Icho shark hove kana chirema here? Zita rehakiki. Mufananidzo waKatran

Sharks ihove-dzinoparadza, dzinotyisa uye dzinotyisa vagari vemugungwa, mhuka dzekare kududzirwa. Saka zvinowanzotenda, uye mamiriyoni evanhu anotenda muzivo iyi yezvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana kubva kuHollywood zvinonakidza zvinonakidza. Tichazonzwisisa zvatinoziva pamusoro pezvisikwa izvi zvinoshamisa zvakaonekwa zvakapfuura kupfuura zvese zvekugara kwenyika uye zvakanyatsogadziriswa muupenyu hwemazuva ano. Shark chii? Ndiyo hove kana chiremera here?

Fish Inoshamisa

Zvose zvesayenzi uye mabhuku ekunyora mabhuku anotaura kuti sharks ndeyekudzivirira kwehove, kureva kuti, havana zvachose pfupa rine mitezo mumuviri wavo, iro rinoparadzanisa zvakajeka kubva kune vamwe vavo vemazuva ano munzvimbo yavo. Pamwe chete nekushaikwa kwegill uye zvisikwa zvechimiro chezviyero, chirwere chekudzivirira chinonzi Ostyak chinoratidza kushandiswa kwesangano rezvisikwa, kana kuti zvarinoreva kare: zvinozivikanwa kuti makore mamiriyoni mazana mana adarika apfuura hove idzi dzatofamba mumakungwa enyika. Pasinei neizvi, shark ndiyo imwe yemhando dzakakwirira kupfuura dzose dzehove dzegungwa dzakawanda. Kwemazuva akawanda akachinjira kune nzvimbo inogara ichichinja, yakanyatsogadziriswa uye ikozvino yakanyatsopindirana nehove dzemazuva ano dzehove nemhuka dzomumvura, dzisingabvumirwi navo mukukurumidzira, kana mukushanda, kana mukutsvaga unyanzvi. Nyaya yehaki inosanganisira zvinopfuura 400, polar yakasiyana: kubva kumvura yakadzika-yakadzika, isina kukura kusvika 17-20 masikati, kusvika kune guru-whale shark, iyo yakareba mamita makumi maviri emitambo yakawanda.

Chimwe chinhu chakakosha kubva kune hove yebony ndiyo nzira dzekubereka. Mamwe mhando dzehaki ndeye viviparous, kureva kuti, vanobereka kubereka vana. Vamwe vanoisa mazai akadzivirirwa nekanyanyisa cornea. Kunze kwezvinhu zvose zvakavanzika zvehupenyu hwavo zvakasununguka: kune marudzi, zvakavanzika zvekuberekwa kwevana izvo zvichiri kumashure kwezvisimbiso zvinomwe. Nokudaro, kazhinji mubvunzo unomuka: "Ko shark ihove kana mhuka?"

Zviratidzo zvemaonero

Izvozvo zvinokonzerwa nemapfupa uye kusavapo kwemapfupa ndiyo zviratidzo zvikuru zvehukama hwehove idzi kune boka rezvipfuwo zvegadziriro yekare. Asi, sezvakataurwa pamusoro apa, izvi hazvidzivisi shark kubva pakugara mumhenderekedzo yegungwa rose, uye kwenguva yakareba ichizivikanwa sechikara chinotyisa uye chinotyisa. Mukuwedzera, zvakasikwa zvakachengetedza kuchengetedza mhuka iyi inoshamisa. Zvakaoma kuwana chimwe chinhu chinodzivirira kupfuura zviyero izvo shark dzine. Inotorwa kubva kumusoro kusvikira kumuswe, kusvika kune iyo inobata yakafanana nekupedza satin, asi hazvina kukodzera kubata ruoko kune rumwe rutivi-kubva pamuswe kusvika kumusoro: mazino akacheka achaita vop'yutsya muganda. Koka-grained sandpaper mukuenzanisa neikudzivirirwa kwakakwana isingaenzaniswi.

Funga nezvechigadzirwa chemakero. Nehove imwe neimwe inokonzerwa nehove inokonzerwa nehope duku nechemberi kwepamusoro. Kubva pamusoro pemhinzwa yakafukidzirwa nehupamhi hwesimbi yakasimba, uye hwaro hwekuwedzera hunofananidzwa neganda rehove. Muchikamu chekubuda uku kune mitsipa yeropa nematavi emagetsi. Kukura kwezviyero pamusoro pemuviri wehove zvakasiyana: chikuru pane iri pamusoro, mhinzwa mumuromo we shark, yakashandurwa, yakaguma yava kudzivirirwa kweganda uye yakashandurwa kuva chinhu chakaoma uye chinotyisa chekurwisa - mazino akanaka.

Chimbo chikuru

Sechigadziriswa zviyero, mazino e shark anowanikwa mune zvakanyatsorongeka, kuronga mumiganhu yakawanda. Muhupenyu hwose hwezvikara, mazino anokura nguva dzose, uye kana imwe mutsara webrasira inokura itsva, iri pakadzika muromo. Usaita mazino e shark kuti ucheve zvokudya. Haagoni kuita izvi. Chinangwa chavo chikuru ndechekuchengetedza mhuka, kuibvarura, kupedza pasina kupindira. Mhando dzakasiyana dzehakki dzine maitiro akasiyana emazino, anotsanangurwa nezvinokosha zve nzira yehupenyu. Mazamu anofura pamakristaceans mune rakasimba shell ane meno akareruka ane ribbed pamusoro, anokwanisa kutyora marimu ekudzivirira. Predator hove dzine mazino akareba kwenguva refu kuti abate nyama inofamba, kana yakafara nechepamusoro-soro, yakagadzirirwa kubvarura nyama yevanhu vakawanda. Mu plankton sharks, pane zvinenge pasina chidimbu chemazino, izvo zviduku mumarudzi aya, zvisingakwanisi kusvika 3-5 mm.

Chimwe chezvinhu zvehove dzinokonzerwa nehove ndeyokusavapo kwegill yakavhara. Basa ravo rinotambidzwa ne 5-7 gill slits mushure memusoro, nhamba yaro inotsanangurwa nemhando dzemarudzi e shark, uye kuvapo kune chimwe chinhu chakasiyana. Zvisinei, kufanana nehove dzose, idzi dzinotyisa, kuwana oxygen kubva mumvura, regai dzipinde nemagetsi. Kuvapo kwekufema, unhu hwemvura, inopa mhinduro yakakwana kumubvunzo uyu: "Shikaki ihove kana chikafu here?"

Zvishamiso zvinoshamisa: manzwiro ekunhuhwirira, magetsi e electroreceptor uye sarudzo ye lateral line

Hazvibviri kunyatsotsvaga mukana wekunhuwa kune va shark. Ichi ndicho chimwe chezvinhu zvakanakisisa zvakakosha zvemashoko. Ongororo dzakaratidza kwete chete kuve nekunzwisisa kwehove kune zvinonhuwira, asi zvinoshamisa zvechokwadi. Sheksi inogona kubata kunhuwa kweropa kunonatswa mumvura pachiyero che1: 1 000 000, uye nguva dzose inoshandisa pfungwa yekunhuwa pakutsvaga mhuka dzinopamba kana dzinobereka panguva yekubereka. Mukugadzirisa nzvimbo yechinhu chacho, kunze kwekunetseka kwakanyanya, dzimwe nhengo uye zvirongwa zvinosanganiswawo: nzeve, zvinotapira zvinotapira, uyewo mutsara wechipfuva uri pamusoro penhengo yehove, inogona kunzwa zvose zvisingatauriki mafambiro ezvinyorwa uye zvishoma zvishoma kuderera-kuchinja kwemvura mumvura , Uye inotora basa rinokosha mukuvhima, kukurukurirana nevamwe uye kutungamira.

Icho chichiri chisingazivikanwi nesayenzi yekufungidzira pamusoro pekugona kwezvikara izvi kubata zvinonhuwira zvinoparadzirwa nemhepo, izvo zvakatungamirira masayendisiti kune unhu husingazivikanwi hwechichena shark. Anowanzosimudza muromo wake pamusoro pemvura iri pamusoro pemvura, sekunge kunyorera.

Scientifically proven the ability of unique sharks to detect a victim of the movement of the respiratory and cardiac muscles created by it, to electrical fields with stress neglect. Kutarisa kwenguva refu kwekufamba kune dzimwe mhando pamakwikwi akareba zvakakwana mumuganhu wakajeka wakaita kuti zvive nyore kuona nzira yavo yekutenderera pamwe nemhepo inonzi magnetic field.

Chiratidzo

Ihwo humwe humiriri hwemhuka hunezve hunosimbisa zvakare chimiro chakakosha cheziso, izvo zvinopa zvose kudzivirirwa kubva kune zvinokonzera kunze uye zvakanakisisa zvakaonekwa. Zviratidzo zvechigadzirwa chechikamu chekuonekwa kweshaki chinosanganisira kuvapo kwezana remakore, rinovhara ziso panguva yekurwiswa kune anenge atambudzwa, nokudaro richidzivirira kubva pakuparara. Nokuda kwekururamisira, inofanira kuonekwa kuti haisi mhuka dzose dzine maziso. Vanhu ava vanovhura maziso avo pavanorwisa munhu anenge atambudzwa.

Uyezve, ziso re shark rinonyanya kuratidzika rakatarisa seri kwetina, izvo zvinoita kuti kunzwisisika kwechirongwa ichi uye zvakanyanya kuwedzera kuonekwa kwakanaka kunyange mumamiriro ekudzivirira. Nhasi, mamiriro ezvinhu ayo kuona mamwe marudzi ehove idzi kakawanda kudarika munhu iyeye haasisina uchapupu.

Kuberekwa kwehaki

Kusiyana nehuwandu hwehove dzinobereka mamiriyoni emazai, kubereka kwemarudzi avo mu shark kunongedzerwa nehupamhi panzvimbo yehuwandu. Chimiro chezvikamu zvehove dzinotapira - mukati mekuita, kushandiswa kwamazai ega uye kuberekwa kunorarama, zvakanyanya kuderedza kufa kwevana, zvichibvumira kupona kwakanyanya uye kuderedza kubereka.

Zvichienderana nezvipenyu, shark inogona kuva oviparous, viviparous uye ovovivorous. Oviparous inenge chikamu chetatu chemarudzi ese. Mushure mokunge mushure mutsva, musikana anoisa mazai akavharidzirwa neproteinaceous gelatinous layer, akadzivirirwa pamusoro payo nehombodo yakaoma, kudzivirira zviri mukati kubva kuora mvura uye kuparadzwa kwekunze. Nhengo yemakemikari muzai inotyisa, haina kuoma panguva yekuzadzwa kwakakwana kwe embryo, iyo, iyo inofanira kuonekwa, inenge yakareba kwenguva refu. Semutemo, nhamba shoma ye mazai inoiswa pamwechete imwechete: kubva pa1 kusvika kune 12. Chimwe chete chinonzi polar shark, chinosvika maawa mazana mashanu kusvika masere masendimita.Amazamu mashoma ekusimudzirwa anopa zvikwereti zana - shark shoma yakatsinhaniswa yakanyatsogadziriswa kuhupenyu uye yakasiyana nemunhu mukuru muhukuru.

Chinhu chakasiyana cheii-kudyara ndechokuti, kubvisa kubva mazai akaberekwa, vana vaduku vanoramba vari mumai oviduct kwechinguva, vachizvarwa vakakurudzirwa uye vakanyatsogadziriswa kuva hupenyu huripo. Nhoroondo pamusoro penguva yekuwana kwevana muvana-mazai ehupenyu inoda kujekeswa. Maererano nemimwe mitsara, nguva iyi inosvika pamwedzi mishoma kusvika kumakore maviri, sebhabari shark, iyo inonyorwa pakati pezvisikwa zvose.

Kusvika pamamera makumi matatu nemakumi matatu nemana makumi matatu nemana anokwanisa kukura pamwe chete muchibereko chevanhu vemuviri. Pasinei nerudzi rwe shark uye nzira yekuberekwa, munhu wose anosiyaniswa nekuberekwa kwevana vaduku asi vanogona zvehupenyu huri voga.

Plankton Sharks

Zvizhinji zvehove idzi dzinoparidzirwa mumakungwa nemakungwa, inogarwa mukati mehupamhi remvura kubva pasi kusvika pakadzika 2 km, uye inorongwa sezvikara zvechokwadi. Asi mumhuri iyi kune zvakasiyana: giant, giant, whale uye mamwe marudzi e shark ndeaya mafirterers, kudya pa plankton, hove duku uye squid.

Iyo yakakura ndiyo whale uye giant sharks, inosvika kureba mamita makumi maviri nemashanu, zvichienderana. Kuve hove yeplankton, vanofamba zvishoma nezvishoma, vachizarura muromo, pakati pe plankton accumuluting, vachifambisa mvura kuburikidza nemagetsi emagetsi nemagetsi-mahwendefa, kuchenesa mvura yakawanda uye kubvisa kubva mariri zvipenyu zvose zvinopfuura 2 mm.

Icho chiri pamusoro pekuberekwa kwemhando yeplankton iyo yakawanda zvikuru inozivikanwa. Saka, zvachose hazvizivikanwi asi hupenyu hwe giant shark. Whale - oviparous. Mazai akaiswa naiye anosvika masimba akaisvonaka kwazvo: kureba kunogona kuva 0.7 m, upamhi - 0.4 m. Pasinei nekukura kukuru, plankton-hove shark, mufananidzo wezvakaratidzwa munyaya ino, haisi kunyanyisa uye kunonoka.

Nyika yehaki inoshamisa uye yakasiyana. Vamwe vavo vanotungamira nzira yepasi yeupenyu uye vanodya crustaceans uye invertebrates, zvakadai seduku duku, kwete kupfuura mita 1 murefu. Chinhu chekubata hove ndiyo prickly shark-katran, chinyorwa chaicho chinowanikwawo munyaya yacho.

Commercial Katran

Katran, iyo iri kuparadzirwa kwose, ndiyo chete yevanhu vanogara muGungwa Dzvuku. Ichi gungwa shark chinotonhora zvikuru-rudo uye hachifariri mvura inodziya. Zvichida izvi zvinotsanangura chokwadi chokuti Black Sea Katran kazhinji haisviki mita 1 murefu, kunyange muNorth Sea hukuru hwehove iri 1.5-2 m.Spiny sharks hazvikwiri kumvura uye haaswederi pedyo negungwa. Vanorarama pane zvakadzama zvakadzama, vanopinda mumakumbo makuru. Izvo zvinotyisa zvinowedzera pasi zvisingasviki nehove dzepasi-founder, marmalade, kubudirira kubudirira kune anchovies ye anchovy.

Zvinoshamisa kuti Katran ihove yekudya dzehove, dzine mimba inotora nguva yakareba kwenguva refu kusvika kumakore maviri. Sharks dzinoberekwa zvakakwana zvakagadzirirwa munhu anotakura hupenyu hupenyu. Isingawanikwi nevanhu, yakachengetedzwa uye yakangwarira, inokura kune imwe vanhu vakuru pasina zvinetso. Aya mahaki mugungwa akachengeteka kuvanhu. Havana kumboshambira pedyo nekugeza. Anoshamisa system ye pfungwa yakanyatsonaka yekunhuhwira uye manzwiro ezvishoma zvishoma zvakanyanya kuchinja kunobatsira katran kudzivisa kusangana nevanhu. Mhuka dzehove idzi dziri kuswedera kumahombekombe pakupera kwekupedzisira. Zvino nguva yekubata hove inotanga. Zita repiri re sharks - prickly - rinopiwa makatani kwete pasina. Ihove iyi inogona kununura dambudziko rakawandisa kana rakabviswa kunze kwechikepe. Haina chete zviyero zvakasimba, asiwo maruva anopinza pamberi pezvipembenene zvinoputika, panheyo dzayo zvinosuruvara zvinotyisa. Paunosangana navo, iwe unogona kuwana chikamu chehupfu, zvisinei kuti hachina kufa, asi unounza chimwe chinhu chisina kunaka. IAtlantic Ocean ndiyo inopa rupo mu catrat kubata: dzimwe nguva zvinokwanisika kubata kusvika hove zviuru makumi maviri kuti mumwe aparadze.

Iyo prickly shark haisi iyo hove inonaka, inonyatsonaka uye inobatsira. Mumaoko akachenjera emubiki akanaka, nyama ye katrana inoshanduka ikava zvikafu zvinonaka, zvishandiso uye zvinonaka. Mutemo unokosha mukugadzirira nyama ye shark ndiyo inomirirwa kuteura ropa nguva pfupi mushure mekunge hove dzabatwa. Iine mazamu akawanda eammonia. Kana iwe usingadi kubvisa ropa, chibereko chacho chichava chisina tariro. Kubatsira kwezvokudya zvakadai ndeyekuti nyama yavo haina mapfupa, nokuti iyi hove inotyisa.

Ihombodo dzemakanda dzinokohwawo. Izvo zvakasara zvezvipfeko zvaigara zvichishandiswa nevatenzi vemabhizimisi mazhinji: kubva kuvezi, vashandi vekambani uye vanobatanidza kune zvikepe.

Tiger Shark

Kunyatsoruramisa mukurumbira wemadonzvo emvura egungwa rinotyisa, tiger shark, achizviisa kune chena muwandu hwekurwiswa kwakanyorwa pamusoro pevanhu, zvakanyanya kudarika iyo muhuwandu hwevakafa mushure mekusangana nayo. Zita rehakki rinosarudza zvaro zvekunze. Iyo tiger shark (kana gungwa tigungwa) inodanwa saizvozvo nekuda kwemajenya emitsvuku inopinda mukati mejena, yakaoma-grey kana ruvara rwemuviri, iyo inopedzisira ichinjeka. Inosarudza mvura isina kudzika, sharki idzi dzinowanzowa pasi pemamiriyoni mazana mana, mvura inotonhora haifaniri kuvatengesa zvachose. Huru dzehove dzakakosha - mamita 7-8 murefu uye uremu hwetani-tani - zviise mumutsara wemarudzi makuru. Chimwe chimiro chemuviri chakave nemusoro mukuru, mutsvuku uye 5 gill slits, uye muromo mukuru nemakumbo ane majoka 280-300 akapwanyika, uye rakagadzirwa zvakanaka rakakwirira yekodha - iyi inenge isina kukwana mufananidzo wehove iyi inotyisa.

Nyanzvi dzechikepe dzinosungirirwa kune nzvimbo dzavanoda, havadi kusiya miganhu yavo. Kuva mhuka dzinoparadza, dzimwe nguva dzimwe nyanga dzinopinda mumapoka kana pane zvokudya zvakakwana. Asi kazhinji vanotarisa nzvimbo yavo imwe neimwe.

Zvirongo zvezvikara izvi zvipembenene zvinokamhina, dolphins, hove, mvurafowl uye kunyange vashoma vamiri vemarudzi avo. Izvo zvakanyanya omnivorous kuti zviri mukati mavari mumimba yavo, zvinomiririra zvinhu zvakasara kubva pakudya kwezvisikwa, zvinoshamisika vatsvakurudzi. Pamusoro pemiti yavo yakawanda, tiger sharks dzakanzi "marine scavengers". Asi zvinopfuura ivo chaivo ndezvekugona kuburikidza nemuromo kuti tendedze mudumbu kushambidza mumvura, zvichikubvumira kubvisa zvinhu zvachose zvisingasvikiki, zvakadai semataini, mabhegi, marara akasiyana-siyana.

Iyi shark ine ngozi inoreva mazai-mhuka mhenyu, kubereka vana vavo kwemwedzi 14-16 uye kubereka mumarita kusvika kune makumi mapfumbamwe, kusvika kusvika hafu yemamita muhukuru.

White White Shark

Chaizvo guru hasha chikara - White Shark kana karharodon, refu uye zvakasimba wakabata inosuruvarisa chinzvimbo chinokosha kwenhamba kurwisa vanhu, unowanikwa pemvura yose nyanza Pasi, kunze kweArctic, achisarudza kuti unyoro uye inodziya okunze. Mumvura inotonhora haisi kuwanikwa, uye haagari munyu kana brackish mvura. Somuenzaniso, muGungwa Dema hariwaniki karharodon. Most zvichida kusangana Sharks chena kukuru pamhenderekedzo California pedyo Mexican Pachitsuwa Guadeloupe, muMediterranean uye muGungwa reAdriya, nemhenderekedzo New Zealand, apo vanogona kushambira ari makwai maduku. Namakungwa, apo rakawandisa zvinowanikwa gungwa shumba kana zvisimbiso, kunyanya aida zvikara izvi. Zvisinei, kwenguva refu vakatenda kuva chenguva kumahombekombe chokuvapo Sharks chena, wakaratidza Hove tama dzinobva kumhenderekedzo California kuna latitudes African, chichienda mugore vanopfuura zviuru 20 km.

Sezvo vakawanda guru chikara ano (vamwe specimens tinosvika kureba pamusoro 10 metres aine muviri uremu anosvika 3,5 matani), chena rehove asingadi zvibayiro chero mikana yokupukunyuka. zita raro ruvara mhando iyi kunodiwa abdominal zvikamu - chiedza kana kure-chena. The dorsal chikamu zvasviba mavara: kuchena, greenish. Kufanana marudzi ose Sharks, varungu hakuna mhepo sefuro, iro rinotsanangura dzose kufamba hove.

Zvokudya rinorondedzera zvakawanda norusaruro komukuru kwayo ingwe. Small rehove anodya svikiro kadikidiki hove, mhuka. Akura karharodony kuvhima zvisimbiso, Dolphins, hove huru uye duku nhengo mhando. The vakuru musapfuura vaduku kana vanorwara shato huru, kazhinji apo kuita kurwisa hunoshamisa tactical inofamba, izvo chete anosimbisa kuvapo nemano avo zvedzidzo. rehove ichi ngozi kare kare zvakaratidza kuti naivowo chakaoma chero kugadzirwa.

A zvishoma zvinozivikanwa pamusoro kuberekana. Kufanana zhinji kwemarudzi ovoviviparous pamwe gestation mwedzi 11, pashure izvo pane 1-2 wayo dzakashandisa akazvimirira upenyu. Nhasi, vanhu vane Sharks machena nokukurumidza kudzikira, pasi pose hapana kupfuura 3,500 zvidimbu. Species dzakanyorwa muna Red Book.

Sharks mugungwa - inofadza yemitambo uye dzinga panguva imwe chete. It anokwanisa uye rinofadza, uye vanoshamba kupinda kuvhunduka. Vakaona kwete chete mifananidzo guru Sharks, asiwo boka vavhimi chena pachake, haazokanganwi ichi nokusingaperi. Pashure pezvose, kunyange mifananidzo hove dzinodya dzimwe dzinosiya fadza zvokufungidzira. World Sharks - zvinoshamisa, tarenda uye ngozi. Ancient uye ano chisikwa chisimba chikara pamwe chete mhuka, vazvione., nguva uye zvakare kutanga mubvunzo: "Shark - iri hove kana mhuka?"