Ndivanaani vaiva vaSitiya? Kupi kurarama? MuSitiya tsika. VaSitiya: mapikicha, tsananguro. MuSitiya uye Sarmatian

"Nyika muSitiya" yakaumbwa muna 1st chemakore BC. It yakatanga muna steppes pamusoro Eurasia. zvetsika-nhoroondo uye zvoupfumi munzanga ichi, razova chimwe chezvinhu zvinoshamisa mananara zvenyika yekare.

Ndivanaani vaiva vaSitiya?

Shoko "VaSitiya" chinhu chekare Greek mavambo. It unowanzoshandiswa kureva ose North Iranian muArabhu. About ani vaSitiya, tinogona kutaura mune yakamanikana uye rakafara pfungwa. Nzira yakamanikana anonzi chete nevagari pamapani kweGungwa Dema uye North Caucasus dzakaparadzana navo kubva kufanana madzinza - Asian Sakas, Dahae, issedonov uye Massagetae, European Cimmerians uye Savromats-Sarmatians. A ndandanda izere ose muSitia madzinza, aizivikanwa vanyori kare, ine gumi nevaviri mazita mashoma. Hatidi nyora zvose izvi ndudzi. Zviya, vamwe vaongorori vanodavira kuti VaSitiya Slavs dzinowanikwa midzi. Zvisinei, maonero aya asina vaudzewo, saka haagoni kunzi dzinombotinyepera.

Uye udza pamusoro apo vaSitiya akararama. Vakagara ndima huru kubva Altai kusvika Danube. madzinza muSitiya pakupedzisira yakatora vomunzvimbo yacho. Mumwe nomumwe wavo aiva zvavo chaiyo pakunamata uye zvinhu netsika. Zvisinei, nhengo dzose eumambo muSitiya nyika vakabatanidzwa rwakafanana mavambo uye mutauro, tsika, uye zvoupfumi mabasa. Sezvineiwo, nevaPezhiya vakatenda zvose izvi kumarudzi vanhu mumwe. VaSitiya vane zvakafanana zita Persian - "Saki". Rinoshandiswa nenzira yakamanikana mupfungwa kureva mugare Central Asia madzinza. Zvinosuruvarisa, tinogona kutonga chete pahwaro zvisina kunanga manyuko chii vaiva vaSitiya. Photos vavo, Chokwadi, haako. Uyezve, nhoroondo mashoko pamusoro pavo kwete zvokuti.

The pakuonekwa vaSitiya

The mufananidzo pamusoro vhasi zvakawanikwa muna Barrow Kul-
, vakapa vatsvakurudzi wokutanga pfungwa chaicho sei vanhu vaigara vaSitiya, sei vakaigadzira, sei vakanga nezvombo uye chitarisiko. madzinza izvi aiva refu bvudzi, ndebvu uye ndebvu. Vakaigadzira dzomucheka kana dehwe zvipfeko: refu mudhebhe uye nguo nebhanire. Netsoka dzavo vakanga matehwe majombo, neketani anosungira intercepted. VaSitiya musoro vainzwa wakafukidzwa gabled ngowani. Kana zvombo, vakanga uta nemiseve, munondo pfupi, mativi nhovo nepfumo.

Mukuwedzera, mufananidzo marudzi aya kusangana nezvimwe zvinhu zvinowanikwa muna Kul-
. Somuenzaniso, skiffs vaviri, vanonwa kubva rhytons kwakamutsa goridhe Dombo. setsika Iri twinning, aizivikanwa kwatiri uchapupu Vanyori vekare.

Iron Age uye muSitiya tsika

Education muSitiya tsika kwakaitika munguva nokuparadzirwa simbi. Zvombo uye zvokushandisa zvakagadzirwa nesimbi ichi vakatsiva hwendarira. Kamwe nzira akasvinudzwa pakuita simbi, simbi zera kukakunda. Tools dzakagadzirwa simbi, vakaita chimurenga chaicho zvehondo, raanoziva uye kurima.

VaSitiya, nzvimbo uye matambudziko zvakanga anoshamisa, vaigara Early Iron Age. madzinza Ava vaiva yemhando ruzivo dzave kushandiswa kwechinguva. Ivo vanokwanisa kusvina simbi kubva mhangura, ipapo exchange kuti simbi. VaSitiya vaishandisa dzakasiyana weld, carburizing, achiomesa, nokuchengetedza. Zviri kuburikidza izvi madzinza vanhu kuchamhembe Eurasia akasangana resimbi. unyanzvi simbi ivo akakweretwa kubva muSitiya nyanzvi dzokugadzira.

Iron muna Nart ngano vane masimba emashiripiti. Kurdalægon - mhizha zvokudenga patronizes magamba uye magamba. The yakanaka murume uye ari murwi rinosanganisa Nart Batraz. Iye anozvarwa yesimbi, uye ipapo rwakabvisa richipedza remhizha yokudenga. Sledges, vakunda vavengi uye anokunda maguta avo, haana kubata mumativi ose mhizha. Saka Ossetic epos kare sezvo mumhepo romubati zvifananidzo, maitiro nokuti mangwanani Iron Age.

Nei muArabhu?

In huru expanses, iri kumadokero Northern Sea Black raiva kumabvazuva Mongolia uye Altai, vanopfuura zviuru 3. Makore apfuura akatanga kuva runochengeta zvoupfumi imwe mhando yepakutanga chaizvo. Yazadza wandei chikamu Central Asia uye South kuSiberia. Izvi mhando kurima chikatsiviwa ndakagara mombe-rinoti uye nzira okurima youpenyu. A nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana zvakakonzera kuchinja zvinokosha kwakadaro. Pakati pavo - climate change, zvakazoita yakaoma inowanzorimwa. Uyezve, marudzi nyanzvi akatasva bhiza. The Zvinoumba nemombe zvachinja. Zvino vakatanga zvakazadza bhiza uye makwai, izvo zvinogona kubudisa dzavo mafuro munguva yechando.

Nguva yokutanga muArabhu, sezvazvakanyorwa kunzi, akaita rakaenderana rinokosha munhau apo vanhu rinoitwa danho guru yenhau - simbi aiva mukuru zvinhu zvinoshandiswa kugadzirwa zvekushandisa uye nezvombo.

upenyu Nomani

Kodzera uye hwokuzvinyima upenyu Nomani dzaidzidziswa mitemo utsinye kuti waida marudzi muridzi Kuda uye kwazvo unyanzvi zvechiuto. Zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti takagadzirira chero nguva adzivirire pfuma yavo kana kubata mumwe munhu wacho. The chikuru mwero zvakanaka kuva nokuti Nomani waiva mombe. Madzitateguru vaSitiya kubva kwaari zvose unofanira: pokugara, zvokupfeka uye zvokudya.

Anenge zvose Noma steppes ose Eurasia (kunze okumabvazuva aro), maererano vaongorori vakawanda, vakanga Iranian-lingual pakutanga nguva yaro kukura. Kupfuura nemireniyumu yakatora pakudzorwa ari inowanzorimwa Iranian muArabhu: a 8-7 ari. BC. e. remakore rokutanga AD. e. MuSitiya ichikosha aiva ichatonga zvine mbiri marudzi Iranian.

The manyuko, izvo zvinogona kuonekwa pamusoro madzinza muSitiya

Pari, chete kuvazivisa nhoroondo Chidimbu enyika dzakawanda vavo, uyewo hama dzavo (tokhars, Massagetae, Dai, Saks, issedonov, Savromats, et unto.). Vanyori vekare tsanangura zvikurukuru kuita vatungamiriri mikuru uye rutsigiro rwemauto kuti vaSitiya. Zvimwe zviri vemadzinza izvi havafariri. About ani vaSitiya, Herodotus. Chete kubva Munyori uyu, uyo Cicero akadana "baba kare", unogona kuwana rondedzero zvikuru yakatodzama tsika, chitendero, uye nzira youpenyu yemadzinza izvi. Kwenguva refu pamusoro tsika North Iranian muArabhu aiva mashoko shoma. Chete chete 2nd yezana remakore rechi19, mushure kupikidura wamarinda pazvikomo zvaiva vaSitiya (the North Caucasus uye Ukraine), uye kuongorora kuSiberia anowana paiva chirango yose yesayenzi inonzi skifologiey. havaoni Its vanoonekwa huru mumatongo Russian uye masayendisiti: V. V. Grigorev, I. Zabelin, B. N. Grakov, MI Rostovtsev. Kuburikidza dzavo tsvakurudzo, takagamuchira mashoko matsva pamusoro vari vaSitiya.

Uchapupu magene commonality

Pasinei nokuti kusiyana netsika namarudzi muSitiya vaibudirira guru, masayendisiti vanozivikanwa zvinhu zvitatu kuti kutaura kwavo magene nokuzivikanwa. Wokutanga wavo - bhiza nechokuita. The chinhu wechipiri vanamwari vatatu vatatu - mamwe zvombo kuti anoshandiswa madzinza izvi (nemapanga akinakes uye zviduku nouta). The wechitatu - chokwadi kuti iwe zvose runochengeta VaSitiya izvi nesimba mhuka maitiro.

Sarmats (sarmovaty) kwakaparadza cheScythia

Vanhu ava vari 3rd remakore BC. e. displaces chinotevera sefungu muArabhu. madzinza New dzakaparadzwa chinokosha chikamu cheScythia. Ivo kuparadza akundwa, uye dzakawanda akashandura renje. Izvi runoratidzwa Diodor Sitsiliysky. MuSitiya uye Sarmatian - marudzi vakabva kumabvazuva. Zvikuru zvakawanda Range sarmovatov. Zvinonzi aizivikanwawo kuti paiva nokubatana akawanda: Roksolana, Iazyges, Aorses, Sirak ... Rokudzidzisa muArabhu ane kufanana zhinji pamwe muSitia. Izvi zvinogona kutsanangurwa dzechitendero uye mitauro sungano, kureva, zvakafanana midzi. Sarmatian mhuka Style hwapedyo tsika muSitia. Pfungwa Chirevo ake anoramba. Zvisinei, vaSitiya uye Sarmatians vanoonekwa ne zvinhu zvavo art. In Sarmatian hazvina chete nokukwereta uye kutanga zvitsva tsika. It unyanzvi kuti kwave kunotangira itsva yechiKomonisiti.

budiriro Alans

Rise of Alans, rutsva North Iranian rudzi, kuitika 1st remakore AD. e. Vanoparadzira kubva Danube kuGungwa Aral nharaunda. Alans vaiitawo kwakaitika kuMiddle Danube marcomannic hondo. Ivo akapinda Armenia, Kapadhokiya, uye Madiyu. yaichengeterwawo madzinza izvi pasi kudzorwa Silk Road. The nechisimba Huns, kwakaitika muna 375 BC. e., hwogumisa kutonga kwavo murenje. A chinokosha chikamu Alans vakatamira Europe pamwe Goths uye Huns. madzinza izvi takasiya chiratidzo yavo yakasiyana-siyana mazita, izvo zvinowanikwa Portugal, Spain, Italy, Switzerland uye France. Zvinonzi vaidavira kuti Alans yavo kunamatwa mauto noumhare uye munondo, pamwe uto sangano ravo uye zvikurukuru hanya kuvakadzi vari kwakatangira European chivalry.

madzinza izvi yose Middle Ages raiva chiitiko kunooneka munhau. Legacy inowanzorimwa zvinooneka akanzwa unyanzvi hwavo. Vakazopinda muNyika North Caucasus makomo, chikamu Alans zvabatwa mutauro. Vakava hwaro urudzi mu paumbwe Ossetians ano.

The weboka VaSitiya Savromats

VaSitiya ari yakamanikana mupfungwa, kureva European vaSitiya, uye Sauromats (Sarmatians), sezvo masayendisiti anodavira, kwete kuzvigovana kusvikira 7th remakore BC. e. madzitateguru avo zvakajairika kare vaigara steppes eCaucasus. Chete pashure kuenda kunyika dziri mhiri Caucasus, uye vaSitiya Sauromats vakaparadzirwa. Kubva zvino, vakatanga kurarama mundima dzakasiyana. Cimmerians uye VaSitiya akatanga kupopotedzana. Pavanotaurirana pamusoro pakuti vaSitiya, vachichengeta pacharwo unorema pamusoro North Caucasian pamapani pakati pavanhu ava, akakunda kuchamhembe Black Sea nharaunda. Cimmerians vaigara imomo, vari pamwe kusundwa uye pamwe vakakundwa.

Sauromats chete zvino vaigara steppes Urals, kuti Volga uye reCaspian nharaunda. Tanais River (ano zita - Don) ndiro muganhu pakati zvavo uye cheScythia. Makarekare aiva akakurumbira nengano nezvemavambo muchato Savromats VaSitiya Amazons. ngano Ndokusaka vakadzi savromatskie achiitei chepamusoro munzanga. Ivo Akatasva ndima nevanhu, uye kunyange muchirongwa muhondo.

Issedones

Issedones wo zvakasiyana nekuenzana. madzinza izvi vaigara kumabvazuva Savromats. Ivo kugarwa nharaunda vemazuva Kazakhstan. madzinza izvi vaizivikanwa kururamisira kwavo. Vari anonzi marudzi, asingazivi chigumbu uye kuvengana.

Dahi, Massagets uye Saki

Dahi aigara pedyo kweGungwa reCaspian, kumabvazuva yaro egungwa. Uye kumabvazuva navo Semi-mumarenje uye steppes Central Asia, vakanga zvakohwewa Massagetae uye Saks. Cyrus II, muvambi Achaemenid hwacho, muna 530 BC. e. I akaita rwendo kuna Massagetae vaigara munzvimbo muGungwa Aral. Izvi madzinza mambokadzi Tomiris mitemo. Haana kuva mudzimai naKoreshi, uye akasarudza simba naye kutora ushe. hondo Persian iri hondo Massagets vakakundwa, uye Koreshi pachake akaurayiwa.

Kana Saks Middle Asia, madzinza aya rakakamurwa neshamwari mbiri: Saki-Saki-haumavarga uye tigrahauda. Saka vakatumidza nevaPezhiya. Tiger rinoshandurwa kubva Persian yekare rinoreva "unopinza" uye Howdy - "ngowani" kana "chivharo". Izvozvo Chie-tigrahauda - Saks mu rwakavakwa heti (nguwani), uye Saki-haumavarga - verenga haomu (dzvene kunwa Aryans). Dhariusi I, mambo wePersia, muna 519 BC. e. Akaita rwendo kumarudzi tigrahauda, kuhwina pavo. Skunha Ugare neDare Saka jinda anoratidzwa mune kuzorodzwa, Yakacherwa hurongwa kwaDhariusi muna Behistun padombo.

The tsika vaSitiya

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti marudzi muSitiya ndakazvisika chaizvo mukuru tsika nguva yaro. Kuti kuziva nzira mberi nhoroondo kukura yakatarwa pakati kumatunhu. madzinza izvi muchirongwa nokuumbwa pamarudzi mazhinji.

Mune rezvitendero Genghis Khan akaramba muSitia chinyorwa, aiva akapfuma mabhuku dzechembere uye ngano. Pane chikonzero tariro kuti vakawanda pfuma izvi akachengetedzwa nhasi pachivande okuchengetera. MuSitiya tsika, zvinosuruvarisa chinoramba havaratidzi kunzwisisa. Munguva dzekare Indian ngano uye vedas, muna Chinese uye Persian zvinyorwa vakati pamusoro nyika kweSiberia, kuti Urals, apo kujairika vanhu vakararama. In Putorana rwenze, vaidavira, vakanga riri yokugara vamwari. Nzvimbo idzi kunge Akakwezva vatongi India, China, Greece uye Persia. Zvisinei, kufarira inowanzopiwa yakaguma zveupfumi, uto kana zvimwe kurwisa pamusoro marudzi makuru.

Zvinozivikanwa kuti muna cheScythia panguva dzakasiyana pane mauto ePerisia (Dhariusi uye naKoreshi II) India (Arjun nevamwe.), Greece (Aleksandr Makedonsky), kuti Byzantine Empire, Umambo hweRoma, uye zvichingodaro. D. Tinoziva kubva zvenhoroondo dzekare uye kuti kuti kufarira marudzi aya kubva Greece akaratidza: chiremba Hippocrates, kuti geographer Hecataeus pamusoro paMireto, tragedians Sophocles uye ESCA, vananyanduri uye Pandora Alkaman anofunga Aristotle logograph Dhamasiko nevamwe.

Two ngano nezvemavambo cheScythia, Yakataurwa Herodotus

Herodotus akati ngano maviri nezvemavambo cheScythia. Maererano nomumwe wavo, Heracles, ari pano, vakasangana muna Black Sea (mubako panyika Gilea) mukadzi kujairika. repasi chikamu charo chaiva nyoka. vakaberekwa kubva kumuchato wavo vanakomana vatatu - Agathyrs, Skiff uye Gelon. Kubva mumwe wavo akauya vaSitiya.

Rondedzera muchidimbu dzimwe ngano. Maererano naye, wokutanga pasi aiva murume ainzi Targitai. Vabereki vake vaiva Zeus uye Borisphen (mwanasikana rwizi). Vaiva vanakomana vatatu: Arpoksai, Lipoksai uye Kolaksai. The mukuru wavo (Lipoksai) waiva mubereki vaSitiya-avhatov. Traspie uye katiary wakaburuka kubva Aripoksai. Uye kubva Kolaksai, mwanakomana muduku - regal paralaty. madzinza aya pamwe kunzi Scoloti uye vaSitiya vakatanga kushevedzera kwavari nevaGiriki.

Nharaunda yose cheScythia Kolaksai kutanga rakakamurwa umambo matatu, iyo ikawira navanakomana vake. Mumwe wavo, apo kuti achengetere nendarama, akaita kupfuura. Region yaiva kuchamhembe idzi akafukidzwa nesinou. Near I Millennium BC. e. chero muSitiya umambo. Yaiva nguva Prometheus.

VaSitiya chokuita Atlantis

Ichokwadi haagoni kunzi nhoroondo dzavanhu cheScythia ngano pamusoro dzinza yamadzimambo. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti nhoroondo yemadzinza izvi ine midzi muna Atlantis, yekare budiriro. In uhwu kwaisanganisira, kunze muzvitsuwa muAtlantic Ocean, apo guta guru raiva (Plato akatsanangura nayo iri nhaurirano "Critias" uye "waTimio"), nyika kuchamhembe-kumadokero Africa, uye Zimbabwe, America, dzekuma Scandinavia uye kuchamhembe Russia. Pazviri rinoshandawo zvose munzvimbo yakanga North Geographic Pole. chitsuwa nyika vakadaidzwa Middle-pasi iri pano. Vari inogarwa madzitateguru Asian uye European marudzi. Map G. Mercator, vachirondedzera kune 1565, akapa pazvitsuwa izvi.

kurima VaSitiya

VaSitiya - rudzi rune simba rehondo aigona buda chete pamusoro simba socio-upfumi hwaro. Uye vaiva nechimwe. The muSitiya munyika dzinopfuura zviuru 2,5 akapfuura maiva inodziya okunze pane nhasi. Pakati pamarudzi yambokurukurwa mhuka minda, kurima, kubata hove, mubasa kugadzirwa wamatehwe zvinhu uye smectite, Textiles, Ceramics, simbi uye matanda. It manufactures uto michina. Unhu uye pamwero vaSitiya zvigadzirwa havasi muduku echiGiriki.

Marudzi inopiwa pachavo nezvose zvakanga zvakakodzera. Vakanga vakaita ari dzokubudisa zvendarama, simbi, mhangura, sirivha uye nezvimwe zvicherwa. VaSitiya vachikandira kugadzirwa yakasvika refu kwazvo azvipire. Sezvo Gerodot yakashuma rakarurama tsanangudzo vaSitiya, 7 fung remakore BC. e., panguva yaitonga Option, madzinza izvi vakakandira rakakura yemhangura muhari. Wall ukobvu aiva 6 minwe, uye tinokwanisa - 600 amphora. Zvakange wakarashirwa matadza, kumaodzanyemba Novgorod-Seversky. Munguva nechisimba Dhariusi muhari chakavanzwa kumabvazuva matadza. Pano zvakanzi mined uye mhangura mhangura. MuSitiya ipfungwa goridhe yakavigwa mundima neRomania. mukombe uyu uye gejo pamwe joko, uyewo unocheka mativi demo.

Trade muSitiya madzinza

Trade yambokurukurwa pamusoro munharaunda cheScythia. Kwaiva mvura uye nyika dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana reEuropean uye Siberian nzizi, Black, reCaspian uye North makungwa. Kunze ngoro mavhiri uye ngoro, vaSitiya akavaka lnokrylye rwizi uye gungwa ngarava vari shipyards of Volga, Ob, Yenisei, panguva muromo Pechora. Khan akatora kubva izvi kunzvimbo masvikiro kusika zvikepe kwaiitirwa nevaMedhiya Japan. Dzimwe nguva VaSitiya vakavaka pachivande tunnels. Vakazviisa pasi nzizi huru, kushandisa kugadzirwa remigodhi michina. Panzira, muIjipiti uye nedzimwe nyika sezvo tunneling pasi nzizi. kakawanda nhau yakataura pamusoro ndima pevhu, yaiva pasi Dnieper.

Yainakidza dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana kubva kuIndia, Persia, China akamhanya nomunyika muSitiya nyika. Fuma zvikapiwa kuchamhembe munzvimbo Europe uye mhenderekedzo Volga, Ob, Yenisei, North Seas, ari Dnieper. nzira ava kushanda kusvikira muzana remakore rechi17. Mumazuva iwayo, pamahombekombe guta vaiva muzvitoro ruzha uye temberi.

In mhedziso

rudzi ose akabata nzira yayo zvenhoroondo. Kana vaSitiya, nzira yavo yakanga isina pfupi. Kupfuura zviuru zvemakore, nokuyera kwavari nyaya. Kwenguva refu vaSitiya aiva enyika huru simba huru munharaunda pakati Danube uye Don. Kudzidza vemadzinza izvi vaiita zhinji kunoshamisa dzekare uye vematongo. Studies havana kurega nhasi. Vari vakabatana nyanzvi rinomiririra pedyo nharaunda (somuenzaniso, climatologists uye paleogeography). Tinogona kutarisira kuti pamwe zvichagonesa masayendisiti izvi kuti vawane mashoko matsva pamusoro chii vaiva vaSitiya. Photos uye ruzivo kuti yave munyaya iyi, tinotarisira, kukubatsira kuwana pfungwa mukuru wavo.