Katyn: aurayiwe Polish vakuru. Nhoroondo tsaona mu Katyn

Panguva Second World War, mativi mhosva zhinji pamusoro pavanhu. Vakaurayiwa mamiriyoni vanhuwo zvavo uye masoja. Mumwe dzichipesana mapeji nhoroondo ichaongororwa kupfura pakati Polish vatariri pa Katyn. Chokwadi kuti kare kuchizvivanza kupomera vamwe mhosva iyi, tichaedza uzive.

Vanopfuura hafu yezana remakore, zviitiko chaizvo Katyn vakanga vakavanda kubva nyika munharaunda. Nhasi, mashoko pamusoro nyaya haisi zvakavanzika, kunyange zvazvo pfungwa panyaya iyi zvakawanda sezvo kuti dzekare uye vezvematongerwo enyika, uye vagari vanhuwo zvinobatanidzwa muhondo kunyika.

Katyn Urayai

Nokuti vazhinji, chiratidzo kwoutsinye vakava Katyn. Achipa Polish wemapurisa hazvibviri tuzvikonzero kana kunzwisisa. Zviri pano, ari Katyn musango Smolensk nharaunda, zviuru Polish vakuru zvakaurayiwa muchirimo 1940. Kupondwa kwezvirema vemo Polish haagarimo kunzvimbo ino chete. Vakanga pachena zvinyorwa, izvo panguva April-May 1940 anopfuura zviuru 20 vagari Polish vakaurayiwa siyana mumisasa NKVD.

The kupfura pana Katyn kare kuoma vokuPoland-Russian pabonde. Kubvira 2010, President Russian Dmitry Medvedev uye Duma vakabvuma kuti kupondwa kwezvirema vemo Polish muna Katyn Forest aiva paitonga Stalin hurumende mabasa. Rakaitwa pachena mune mashoko "pamusoro Katyn nhamo uye vanodzvinyirirwa." Zvisinei, kwete enyika dzose uye voruzhinji muRussia vanofungawo ichi.

Pakutapwa Polish mapurisa

The Second World War akatanga 09.01.1939 kuti Poland apo Germany akapinda ndima yayo. Britain uye France akabatana kukonana vakamirira mugumisiro zvimwe zviitiko. 10.09.1939 Nechekare muPoland mauto aipinda USSR pamwe yepamutemo kuti kudzivirira Ukrainian uye Belarusian nevanhu Poland. Modern historiography anodana nezviito kurwisa marudzi, zvakadai "ari partition yechina Poland." Red Army Mauto dzatora nyika Western Ukraine uye Western Belarus. By zvasarudzwa ari Versailles Treaty , idzi vakava rutivi Poland.

Masoja Polish tichidzivirira nyika yavo, asingagoni kurwa nemauto maviri. Vakakurumidza vakundwa. Pasi, iyo NKVD akasikwa mapoka sere vasungwa vehondo wePolish. Vari chokuita chete chiitiko chinorwadza, vaimudana kuti "kupfura pa Katyn."

All vakabatwa kusvika pahafu Poland, vakawanda vane nguva vagari Dzvuku Army akasunungurwa, uye mumisasa vaiva vanhu vanenge zviuru 130. Shure panguva chinzvimbo uye faira navarwi, vakaberekerwa kwePoland, acharega kumisha yavo, anopfuura 40.000 chitsotsi kuna Germany, vamwe (vanenge zviuru 40) vakanga vakakamurwa kuva mapoka mashanu:

• Starobelsk (Luhansk) - Officers mu uwandu 4 zviuru.
• Kozelskiy (Kaluga) - Officers mu uwandu 5 zviuru.
• Ostashkov (Tver) - magondo harashari namapurisa uye mapurisa ari nhamba yevanhu 4700.
• rinotarisa kuvakwa migwagwa - pachinzvimbo chevatatu uye faira mu uwandu 18 zviuru.
• akatuma kushanda muna Krivoi Rog bheseni - dziri uwandu 10 zviuru.

Patsime 1940 kubudikidza vasungwa mumisasa matatu arega kuuya tsamba hama kuti aigara vakayambuka Red Cross. Chikonzero runyararo vakava vasungwa vehondo, Katyn, nyaya nenjodzi chokuita zvaitika makumi ezviuru Poles.

The kupfura vasungwa

Muna 1992 zvakanga akasunungurwa gwaro-panyaya iri 8.3.1940 L. Beria kuna Politburo, izvo akataura nyaya aurayiwe vasungwa vehondo wePolish. Chisarudzo pamusoro wapamusoro wokurera March 5, 1940.

Mukupera March, asi NKVD vapedza kugadzira chirongwa. Vasungwa Starobelsk uye Kozelsk mumisasa vakaendeswa Kiev, Kherson, Kharkiv, Minsk. Vaimbove magondo harashari namapurisa uye mapurisa achibva kumusasa Ostashkov akakurudzirwa kuKalinin mujeri kubva izvo mberi anobviswa vasungwa zvakafanana. Makomba makuru (Copper musha) pedyo dzetorongo vachera.

Muna April, vasungwa vakatanga Export kuti aurayiwe vanhu 350-400. Andotongerwa rufu, akataura kuti kwavo kusunungurwa rusununguko. Vazhinji vakasara motokari pamatunhu midzimu, kunyange vachiziva raiva nechokuita rufu.

Sei kupfura pana Katyn:

• vasungwa vakasungwa;
• kupotsera jasi rake mumusoro (kwete nguva dzose, asi simba kunyanya uye vaduku);
• kwakabva vachera gomba;
• apfurwa kumashure romusoro Walter kana Browning.

Kuti okupedzisira chokwadi kwenguva refu, akapupura kuti mhosva vagari Polish nemhosva mauto eGermany.

KuKalinin vasungwa patirongo vakaurayiwa kamera.

Kubva April kusvika May 1940 vakapfurwa:

• Katyn - 4421 musungwa;
• muna Starobelsk uye Ostashkov mumisasa - 10131;
• mune dzimwe misasa - 7305.

Ndivanaani vakapfurwa muna Katyn? Zvakaurayiwa havana chete nguva vakuru, asi vanounganidzwa munguva yehondo, magweta, vadzidzisi, mainjiniya, vanachiremba, mapurofesa nezvimwe vakadzidza.

"Haina" vakuru

Apo Germany yakapamba Soviet Union, Nhaurirano vakatanga pakati vokuPoland uye Soviet Government chokuita kubatana mauto pamusoro muvengi. Ipapo vakatanga kutsvaka aivigirwa muSoviet mumusasa vakuru. Asi chokwadi pamusoro Katyn achiri kuzivikanwa.

Hakuna zvisipo vakuru kuwanako, uye zano kuti vakapukunyuka mumisasa, kwakanga kusina pakwakavakirwa. Hapana aitodada kana kutaurwa nevaya vakauya mumisasa ataurwa pamusoro apa, akanga asiri.

Find vakuru, kana kuti, mitumbi yavo vakanga chete vanokwanisa muna 1943. Muna Katyn vakawanda makuva akaurayiwa vagari Polish zvakawanikwa.

Kuongorora zviri kurutivi German

Mukanyiwa wokutanga makuva iri Katyn musango yakawanikwa nemauto German. Vakaita pekufukunurwa mitumbi vakachera uye vakaperekedza pachavo kuongorora kwayo.

Exhumations vakaperekedza Gerhard Butz. Nokuti basa International Commission vaivapowo kugarwa pamusoro Katyn, raisanganisira vanachiremba kubva Europe German raitungamirirwa, uyewo vamiririri yokuSwitzerland uye Polish Red Cross (Polish). Vakanga asipo panguva vamiririri International Red Cross nemhaka yokurambidzwa nehurumende yeSoviet.

Mushumo German akaita yaiva zvinotevera mashoko pamusoro Katyn (vakauraya Polish navatariri):

• Somugumisiro, dzinocherwa sere yakawanikwa vakawanda pamakuva wavo paakadzoka uye reburied 4143 munhu. Vazhinji vevaya vakaurayiwa aizozivikanwa. Makuva №1-7 vanhu vakavigwa nguo yechando (mbava majasi, overcoats, Sweaters, Scarves), uye muguva №8 - muzhizha. Uyewo pamarinda №1-7 scraps mapepanhau, yomusi April-March 1940, vakanga akawana gore, uye pamusoro nezvitunha paiva kungoda nezvipembenene. Izvi zvairatidza kuti kupfura pakati Poles in Katyn pamhemberero mwaka kutonhora, kureva chitubu.
• We akauraya yakawanda pachavo zvinhu akawanikwa, vakaratidza kuti vawirwa vaiva mumusasa Kozelsk. Somuenzaniso, tsamba kubva kumusha, achitaurirwa Kozelsk. Uyewo vakawanda vaiva mabhokisi nendiro uye nezvimwe zvinhu ne "Kozelsk" zvinyorwa.
• Slices miti vakaratidza kuti vakanga pamusoro pamarinda anenge makore matatu apfuura kubvira panguva vasabatwa. Izvi zvairatidza kuti gomba ikazara muna 1940. Panguva ino, nzvimbo hwaidzorwa mauto eSoviet.
• Vose Polish vakuru muna Katyn vakapfurwa ari kumashure musoro German kugadzirwa mabara. Zvisinei, vakanga kusunungurwa 20-30-ies ose XX remakore uye aivigirwa akawanda ari kuBaltic States uye Soviet Union.
• Hands vakaurayiwa akamonererwa netambo kuitira kuti kana iwe kuedza patsanura ari loop akanga akasungirirwa zvakatowanda. Vakaurayiwa vaibva guva №5 akadzungudza musoro wake kuitira kuti kana ukaedza kuita chero kwebasa loop kudzipwa ramangwana akuvara. Mune dzimwe makuva misoro yave yakabatana, asi chete avo vanoita simba zvakakwana. Zvitunha vamwe vakaurayiwa tetrahedral bhayoneti zvisaririra pazvakawanikwa, sapamazuva zvombo Soviet. VokuGermany vakashandisa flat bayonets.
• The Commission akabvunzurudza veko uye kwakaratidza kuti muchirimo 1940 ravarwi Gnezdovo akasvika vakawanda vasungwa Polish vehondo, rakanga reloaded mumarori ndokuendwa musango. More vagari vanhu ava havana kuona.

komisheni Polish, ndiye pekufukunurwa uye kuongorora kwakaratidza zvakawanwa vose German iyi, vashayiwa zviratidzo pachena nokubiridzira magwaro. Chinhu bedzi vokuGermany vakaedza kuvanza pamusoro Katyn (vakauraya Polish vakuru), - ndiwo mavambo mabara, izvo rwaiitwa nokuponda. Zvisinei, mapango, akanzwisisa kuti akadaro chombo chingava vamiririri NKVD.

Soviet version

Sezvo mumatsutso 1943 nekuda kuferefeta of Katyn nedambudziko akatora vamiririri NKVD. In Bhaibheri ravo, vasungwa vehondo Polish vaiita mugwagwa nemabasa, uye pamwe pakasvika muzhizha 1941 muna Smolensk mudunhu vokuGermany havana nguva kutama.

By kubvuma, kuti NKVD, muna August-September gore rino, vasungwa vasara vakanga kupfurwa vokuGermany. Kuti kuviga kungoda mhosva dzavo, vamiririri venyika Wehrmacht akazarura guva muna 1943 uye akatora zvose magwaro wafambidzana pashure 1940.

Zviremera Soviet ndagadzirira vakawanda zvapupu shanduro yake zviitiko, asi muna 1990, vakasara zvapupu zvipenyu retracted mashoko avo 1943.

komisheni Soviet, mumwe kupikidura wechipiri falsified mamwe magwaro uye mamwe makuva kuparadzwa zvachose. Asi Katyn, nyaya nenjodzi haunted vagari Polish, asi akaratidza ayo zvakavanzika.

Katyn mashandiro pa muNuremberg

Pashure pehondo, kubva 1945 kusvika 1946. Wakapfuurira anonzi rokuNuremberg nemiedzo, chinangwa rakanga kuranga hondo matsotsi. Katyn nyaya yakanga makamutswawo pakutongwa. kurutivi Soviet akapomera mauto eGermany aurayiwe vasungwa vehondo wePolish.

zvapupu zvizhinji kune vakachinja uchapupu hwavo, vakaramba tsigira kugumisa chomurayiro German, kunyange ivo vatora mugove mairi. Pasinei nezvakanakisisa kuedza USSR, kuti Tribunal haana kutsigira mutariri panyaya Katyn, izvo chokwadi akapa chikonzero chokufunga kuti Katyn wazvakaitika kupomera nemauto eSoviet.

Pamutemo basa nokuti Katyn

Katyn (Achipa Polish vakuru), uye chii chakaitika ikoko, kwainzi munyika dzakasiyana dzakawanda. US vakaperekedza kuongorora yaro muna 1951-1952 gg., Mukupera XX remakore, akashanda nyaya Soviet-Polish basa, Polish Institute of National Remembrance yakavhurwa 1991.

Pashure pokuwa USSR muna Russian Federation uyewo kuzodzosera kero nyaya iyi. Kubvira muna 1990, uto Muchuchisi tsotsi nyaya kuongorora rakatanga. It akagamuchira №159. Muna 2004, vasaenderera mberi vakanga kwakaregwa nokuda rufu kupomerwa vanhu mairi.

The Polish divi aisa mberi shanduro pamusoro yaiurayiwa wePolish vanhu, asi Russian divi harina ndikazvisimbisa. The tsotsi nyaya nezvokuti rudzi akadonhedza.

Pari, chirongwa declassification akawanda mabhizimisi zvemaBhaibheri Katyn. Makopi Mavhoriyamu idzi zvaitambidzwa vokuPoland divi. Okutanga magwaro zvinokosha musungwa hondo pamisasa eSoviet zvaitambidzwa muna 1990, Mikhail Gorbachev. The Russian divi yave kuzivikanwa kuti mhosva chakaitwa muna Katyn aiva hurumende yeSoviet mukutarisana Beria, Merkulov nevamwe.

Muna 1992, zvinyorwa pamusoro Katyn vauraye dzakabudiswa kuti dzave mudura dzinonzi vemutungamiri arşive. mabhuku nesayenzi Modern anoziva kwavo zvechokwadi.

Polish-Russian ukama

Katyn vauraye mubvunzo nguva nenguva iri wePolish uye vezvenhau Russian. Nokuti Poles, ine rakakura kukosha mune National nhoroondo ndangariro.

Muna 2008, rimwe dare Moscow vakaramba nyaya wePolish wemapurisa vakapfurwa nehama dzavo. Somugumisiro havashiviriri yeRussian Federation ivo nyaya kuti kunyunyuta kuti European Court. Russia akapomerwa ineffectiveness kuti kuferefeta, uyewo mune scornful mafungire kune chinotevera hama yevanhu vakaurayiwa. Muna April 2012, European Court of Human Rights arondedzera kupfura vasungwa sezvo mhosva hondo, uye akarayira Russia kuripira 10 complainants 15 (12 nehama yevaya vakaurayiwa muna Katyn mapurisa) nokuda 5000 mumwe euros. Yakanga kuripwa dare mari yacho plaintiffs. Vane Poles wako, Katyn, iyo yakava chiratidzo mhuri uye National dambudziko zvakaoma kutaura.

The pamutemo nzvimbo zviremera Russian

Modern vatungamiriri Russian V. V. Putin uye D. A. Medvedev, kuomerera imwe pfungwa nemaonero Katyn vauraye. Ivo kakawanda akaita mashoko aishora mhosva paitonga Stalin hwechiKomonisiti. Vladimir Putin kunyange akaratidza nokufungidzira kuti atsanangure Stalin muchinangwa kupondwa Polish vakuru. Maererano naye, Russian mudzvinyiriri saka akatsiva kukundwa muna 1920 hondo wePolish-Soviet.

Muna 2010, D. A. Medvedev akatanga chinyorwa magwaro Classified kuti Soviet ye "pasuru №1» musi Rosarkhiv nzvimbo. The kupfura pana Katyn, mapepa chena zviri kuwanikwa nyaya, asi haana kuratidzwa kusvikira pakuguma. Vamwe Mavhoriyamu iyi nyaya dzasara Classified, asi Polish vezvenhau D. A. Medvedev akati mhosva avo vanokahadzika nderechokwadi magwaro vakabvuma.

26.11.2010 The Russian State Duma kushandisa gwaro "On the Katyn njodzi ...". Izvi inoshora nevamiririri venyika Communist Party bato. Maererano akagamuchira zvakumbirwa Katyn Urayai akabvuma mhosva chakaitwa musi zvakananga mirairo Stalin. Gwaro racho tsitsi kuvanhu vokuPoland.

Muna 2011, vakuru Russian Federation akatanga kuzivisa nokugadzirira kwavo kugadzirisa nyaya kunaya vakaurayiwa Katyn vauraye.

Memory pamusoro Katyn

Pakati Polish yevagari kuyeuka Katyn vauraye agara akaramba chikamu kare. Muna 1972, kuti London Poles-mu-muutapwa akamisa komiti, iyo yakatanga kumutsa mari yokuvaka shongwe kuti vakaurayiwa hwokuuraya Polish mapurisa muna 1940. Kuedza izvi havana kutsigira hurumende yeBritain nokuti vanotya zvakaitwa vakuru veSoviet.

By September 1976 akarizarurirwa shongwe Gunnersbergskom kumakuva, riri kuiswa nechokumadokero London. Monument yakaderera obelisk pamwe zvakanyorwa pamusoro nechigadziko. Zvinyorwa dzinoitwa mumitauro miviri - Polish uye Chirungu. Vanoti shongwe chakavakwa pakuyeuka vanopfuura zviuru 10 vasungwa Polish muna Kozelsk, Starobelsk, Ostashkov. Ivo akanyangarika pasina zvikasawanirwa muna 1940, uye chikamu vavo (4,500) vakanga exhumed muna 1943 panguva Katyn.

Zvivako izvi chakavakwa kuti vanoitirwa Katyn nokumwewo munyika:

• Toronto (Canada);
• mu Johannesburg (South Africa);
• New Britan (United States);
• Military Cemetery muna Warsaw (Poland).

Njodzi shongwe muna 1981, panguva uto kumakuva kwakanga kuchirwadza. Pashure kugadzwa usiku akatorwa nevanhu vasingazivikanwi vanhu, achishandisa kuvaka Cranes uye michina. The Monument raiva muchimiro pamuchinjikwa pamwe musi "1940" uye "Katyn" rakanyorwa. By muchinjikwa adjoined nembiru mbiri "Starobilsk" zvinyorwa "Ostashkovo". Mujinga ari shongwe vaiva "V. tsamba P. ", zvichireva kuti" Asingagumi Memory ", uyewo nguvo maoko Commonwealth muchimiro gondo korona.

Kuyeuka nezvedambudziko wePolish vanhu zvakanaka akaratidzwa mu firimu rake "Katyn" Andzhey Vayda (2007). Mukuru ndiye mwanakomana Jakub Wajda, mumwe mupurisa basa, akapfurwa muna 1940.

Firimu rakaratidzwa munyika dzakasiyana, kusanganisira Russia, uye muna 2008 akava pamusoro shanu international mubayiro "Oscar" muboka yakanakisisa wokumwe firimu.

Zano iri pahwaro nyaya rakanyorwa Andzheya Mulyarchika. Rinotsanangura nguva kubva September 1939 kusvika matsutso 1945. Firimu rinotaura pamusoro kutapwa vakuru mana, vakanga vari pamisasa Soviet, uyewo avo pedyo nehama, vasingazivi chokwadi pamusoro pavo, kunyange, uye ndinofunga pamusoro akaipisisa. Kuburikidza njodzi dzakawanda vanhu akaudza munyori zvose, chii chaiva nyaya yechokwadi.

"Katyn" haagoni kuramba hanya Fafitera, zvisinei dzinza.