History of magetsi muRussia: kuti chidzoke uye kukura

The chidzoke nzira ano magetsi kushandiswa yakanga pashure dzakatevedzana Zvakawanikwa mu wefizikisi uye engineering, vakapararira munguva kwemazana emakore anoverengeka. Sayenzi akatisiyira pamwe gumi nevaviri mazita imomu ichikosha iyi. Pakati pavo vane vatsvakurudzi Russian.

The chinhu chakakombama Petrova

Nhoroondo kwaita magetsi angadai zvakasiyana kana kwete kuti experimental yefizikisi uye nokushingaira vakadzidzisa Vasily Petrov (1761-1834). musayendisiti ichi, rinosundwa ravo shoma-vakanzwisisa kuziva, akapedza yakawanda kuedza. Chinhu chikuru budiriro Kuwanikwa ake electric chinhu chakakombama muna 1802.

Petrov yakaratidza kuti rinogona kushandiswa zvinangwa anobatsira - kusanganisira nokuti simbi nomoto, vachikanda uye okuvimba. Panguva iyoyowo huru galvanic bhatiri akasikwa kubudikidza experimenter. History of magetsi kukura chikwereti zvakawanda Vasily Petrov.

Yablochkov kenduru

Mumwe Russian muvambi vakabatsira kuti mberi simba zvekutepfenyura, - Pavel Yablochkov (1847-1894). Muna 1875, iye akasika munhu kabhoni chinhu chakakombama mwenje. Shure kwayo une zita "Yablochkov kenduru." Kokutanga nokugadzirwa kwakaratidzwa nevoruzhinji dzeParis World Exhibition. Akanyora kudaro nhoroondo kwakabva nyika. Electricity, mupfungwa ipi yakashandiswa kurinzwisisa zvose, tiri kuswedera.

Lamp Yablochkov, pasinei echimurenga pfungwa vakanga zvinouraya zvikanganiso zvakawanda. Mushure nokuzviparadzanisa kubva kupi izvozvo akafa akabuda, uye apiwa kutanga kenduru hakuchina zvinobvira. Kunyange zvakadaro, nhoroondo magetsi kwakabva kodzero kusiya mu yaMakoronike dzavo nezita Paul Yablochkov.

Incandescent Lodygina

Yokutanga mudzimba Zvakaitika chokuita mumadhorobha dzemagetsi, yaiitwa Aleksandrom Lodyginym muSt Petersburg muna 1873. Ndiye akazogadzira incandescent rambi. Zvisinei, kuedza akatadza kusuma chigadzirwa itsva mugomba guru kushanda - nokuti vakakundikana kutora niche iri ubiquitous gasi mwenje. The bvumidzwa nokuti tungsten filament akatengeswa imwe kambani General Magetsi.

iyi Russian, zvisinei, haana kurasikirwa nechido. Nguva pfupi asati First World War "Electric Lighting Company" awana kodzero kugadzira incandescent Mabumba. Chikuru urongwa havana kunze nemhaka yeropa, upfumi kuderera uye zvayo dongo. Pakazosvika 1917, incandescent Mabumba vakanga chete vapfumi Estates vabudirire zvitoro, uye zvichingodaro .. Kazhinji, kunyange misoro miviri chete chetatu zvivako akafukidza nhau dzakadaro. Nokuti magetsi yakawanda vanhu kunetseka pamusoro incredible muumbozha, uye mumwe mutsva kuratidzwa chiedza Akakwezva zviuru vagari.

"Power Transmission"

Zvichida nyaya kwaita magetsi muRussia paizova akasiyana kana kwezana XIX-XX emakore. kwakanga kusina nematambudziko akadaro pamwe magetsi rive. Kana mafekitari, mumisha kana mumaguta inopiwa mutsva tsime simba pachavo, vaifanira kutenga emagetsi ane simba shoma. Asi pakanga pasina hurumende mari magetsi zvirongwa. Kana ichi chiri chirongwa muguta, kazhinji kunoreva utsva akamira kubva bins uye chengetedza Fund.

Electricity History zvinoratidza kuti kuchinja kukuru chokuita magetsi, nyika yakawana chete pashure vakaonekwa simba zvizere. Kunyange ipapo, simba makambani aya zvakakwana kupa nesimba kumatunhu ose. Wokutanga simba chirimwa muRussia akazviratidza muna 1912, uye initiator kwayo rezvisikwa rakanga zvose zvakafanana "Electric Lighting Company."

The kuvakwa zvave zvakadaro chinokosha kwezvivako Moscow Province. The chiteshi inonzi "simba." Zvinonzi vaiona kuvambwa baba muitiro injiniya Robert Classon. The simba chirimwa, iyo inoshanda nhasi, rine zita rake. Pakutanga kushandiswa sezvo huni peat. Klasson pachake akasarudza nzvimbo pedyo muviri mvura (mvura inodiwa kuti kutonhora). Extraction kuti peat muchengeti Ivan Radchenko, uyo akazozivikanwa somunhu echimurenga uye nhengo RSDLP.

Nemhaka "simba" nhoroondo magetsi chikumbiro akapiwa peji itsva yakajeka. Nokuti nguva kwayo yaitova chiitiko. Energy yaipiwa kuMoscow, asi daro kwakanga 75 makiromita pakati muguta uye yemapurisa. Izvi zvaireva kuti zvakanga zvakakodzera kuti abate munhu mukuru-voltage mutsetse, analogues kwakanga isati muRussia. Mamiriro rakaoma nokuti munyika hakuna mutemo yokudzora ari Implementation muzvirongwa zvakadaro. The netambo ukapfuura nomunharaunda vazhinji vanokudzwa Estates. Varidzi chinochechenya chiteshi pachedu vadarika vairemekedzwa uye vakaedza kuvanyengetedza kuti kutsigira chirongwa. Pasinei zvose nezvinetso, takakwanisa kubata mutsetse, uye mudzimba nhoroondo magetsi awana chakakomba muenzaniso. Moscow akagamuchira kwayo simba.

Station uye trams

Ivo akaonekwa czarist nguva, uye duku-pamwero chirimwa. History of magetsi muRussia chikwereti zvikuru kuti industrialist German Werner of Siemens. Muna 1883 iye akashanda mutambo varege kupenyerwa nokuvhenekera kwemashoko Moscow Kremlin. Mushure wokutanga vabudirire chiitiko kambani yake (iyo vaizova rinozivikanwa nyika yose ine hanya) rave akasika chiedza ezvinhu ari Winter Palace uye Nevsky Prospekt muSt Petersburg. Muna 1898, pakava diki simba chirimwa muguta guru kuti yokunzvenga chiteshi. The Belgians kunge paakapiwa rakafanana raaiita pamusoro embankment, uye vokuGermany - kunyange mumwe Novgorod mumugwagwa.

History of magetsi akanga aderedzwa kwete chete kune chimiro zvinomera. The chitima chokutanga muna Russian Empire akazviratidza 1892 muKiev. In St. Petersburg, chimiro itsva mabhazi muna 1907 yakatanga simba injiniya Heinrich Graftio. Vanoita chirongwa vaiva vokuGermany. Kana hondo yakatanga pamwe Germany, vakanga vatora guta wokuRussia, uye chirongwa iri nguva ndakadaro.

Yokutanga Hydroelectric simba chiteshi

Domestic nhoroondo dzemagetsi yamambo nguva uye chakaratidza wokutanga duku Hydroelectric simba miti. The tanga akazviratidza musi Zyryanovsk angu muMakomo Altai. Most mukurumbira aburukira pamusoro kuchiteshi St. Petersburg kurwizi Okhta Large. Mumwe vavaki vayo yakanga chete Robert Classon. Kislovodsk Hydroelectric "White Coal" akashanda se mungabva simba nokuda streetlights 400, chitima mitsetse uye rinoshandisirwa zvicherwa mvura.

Pakazosvika 1913, panguva dzakasiyana-siyana nzizi Russian vaitova zviuru diki hydropower zvinomera. Nyanzvi dzinofungidzira zvachose inokwana 19 megawatts. The Kudeuka Hydroelectric chiteshi waiva Hindu Kush muna Turkestan (zvinoshanda kunyange nhasi). Panyaya iyi, musi avaida World War First maiva kuoneka kuitika nechepakati mapurovhinzi Kumikidzo kuvakwa chafariz simba zvinomera, uye vari pamativi kure - nesimba mvura. sika magetsi nokuti nhoroondo Russian kweguta vakatanga pamwe huru upfumi avatorwa. Kunyange nokuda yemapurisa midziyo inenge zvose zvakanga yokumwe. Somuenzaniso, turbines watengera pose - kubva Austria, Hungary kuti US.

Munguva 1900-1914 gg. mwero magetsi weRussia aiva mumwe kumusoro munyika. Panguva iyoyowo, paiva oneka kusarurama. Electricity iri akapa ainyanya kune indasitiri, asi kudiwa musha midziyo yemagetsi akaramba pasi. Chinokosha dambudziko akaramba kushaya munhu centralized munyika mazuvaano chirongwa. Kufambira mberi ne private makambani, apo vakawanda - yokumwe. VokuGermany uye Belgians kunyanya mari chirongwa ari misoro miviri, uye akaedza arege kuzviisa pangozi zvinhu zvavo vari kure Russian province.

magetsi

Vaiuya simba mushure October Revolution, kuti Bolsheviks muna 1920, vakatanga chirongwa magetsi munyika. kukura kwayo akatanga munguva Civil War. Musoro basa (pakati magetsi - State Commission kuti magetsi kuti Russia) akagadzwa Gleb Krzhizhanovsky, uyo akanga atova noruzivo anoshanda zvakasiyana simba muzvirongwa. Somuenzaniso, akabatsira Robert Classon Station pamusoro turf muMoscow province. Vose, komisheni akasikwa pachishandiswa urongwa, yaisanganisira anenge mazana maviri mainjiniya uye masayendisiti.

Kunyange zvazvo basa racho yakanyorerwa kukura simba, uyewo kunokanganisa yose upfumi yeSoviet. In akasvika Stalingrad Tractor Plant somunhu co-raaiita magetsi. The itsva Nzvimbo maindasitiri dzakatangira ari Kuznetsk marasha dhishi, iro rakatanga kukura eumambo pfuma deposits.

Maererano zano magetsi raifanira kuvakwa 30 yoruwa simba tsika (10 uye 20 HPP TPP). Vakawanda Makambani aya anoshanda nhasi. Pakati pavo, Nizhny Novgorod, Kashira, Shatura kuChelyabinsk uye chafariz simba zvinomera, uyewo Volkhovskaya, Nizhny Novgorod uye Dnieper HPP. Implementation kuronga zvakakonzera chidzoke rutsva zvoupfumi regionalization munyika. History of chiedza uye magetsi haingayananisirwi kwakabatana kukura nezvifambiso zvinosvika. Nemhaka magetsi, njanji itsva, mikuru uye kuti Volga-Don Canal. Zviri kuburikidza kwemaindasitiri munyika kuronga ichi chakatanga, uye nhoroondo magetsi muRussia akatendeuka imwe peji inokosha. Isa magetsi huru dzakanga vakasangana 1931.

Power Nehondo

Pausiku Mukuru Patriotic War, zvachose vanokwanisa electric nesimba USSR akanga kilowatts vanenge mamiriyoni 11. German kubvuta uye kuparadzwa hombe chikamu kwezvivako kuderedza zvikuru nenhamba idzi. Tikafunga njodzi iyi State Defence Committee akaita kuvakwa miti inobereka simba, chikamu mupomerwi kurongeka.

With kusunungurwa ndima chepamusoro vokuGermany, akatanga gadziriro rokuvakazve zvakaparadzwa kana kukuvaradzwa zvirimwa. Chinonyanya kukosha akawanikwa Svir, ari Dnieper, uye Baksan HPP Ķegums uye Shakhtinskaya, Krivoy Rog, Shterevskaya, Stalinogorsk, Zuevskaya TPP uye Dubrovskaya. Kupa maguta magetsi kusiyiwa vokuGermany pakutanga kuitwa kuburikidza powertrains. Yokutanga Mobile chiteshi kwakadaro pavakasvika Stalingrad. Pakazosvika 1945, mumhuri simba dzakakwanisa kusvika pre-hondo kugadzirwa nemifananidzo. Kunyange nhoroondo yezviri magetsi kunoratidza kuti nzira mazuvaano munyika yave rwakaoma uye chakakombama.

pakuzadzisa

Pashure kutanga kwenyika muSoviet Union akaramba kuvaka kupfuura pose TPP uye HPP. Energy purogiramu kuitwa maererano nenhungamiro kwohumwe centralization yose indasitiri. Pakazosvika 1960, magetsi chizvarwa yakawedzera 6 nguva ichienzaniswa 1940. By 1967 ndipo kupera muitiro pakusika rakabatana simba gadziriro, kuunganidzwa yose European kwenyika. Nemambure yaisanganisira nhepfenyuro 600. zvachose kukwanisa kwavo kwakanga mamiriyoni 65 kilowatts.

Naizvozvo Chinosimbiswa kwezvivako kukura yave iri uye Far East Asian kumatunhu. Izvi pamwe akatsanangura kuti zviri ikoko pfungwa anenge 4/5 of hydropower pfuma USSR. "Electric," chiratidzo kuma1960 akanga erection riri Angara Bratsk HPP. Pashure pacho akazviratidza yakafanana chiteshi pamusoro Yenisei Krasnoyarsk.

Hydropower ave vakashanduka uye kuFar East. Muna 1978, mumusha vomunyika Soviet vakatanga kupinda mudare yaibereka Zeya Hydroelectric yemapurisa. kukwirira kwayo pamusoro mai - 123 metres, uye nesimba goho - 1330 MW. A chishamiso engineering muSoviet Union kwainzi ari Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. Basa rakatangwa muna chakaoma ezvinhu kweSiberia uye remoteness kubva mumaguta makuru chete zvakakodzera indasitiri. Vakawanda mashoko (akadai hydro turbines) vakaenda kuvakwa mhiri Arctic Ocean, kuita nzira zviuru 10 makiromita.

Mukutanga 1980s, kuchinja kukosha simba pakuenzanisa upfumi yeSoviet. Kuwedzera basa reDare renyukireya nesimba miti. Muna 1980, basa ravo simba kugadzirwa raiva 5%, uye muna 1985 - kare 10%. Locomotive indasitiri aiva Obninsk simba renyukireya chirimwa. Munguva iyi vakatanga wakakurumidza Serial kuvakwa simba renyukireya miti, asi zvoupfumi uye paChernobyl njodzi seiyi muitiro.

modernity

Pashure pokuwa kweSoviet Union paiva kuderera pakati oupfumi musimba zvekutepfenyura. Stations kuti dzakavakwa, asi haisati yapera, vakachengetedzwa muna yakawanda. Muna 1992, rimwe chete afoot kwave achitaurwa nevanopinda Rao "UES kweRussia". Hazvina kubatsira kudzivisa munhu systemic dambudziko iri upfumi yakaoma.

Second mhepo simba indasitiri wakauya XXI remakore. Vazhinji Soviet akatangazve kuvakwa. Somuenzaniso, muna 2009, zvakanga akapedza kuvaka Bureya HPP vakatanga kudzokera muna 1978. Akavaka uye renyukireya nesimba kuBaltic, Beloyarsk, Leningrad, Rostov.