Nyanzvi yeAmerica: giant tateguru yemakati emazuva ano

Kwemazuva mazhinji, kusvikira nguva apo munhu akava muvhimi uye akawana chimbo, pamusoro pezvokudya zvepasi redu vaiva vamiriri vemhuri yekati. Zvechokwadi, aya akanga asiri shumba dzemazuva ano, jaguar, ingwe uye tigers, asi madzitateguru avo akaparara, akadai seye tiger-toothed tiger kana American lion. Ngatitauriranei nehutungamiri hwekutanga hweAmerica, kana, semasayendisiti achishevedza, Panthera leo atrox.

Biological Description

Zvose shumba, pamwe chete namajagu, tiger uye ingwe nhengo dzemhuri yefine (Felidae), ndeyemudzimai wePelherinae - makate makuru, uye genre Panthera (panther). Maererano nekuongorora kwesayenzi, kushanduka kwezvisikwa izvi kwakaitika makore anenge 900 000 akapfuura, apo nhasi Africa iripo. Vamiririri vekupedzisira vezvipenyu zvakagarwa zvikuru munharaunda yeHolarctic. Zvokutanga zvezvisikwa zvezvikara muEurope zvakawanikwa pedyo neItaly guta reIsernia, uye makore avo akazvimiririra makore 700 000. Pamuganhu weEurasia, makore anenge 300 000 akapfuura, bako rehuva raigara. Pamusana pemaitiro aya, ayo panguva iyoyo akabatana America neEurasia, chikamu chevanhu vezvikara izvi zvinopinda muAlaska uye Chukotka kuenda kuNorth America, uko kune dzimwe nyika itsva dzeShumba, America, dzakaumbwa nekuda kwekuparadzaniswa kwenguva refu.

Zvimwe zvakabatana

Somugumisiro wenguva yakareba yekubatana kwebasa yakaitwa nevatsvakurudzi vanobva kuRussia, England, Australia neGermany, zvakawanikwa kuti zvose zvataiva nazvo panyika zvakange zviri zvitatu zveeshumba. Nhasi nzvimbo shoma shoma inogarwa neshumba yemazuva ano. Asi zvisati zvavapo, maiva nemaviri asati aitika uye akaparara nhasi. Chokutanga pane zvose, ihva shumba (Panthera leo spelaea), inogara kumadokero kweCanada uye munharaunda inenge yese yeEurasia muPleistocene. Mukuwedzera, kwaivawo neAmerica shumba (Panthera leo atrox), aigara munharaunda yeUnited States yemazuva ano. Uyewo mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeSouth America. Inonziwo North American lion, kana giant jaguar yeNigel. Somugumisiro wezviongorori zvezvinyorwa zvezvisikwa zvemhuka dzakasviba uye zvisikwa zvemazuva ano, zvaive zvichigoneka kuisa kuti zvese zvitatu zveshumba zvakafanana zvakafanana mumaromu avo. Asi zvimwe zvinogona kudzidzwa nevemasayendisiti: subspecies yemuAmerica shumba yaiva makore anopfuura 340 000 akakura mumararamiro akazvimirira, uye munguva ino yakave yakasiyana zvikuru nedzimwe sspecies.

Vakabva kupi?

Pakutanga, shumba dzaibva kuAfrica dzakagara munharaunda yeEurasia uye yakabva yangoyambuka Isthmus yeBeringia, iyo yakabatana neNorth America neErasia continent munguva idzodzo dzakare, uye yakatanga kuumba kondinendi itsva. Masayendisiti anoratidza kuti kubuda kwemarudzi maviri akasiyana muNorth America kunosanganiswa nekuparadzaniswa kwevamiririri vevanhu ava vaviri nekuda kwemvura. Maererano nedzimwe pfungwa, zvisikwa zvakasiyana-siyana: mhava uye shumba dzeAmerica - ndevamiririri vemafungu maviri ekufamba kubva kuEurasia, kure kwazvo kunze kweivo mune imwe nguva munguva.

Akaita sei?

Kufanana nedzimwe mhuka dzakagara dzisati dzaitika, mhuka yeAmerica yakanyangarika makore anenge 10 000 akapfuura. Pane imwe nguva yakanga iri imwe yemhuka huru uye yakaipisisa: urefu hwayo hwaigona kusvika mamita matatu uye kunyanya, uye uremu hwaizosvika kumadzimai kusvika mazana matatu, uye mune varume uye 400 kg. Pakati pevasayendisiti, hapine chibvumirano chekuti mhuka iyi yaive neine mane, kufanana nemwana wayo wezvino, kana kwete. Zvisinei, vanotsanangura chitarisiko chake chaizvoizvo: pamakumbo ake ane simba aiva muviri wakaoma, musimba, wakagadzirirwa korona guru, uye shure kwaiva muswe mirefu. Ruvara rweganda, sezvinotsvakurudzwa nevatsvakurudzi, rwakanga rwuri runyararo, asi, zvichida, rwakachinjwa nenguva. Izvozvo zvakanyanya morphologically pedyo neAmerica shumba ndeye ligers - vana vegress uye shumba. Izvo zvakaoma kutsanangura izvo America yakatarisa. Mufananidzo wekuvandudzwa kwechitarisiko chake kunobatsira kunzwisisa kuti anotarisa zvakadini sa "hama" yemazuva ano.

Akagara kupi?

Somugumisiro wezvokuchera matongo, zvakasara zvemhuka iyi zvakawanikwa munzvimbo yakakura: kubva kuPeru kusvika kuAlaska. Izvi zvakabvumira masayendisiti kutaura kuti maAmerica shumba aigara kwete chete kuMuodzanyemba, asiwo mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzeSouth America. Mazhinji emasara emhuka iyi akawanikwa pedyo neLos Angeles. Kunyange nanhasi, pasinei nekufambira mberi kwakakosha kwesayenzi, masayendisiti haagoni kutumidza zvikonzero zvakananga uye zvikonzero zvakakonzera kuparadzwa kwemukoko uyu anenge makore gumi nemazana akapfuura. Iko kunofungidzira pamusoro pokuderera kwenyika yezvokudya uye kufa kwezvipfuwo zvakashanda sechikafu kune shumba dzeAmerica, nekuda kwekugadzirisa uye kuchinja mamiriro ekunze. Panewo zvakare shanduro pamusoro pekubatanidzwa kwevanhu vekare mukuparadzwa kweizvi zvinotyisa.

Zvokudya uye makwikwi

Imbwa yeAmerica pane imwe nguva ingagona kusvitsa madzitateguru emakisi emazuva ano uye bhenyi, uyewo zvinopera nenzombe dzemahara, makamera ekumadokero, nzombe dzomusango nemabhiza (Equus). Panguva imwecheteyo, mamwe makuru makuru emitambo, akaparara zvakare, aigara muNorth America.

Kuti vadzivirire mhuka dzavo dzokupamba uye dzokuvhima, shumba dzaigona kuunganidzwa pamwechete. Kudzivirira zvokudya zvavo nenharaunda, iyo yeAmerica yakarwisana nejeri-sabata (Machairodontinae), mhuka dzakaipa dzekare (Canis dirus) uye mabheti mashoma (Arctodus simus).