Pakatanga kuhondo muRussia: musi, gore, initiator

Alexander II anozivikanwa kuchinja ayo akawanda sei zvose zvoupenyu wokuRussia munzanga. Muna 1874, nokuda kwamambo gurukota War Dmitry Milyutin kwakachinja hurongwa kuhondo kupinda muuto Russian. Format kuhondo vamwe kuchinja yaivapo Soviet Union uye mberi nhasi.

uto nadzurudzo

Muganhu nokuti ipapo vagari Russia pakatanga kuhondo zvakaitika muna 1874. Waiitwa iri gadziriro huru-pamwero kuchinja muhondo, ashandiswe panguva yaitonga Mambo Alexander II. mambo uyu akasvika choumambo panguva zvinonyadzisa Russia iri zvaraswa Crimean War, chakakonzerwa baba vake Nicholas I. Alexander aifanira kupedza disadvantageous runyararo chibvumirano.

Zvisinei, zvakaipira chaiye kukundikana mune imwe hondo Turkey akazviratidza makore mashomanana. Mambo mutsva akasarudza kunzwisisa zvikonzero Fiasco. Ivo kwaisanganisira kusanganisira mune nderechinyakare uye va neudhadha gadziriro replenishment veuto.

Payakaipira vanopinza maitiro

Pamberi paiva pakatanga kuhondo muRussia makanga kuhondo. Wakatangwa chirevo Peter I muna 1705. Chinokosha ino ndiko kuti basa haaratidzi kuti vagari uye nharaunda kuti vakasarudza majaya vanotumirwa kune hondo. Panyaya iyi, upenyu basa raiva upenyu. VaFirisitia, mamiriro vanhuwo zvavo uye mhizha dzinosarudzwa musarudzo dzavo bofu kuzochera. Urongwa uhwu ari mumutemo muna 1854.

The landlords muridzi serfs dzavo, vanhuwo zvavo pachavo vakasarudza, idzo hondo upenyu hwakava kumba. Pakatanga yezvisikwa rechiuto, uye kubvisa kunyika imwe dambudziko. Chaiva chokwadi kuti hapana zviri pamutemo kunorondedzerwa uto zera. Akazeza, zvichienderana nenzvimbo yacho. Pakupera ari XVIII remakore lifespan wacho wakaderedzwa kusvika pamakore 25, asi kunyange zvakadaro nguva puranga akabvarura vanhu kubva papurazi ravo yakarebesa nguva. Mhuri inogona kusiya pasina pakuriritira mhuri, uye paakadzoka kumba, akanga rakapotsa incapacitated. Saka, hapana wevanotungamirira kwete chete, asiwo ane dambudziko upfumi.

The kuziviswa kuchinja

Apo Alexander akarumbidza zvose zvazvakashatira huripo varayirwa, akasarudza kupa pakatanga kuhondo rinotungamirirwa Ushumiri Hondo Dmitriyu Alekseevichu Milyutinu. Akashanda kuburikidza makore anoverengeka mutemo mutsva. Reform Development yakaguma muna 1873. January 1, 1874 wokupedzisira aiva pakatanga nokudenga kuhondo. Musi chiitiko ichi rava muganhu nokuti vakararama.

Recruiting hurongwa yakaguma. Zvino chikumbiro pasi varume vose zvasvika makore 21. Hurumende hakuiti kuti zvagara kuti zvidzidzo kana mapoka. Saka kuchinja kwakakanganisa avakuru. The initiator pakati pakatanga yezvisikwa muchiuto, Alexander II akaomerera kuti hondo mutsva havafaniri kuva chikomborero.

Terms dzebasa

The chikuru nguva rechiuto ikozvino nezvokuvandudzika 6 makore (muna Navy - 7 years). Zvakange wo dzakachinja nguva puranga riri chengetedza. Zvino vakanga vakaenzana 9 makore (muna Navy - 3 years). Uyezve, kuti vaumbe varwi itsva. In ake makore 40 paakasvika kune varume avo kare vakashumira chaizvoizvo aripo. Saka, hurumende anogamuchira yakajeka, yakajeka uye mutemo anotsanangura mauto replenishment marongedzero chero nguva. Zvino, kana ukatanga ropa kupesana, hondo vasingagoni kunetseka pamusoro Maze mumapoka avo namapoka itsva.

Kana mhuri ndiye oga awane mari, kana chete mwanakomana, akanga asunungurwa kubva mutoro vandoshumira. Uyewo rinononotsa tefa hurongwa zvapiwa (semuenzaniso, kana yakaderera akadini uye t. D.). nguva yebasa vakabatwa, zvichienderana worudzii dzidzo raiva pinza. Somuenzaniso, kana munhu akadzidza haana kuyunivhesiti, aigona kugara muchiuto gumi chete kwemwedzi.

Kunonosa uye vakabvumirwa

Ndezvipi zvimwe zvinhu zvakanga pakatanga kuhondo muRussia? Uyezve, pakanga ichinonoka nokuda vaiendeswa vakambova zvinetso zvoutano. Kana utano hwako murume akakonewa kumushumira zvachose vasunungurwe mutoro kuenda kuhondo. Kunze Kunze uyu uyewo vapristi. Vanhu vakanga chaizvo ounyanzvi hwokugadzira (vanachiremba, vadzidzi Academy of Arts), pakarepo zvikanzi kune kuchengeterwa pasina chaizvoizvo kugara muchiuto.

Ticklish aiva mubvunzo yenyika. Somuenzaniso, vamiririri zvemo vanhu Central Asia uye Caucasus zvavo hakuna achishumira. Panguva iyoyowo makomborero akadaro 1874 vakanga akadzima nokuda mapopoma nevamwe marudzi hwokuchamhembe. Zvishoma nezvishoma, ino akachinjwa. Nechekare muna 1880, basa vakatanga kushevedzera vatorwa Tomsk, Tobolsk uye Astrakhan enyika, uyewo Turgay, Semipalatinsk uye Ural kumatunhu.

Mijenya pamusoro kutora

Pane dzimwe zvakagadzirwa kuti vanozvisanangurira pakatanga nokudenga kuhondo. Year Dmitri Milutin nadzurudzo rakayeukwa weuto zvino hwava akashongedzerwa maererano emunharaunda kuera. Russian umambo All yakakamurwa kuva nhatu zvikuru munharaunda.

Wokutanga izvi raiva Russian Great. Nei inonzi kudaro? To yakatakura ndima rikagara Russian Mhedziso ruzhinji (pamusoro 75%). Zvinhu seyokuti simbi mumaruwa. Ndizvo simba ravo wevanotungamirira rokusarudza iyo boka kutakura vanhu. The mugove wechipiri waisanganisira nyika pakarovererwawo kwave Malorossy (Ukrainian) uye Belarusians. The boka rechitatu (inorodcheskih) - ndiro dzimwe nzvimbo dzose (kunyanya Central Asia, kuCaucasus, kuFar East).

ino rwaidiwa kuti kuunganidza atirari brigades uye inifanduri regiments. Mumwe nzira chikwata kukasawedzerwa vagari mugove mumwe chete. Izvi zvakaitwa kuitira kuti vadzivise Inter-kwemadzinza nokurwa pahondo.

Reform wegadziriro kunodzidziswa zvechiuto

Zvakakosha kuti uto kuchinja (okusuma yezvisikwa kuhondo), uye pamwe nedzimwe zvakagadzirwa. Zvikurukuru, Alexander II akasarudza zvachose kushandura maitiro dzidzo mukuru. Zvikoro Military vaigara mirairo mapfupa yekare. Pasi ezvinhu matsva yezvisikwa yakwidzwa, vanova basa uye kudhura.

Saka, muna nemasangano aya vakatanga kwayo zvakakomba kuchinja. Rakava muitisi vakuru Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolayevich (munun'una mambo). kuchinja Major zvinogona kucherechedzwa muna zvichemo dzakawanda. Chokutanga, dzidzo inokosha muchiuto pakupedzisira vakaparadzaniswa zvavo. Chechipiri, zvakanga akwanise nokuda kuwana vanhu vasina ndezvaJehovha kwamachinda.

The itsva vemauto zvikoro zvedzidzo

Muna 1862, chikoro chitsva uto muRussia - chesekondari zvikoro, vakanga vasiri varwi dzomuzana zvikoro chaidzo. Estates zvose zvinodiwa kuti vapinde kuti zvakafanana masangano vakanga pakupedzisira aparadza mune mamwe makore 14.

In St. Petersburg, iro Alexander akavamba Academy, iro specialized kweShanduro zvechiuto uye zviri pamutemo vashandi. Pakazosvika 1880, nhamba muzvikoro nemauto yose Russia kuramba chaizvo zvichienzaniswa mifananidzo pakutanga ushe chevaux-somununuri. Zvikoro raishanda 6, zvakafanana zvikoro dzokurovedza muviri 16, 16 zvikoro Junkers uye t. D.