Bolshezemelskaya tundra: zvisikwa zvipenyu

Bolshezemelskaya tundra yakakura (inopfuura 1,5 km makiromita ² ) nharaunda, ichifamba pakati pePolar Urals uye nzizi Pechora uye Usa, pedyo neGungwa reBarents. Nyika yacho ndeyeNenets Autonomous District neKomi Republic. Iyi inopinza zvikuru yegungwa rinotonhora, permafrost uye mhuka mishoma nemafuta, yakaumbwa panguva yechando, apo miganhu ye glaciation yakasvika kumaodzanyemba kwemaodzanyemba kwemazuva ano eRussia. Zvishoma nezvishoma, mamiriro okunze akadziya, asi nzvimbo dzaivapo kwechigadziri kwenguva refu yakaramba dzichiratidza kuvapo kwayo.

Nyaya yacho ichakuudza zvinonzi Bolshezemelskaya tundra. Maitiro ezvakasikwa, hupfumi hwehutano hwekuvandudzwa kwenharaunda icharondedzerwa muchidimbu ipapo.

Zviratidzo zvekununurwa

Nzvimbo yacho ine chimiro chemukoko wakazara uyo urefu hwahwo hunowanzova 100-150 m, dzimwe nguva unosvika mamiriyoni 250 nenzira ye moraine ridges. Icho chimiro chemagetsi chakaumbwa nejaspenti. Iyo yakagadzirwa mukati ndechimwe chinhu chakanyanyisa kuparadza. Inosanganisira mbiri huru yematombo kusvika kune mazana emamita mamita pakureba, uyewo ivhu, yakagadzirwa semugumisiro wekupwanya mabhuni panguva yekufamba kwegungwa. Zvishoma nezvishoma ainyunguduka, pamusoro penyika akarega zviri mukati maro. Simba reineine ridge rakagadzirwa kunyanya apo kuwanda kwechando kwaive kwakanyanya, kana pamucheto we glaciation. Bolshezemelskaya tundra inodarika nemakomo maviri - Nzvimbo yepasi uye Chernyshev. Yechipiri yakatambanudzwa anenge 300 km, kusvika kuPolar Urals. Kureba kwayo kunosvika 205 m, nechokumusoro chine saratani-sechimiro, chimiro - maketeti uye sandstones. Miti inenge iri kumaodzanyemba inopfuma - inonzi deciduous uye spruce taiga.

Permafrost

Bolshezemelskaya tundra inonyanya kushandiswa (cryolithozone), iyo iyo kusina nguva dzekutsvaira kunhu. Zvechokwadi, ichi ndicho chikamu chepamusoro penyika, iyo yakareba kwenguva yakareba (kubva pamakore mashoma kusvikira kumakumi emakore) ine kutonhora kwe0 ° C, mvura yepasi inomiririrwa nechando. Kudzika kwaro dzimwe nguva kunosvika kusvika mamiriyoni 1000. Nenzira, chiitiko ichi chinoratidzwa mumamiriro emhepo yeharaunda. Mavari, pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu ekuenderera mberi kana kusingagumi kwechando, zvizhinji zvinowanzoitika. Mhando ye humus inogona kuwedzera pamusoro pechando chakaoma, uye cryogenic yekugadzira denga iri pasi pesimba rekutonhora.

Mhepo yeharaunda

Tsanangudzo yeBolshezemelskaya tundra muchiChirungu ine tsanangudzo dzakadzama dzakawanikwa pamutambo dzakaoma. Zvisinei, kune zvakawanda zvakawanda pamusoro pezvikamu zvakafanana ne permafrost kumusoro kweAlaska, Antarctica, Canada, Europe uye kunyange Asia. Muzvakawanda, ivhu risina kuvhurwa kana kuti gley rinowanzova rakasvibirira kana ruvara ruchena rinowanzoonekwa kune nzvimbo yakadaro. Pamapani iwe unogona kuwana peat-marsh marudzi evhu, asi peat-layer haina kukosha - 10-15 cm. Hazvibviri kuunganidza zvakawanda zvayo nekuda kwechando chiduku nechando, umo zvinomera zvishoma. Anozivikanwa Malozemelskaya, Bolshezemelskaya tundra. Zvisinei, zviviri zvezvikamu izvi hazvifanirwe kuvhiringidzika. Muchiitiko chekutanga, tiri kutarisana nemafuta ane ruzha nemhuka. Nharaunda inogarwa navanhu vemadzinza ekuchamhembe uye vanhu vokuRussia, uye yakakosha kurarama.

Mamiriro ekunze

Mamiriro emamiriro okunze munharaunda yeBolshezemelskaya tundra yakaoma zvikuru. Zuva rinotora mwedzi inopfuura mitanhatu, nekuchengetedzwa kwechando chando kubva munaOctober kusvika June. Mwedzi yakareba yechando inopfuura pasina zuva, mazaya anogoneka kunyange muzhizha. Ivhareji yegore yekushanda kweJuly is +8 ... + 12 ° С. Nguva dzose ichivhuvhuta mhepo ine simba kubva kuArctic, ichivhuvhuta chando kubva pamapani kusvika kumapani uye kuumba zvakadzika zvechando. Nhamba yegore negore yemvura inogadzirirwa inenge yakapoteredza 250 mm kuchamhembe uye 450 mm kumaodzanyemba.

Uye zvakadaro mukati megore, kufanana nenyika yose, Bolshezemelskaya tundra inomuka, ichichinja mukanaka kwayo yekuchamhembe. Chando chinonyunguduka pamakomo uye mumatope. Chinhu chikuru chinobvumira kurarama mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro chiedza. Rimwe zuva guru rezuva, kana zuva risati rawira kwemavhiki kusvika pakatarisana, rinokurudzira kukura kwemiti miduku.

Flora

Nharaunda inowira munharaunda ye tundra, subzone ye moss-shrub tundra uye pamwe chikamu chemasango. Izvozvo zvinowanzoitika zvishoma nezvishoma munzvimbo dzakadziva kumaodzanyemba, mafashamo emvura ine nzizi, apo fir uye zvisikwa zviduku zvinopinda.

Zvose zvidimbu zvinomera zvinoratidzika ne-under-developed root system, iyo inoparidzirwa kunze kwepakadzika. Inotsanangurwa ne-permafrost. Misi yakanyanya kudarika, asi haigoni kuwana michero yayo nekuda kwechando. Pamiti yehuni, birch nemheruki ndiyo yakawanda kwazvo. Asi hurefu hwavo hwakanyanya kuduku zvokuti dzimwe nguva dzimwe nguva miti haigone kuonekwa muuswa.

Mazai emiti yeBolshezemelskaya tundra munguva yegore - chiratidzo chekunakidza kunoshamisa. Nzvimbo inoratidzika isina upenyu inoshandurwa uye izere nemirau yakajeka, iyo inogona kuvhiringidzirwa nematunhu anodziya. Miti yegore negore haina nguva yekuumba mbeu munguva ino, naizvozvo maruva anomiririrwa nemaronda emvura: amai namai vatatu, gentian, cyanosis, makotoni grass, bathing-house, buttercup, kukanganwa-ine-nots, castillo Vorkuta, nezvimwe. Kurutivi rwokuchamhembe, Ihwo hutongi hwechichens, huri mumatundra dzine marudzi anopfuura zana.

Fauna

Nyama yeBolshezemelskaya tundra inosanganisirawo zvishoma. Ukama hwakafanana: kutonhora kwemamiriro okunze kunodzivirira zvinomera uye, sechikonzero, chikafu chezvokudya. Mambo chaiye wenharaunda anogona kunzi "reindeer". Ichi chikuru chikuru chevhavha-hoofed ine zvese zvinodiwa zvinoenderana nehupenyu muFar North. Nzvimbo dzepanyama dzinopoteredza miganhu yezvipfuwo. Mhuka yemhuka yakagara ichiri uye inogara iri mubatsiri unokosha kune vemunharaunda.

Zvipembenene zvinowanzova mhumhi, pamwe chete nemabhesi (maruva uye machena), wolverine, trot, makava, mapoka emagungwa. Pane zvakawanda zveharu uye mapiritsi munzvimbo idzi. Mune shiri dzinenge dzichiita hazviiti nguva yechando, asi munguva yegore inouya ichiri mupenyu nekusvika kweshiri. Izvi ndezvikara, mahara, turuhans, snipe, waders, tambo, pamwe nemhando dzakawanda dzisingasviki pasi pekudzivirira - swans, osprey, Red-throated loon, grey crane, peregrine falcon nevamwe.

Chimwe chekutyisidzira kukuru kune zvisikwa ndezvekuedza kwemafuta muBolshezemelskaya tundra, pamwe chete nekuparadzwa kwezvinhu zvakasikwa, kuchinja munharaunda.

Tundra uye munhu

Pakutanga kuona kungaita sokuti hupenyu huri mumamiriro ezvinhu eBolshezemelskaya tundra haisi nyore kuvanhu. Zvisinei, akawana nzvimbo imomo. Kubudirira kwenharaunda kwakatanga muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri, pakutanga kwayo mapeji ematunhu aya akanga azere nemachena machena. Panguva iyo pane misha mitatu: Khorey-Ver, Karataik, Haruta. Vagari vomunharaunda vashoma, asi zvinowedzera kuwedzera nekutanga kwekuvhima uye yekubata hove muzhizha. Kutaurirana kwekutakura hakusi kusimbiswa. Iwe unogona kusvika kumapurani chete ne helikopta, migwagwa yetiktare inovabatanidza nemasiterendi.

Mineral resources

Kuwanikwa kwemafuta uye gasi minda iri mukana wakavimbisa wekusimbiswa kwenharaunda yese yeBolshezemelskaya tundra. Maererano nehuwandu hwemashoko, huwandu hwezvinyorwa zveTiman-Pechora mafuta uye gasi penyika inowedzera munzvimbo ino. Ikoko kunewo chikamu chebhaari yemarara. Nekukosha kukuru ndeyekutsvakurudza kwemasayendisiti GA Chernov, nekuda kwekuti nzvimbo yacho ine tarisiro yekufambira mberi uye remangwana.

Pasinei nekuoma kwematunhu aya, Bolshezemelskaya tundra inzvimbo isina kusimba, naizvozvo zvakakosha kuparadza nyika yaro yakasiyana uye inoshamisa nekunyatsotarisa, kutarisa imwe nhanho nemigumisiro yayo.