simba. Dzavo Red Guard akauya Grozny muna January 1918. Part Chechens vakatsigira simba Soviet, mumwe akaenda kumakomo, uye vamwe vakabatsira chena. Sezvo February 1919 Grozny aidzorwa revarwi Petra Vrangelya uye ake British vakabatana. Zvakange chete muna March 1920, Red Army pakupedzisira yakagadzwa guru muBosnia, muChechnya.

kudhipotwa

Muna 1936, mumwe mutsva Chechen-Ingush zvionera Soviet Socialist Republic yakatangwa. Zvichakadaro, mumakomo aiva guerrillas avo vaishora Bolsheviks. Okupedzisira zvikwata zvakadai vakaparadzwa muna 1938. The vakaparadzana asi manzwiro kudivi vagari reRepublic vakaramba.

Nokukurumidza Great Patriotic War, izvo zvakakanganisa uye muBosnia, muChechnya, uye Russia. Nhoroondo hondo pamwe German tsamwisa kuCaucasus, uyewo dzimwe fronts vose zvakaoma nokuda nemauto eSoviet. Heavy nezvinhu kwakawedzerwa ari kwaita Chechen mapoka kuti akaita pamusoro Red Army kana vari wokurangana pamwe nevaNazi.

Izvi chamuita kuti utungamiri Soviet kutanga udzvanyiriri navanhu vose. February 23, 1944 vose Chechens uye Ingush vavakidzani, zvisinei mafungiro avo kuti Soviet Union, vakaendeswa Central Asia.

Ichkeria

Chechens vanokwanisa kudzoka kumusha kwavo chete muna 1957. Pashure pokuwa Soviet Union, richangobva kupepuka The yoga mwoyo munyika. Muna 1991, munyika Grozny, ari Chechen Republic of Ichkeria akaziviswa. Kwekanguva izvozvo Zvinopesanawo hurumende yeUnited akanga ari nechando ezvinhu. Muna 1994, President Russian Boris Yeltsin akasarudza kusuma mauto kupinda muBosnia, muChechnya kudzorera simba ikoko muMoscow. Pamutemo, kuvhiyiwa chainzi "Kuedza kuramba Dare kurongeka."

Wokutanga hondo Chechen yakapera August 31, 1996, apo Khasavyurt zvibvumirano vakanga vakasaina. Kutaura zvazviri, Chibvumirano ichi zvaireva kurega kuti yeUnited mauto kubva Ichkeria. The mapato akabvuma kuona mamiriro muBosnia, muChechnya kusvikira December 31, 2001. Pakatanga World Ichkeria vakava yakazvimirira, kunyange zvazvo zviri pamutemo haana kuzivikanwa nokuda Moscow.

modernity

Kunyange pashure kusaina of Khasavyurt zvibvumirano, mamiriro riri pamuganhu muBosnia, muChechnya anoramba unotambudzika zvikuru. Republic akava utiziro mwero, Islamists uye varwi chete nembavha. August 7 Brigade gunmen Shamilya Basaeva uye Khattab nechisimba yakavakidzana Dagestan. The vanyanyisi vanoda kusika pasi kunharaunda yayo yakazvimirira Islamic mamiriro.

Nhoroondo muBosnia, muChechnya uye Dagestan akafanana chaizvo, uye kwete chete nokuda nenzvimbo napedyo, asiwo nokuda kufanana kwemarudzi uye zvitendero Zvinoumba vemo. Federal Mauto akatanga pakaunda-ugandanga oparesheni. Chokutanga, Mauto zvaikandwa kubva munharaunda Dagestan. Zvadaro kuzodzosera apinda uto Russian muBosnia, muChechnya. Active muchiuto danho mushandirapamwe wakaguma muzhizha ra2000, apo akanga rinocheneswa Grozny. Pashure paizvozvo pamutemo vachiri pamusoro 9 makore akaramba counterterrorist oparesheni. Today muBosnia, muChechnya - imwe azere Russian Federation.