IEuropean Bank yekuvakazve nekuvandudza (EBRD)

IEuropean Bank for Reconstruction and Development yakagadzwa panguva yekuwa kwehurumende yeCommunist muEastern Europe, muna 1991. Panguva iyoyo, maimbore ehurumende yeSoviet Union akakumbira kutsigirwa kwekugadzirwa kwenyika yakasarudzwa pasi pekutonga kwevanhu. Panguva ino, zvishandiso zveEBRD zviri kushandiswa zvinobudirira kugadzirisa hupfumi hwemashamba uye kugadzirisa kune demokarasi mune nyika 34 munyika yose.

Mabasa makuru eEBRD

Sangano reEurope rinoshanda chete nekuda kwekutengeserana, rudo haruna kubatanidzwa mumabasa aro. EBRD mirayiridzo chete inokwereta. Mukuwedzera pane zvinokweretwa chikwereti, bhangi rinotungamirira utsinhanisi wekutsvaga, inopa rubatsiro rwekambani. Mureghenzi wemvumo wezvemari inokwana $ 10 mabhiriyoni, uye urongwa hweEECU hunofananidzwa ne $ 12 bhiriyoni. Danda rinodzora riri musangano (51%) ndiro nzvimbo ye EU nyika. Mipiro kune sangano inogamuchirwa chero ipi zvayo yakashandurwa mari yakashandurwa. Izvo zvinangwa zvakakosha izvo European Bank yekuvakazve nekuvandudza yakatanga kusimba ndeyikuti:

• Mari yekubhadhara migwagwa.
• Kubhadhara uye kupa zvigadzirwa.
• Kupa rubatsiro rwehutano kuhurumende uye zvekutengeserana, mabhizinesi.
• Kukweretesa kune hupfumi, iyo inokonzera inenge 60% yehuwandu hwezvikwereti zvakapiwa.

Kunyengera kwebasa reEBRD

Sezvo unit of account yebhangi, US dollar ne ECU vanoshandiswa pamwe chete neJapan yen. Matavi ehomwe yezvemari akazarura uye anopa huwandu huzhinji hweshumiro munyika dzose dzakabatanidzwa mukugadzwa kwechikoro. Mahofisi anoshandisa munharaunda yeRussia neUkraine. Bhengi inonyatsotarisa kushandiswa kunoshandiswa kwemari yose inopa sezvikwereti. Mukuwedzera pakubhadhara mari, International Bank inopa mazano uye inoronga dzidziso dzakasiyana-siyana dzokudzidzisa mabhengi nevatungamiriri. The Institute inopa rubatsiro rwehutano mukupararira kwezvokudya. Zvakakosha kutaura kuti nhepfenyuro yezvemari haina mari yayo yekupa rubatsiro rwekambani. Anounganidza mari yechinangwa ichi kuburikidza nemari inoshandiswa munharaunda yeEU nyika.

Kunyatsoita basa

Inonyanya kukoshesa kwekubhadhara kwe EBRD zvikwereti uye inotora zvikwereti muhutano kana zvivimbiso. Ihofisi huru ye sangano iri muLondon. Vatambi vanokosha musangano havasi chete nyika dzepasi, asiwo European Community neEuropean Investment Bank. Nhengo imwe neimwe yehurumende yenyika (58 nyika yose) ine mumiririri wayo mubato rehurumende uye pabhodi revatungamiri. Kubudirira kukuru kweEuropean Bank yekuvakazve nekugadziridza ivo ruzivo rwayo rwakadzika yeharaunda iyo inorongwa kuita nhepfenyuro yemari. Vatungamiri vekambani iyi vanoziva zvakakwana nezvose zvinonetsa uye zvinogona zve nyika iyo kubatana kuri kuitwa. IEBRD (ibhangi) inopa rubatsiro rwayo chete kune iyo nyika inotevera hupfumi hwemashamba, huzhinji hwematongerwo enyika kana huzhinji hwematongerwo enyika. Imwe simba rechikoro ndiyo kukwanisa kutora njodzi dzinonyanya kuwedzera miganhu yezvigadzirwa zvebhizimisi. IEBRD inosangana nepamusoro-soro yeAAA chikwereti chechikwereti, chinoita kuti zvive nyore kukwezva mari pamusika wepasi pose pamashoko akanaka kwazvo.

Mabasa uye kwete chete

Bhizimisi reNyika Dzepasi rese rinopa rubatsiro rwakakwana kune nyika dzinobatanidzwa mukuita kwete kwete zvigadziriswa chete asiwo kugadzirisa hurumende nemadimoni uye kushandiswa kwebasa, izvo zvinangwa zvekubatanidza hupfumi hwehupfumi muhupfumi hwepasi rose. Kuti uite basa iri, rubatsiro runoshanda runopiwa.

1. Zvinyorwa zviduku uye zvepakati zvinobatsirirwa munyaya dzehurongwa, muchiitiko chemazuva ano uye kuwedzerwa kwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, mukuvakwa kwemakwikwi emitemo.
2. Bhizinesi inosimudzira kuunganidza kwevatorwa nevekune dzimwe nyika. Ikoko kune rubatsiro mune kukwanisa kugadzirisa mari.
3. Sangano rinokurudzira kushandiswa mune zvekugadzirwa kwekugadzira kukwikwidzana nekuvandudza hupenyu hwehupenyu, kubudirira kubudirira.
4. Inobatsira mukudzidziswa kwehupenzi, mukubhadhara mari, mukushandiswa kwemapurojekiti, mukusimudzira misika yepamusoro, mukusimudzirwa kwakasikwa kwezvakatipoteredza, pakuona mapurogiramu makuru ayo anosanganisira nyika dzakawanda dzinogamuchirwa panguva imwechete.

Kuzvipira kunzvimbo yezvakatipoteredza

Mukuwedzera kune zvikwereti zvakasiyana-siyana, EBRD inotsigira mubatsiri wekubudirira kwakanaka. Chimwe nechimwe chemishandiro eBhangi inotarisirwa kune zvinodiwa zvakanyanya mumamiriro ekudzivirirwa kwezvisikwa. Kubhadhara kwemasisita uye mamwe matanho ekuvandudza zvinhu ari kushandiswa zvakagadziriswa. Inyanzvi dzinochengetedza magetsi dzinokurudzirwa mari. Yenyukireya nzvimbo yekuchengetedza ndiyo imwe nzvimbo inonyanya kukoshesa mabasa eEBRD. Russia nedzimwe nyika munyaya iyi iri mubhangi iri pasi pekutarisa. Nzvimbo yezvemari inotarisirwa kugoverwa kwemari inoshandiswa kuti kuderedze njodzi mukushandiswa kwemagetsi enyukireya munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzenyika. The International Bank, kushanda panguva imwechete nenyika dzakawanda dzenyika, ine nzira yake pachayo kune imwe nyika. Haasi kungoita chete, asiwo inoshandisa mapurogiramu ezvido zvemamiriro ega ega anobatanidzwa ehurongwa.

EBRD muUkraine

IEuropean Bank yekuvakazve nekuvandudza ndeimwe yevatengesi vepamusoro muUkraine. Nzvimbo yezvemari inopa rubatsiro rwayo mune zvakasiyana-siyana zvebasa, kusanganisira mari yezvemari uye makambani maduku ekutengeserana. Nzvimbo dzinonyanya kukosha yezvikwereti ndezvekuti: hurimiro uye hutachiona hwehupfumi, masisheni emaspala uye simba, kuterevhizheni. Iko Chernobyl Shelter Fund iri pasi pekutungamirirwa kweEBRD. UUkraine inogamuchira rubatsiro kubva kune sangano mune zvekudzorera Chernobyl, kushandurwa kwaro kuva nzvimbo yakachengeteka uye yakachena munzvimbo dzakachena.

Zvechokwadi rubatsiro kuUkraine

Ihofisi huru yeEBRD muUkraine inoshanda muKiev. Vashandi venyanzvi vanobatanidza nyanzvi dzakakosha kubva kumativi akasiyana ehupfumi. Nguva dzose aichengetedza kukurukurirana kushingaira nehurumende yenyika. Bhizinesi reEurope rinoita basa guru mukubudirira kwebhizimisi nekuvandudza kwekutsvaga kwekutsvaga. Muna 2015, sangano rezvemari rakaronga kuisa mari inenge mabhiriyoni matatu emadhora mumapurojekiti ekuvandudzirwa kwehupfumi hwehurumende. Mari yacho inorongwa kuti ishandiswe pamipopi yechiKukraine, nekuwedzera huwandu hwemabasa, nokuda kwekusimbiswa kwekambani dzeUukraine, kumapurogiramu emagetsi, kwekudzidzisa nemishonga. Ichi chichava chekutsvaga kwenyika yose ichadzorera simba rehurumende rinobudirira .

EBRD neRussia

EBRD mushure mezviitiko zvechangobva kuitika uye mamiriro ehupfumi muRussia akaratidza chiitiko chakatsvaga asi chakaipisisa chekugadzirisa kwehupfumi. Muna 2015, maererano nevamiriri vebhangi, GDP inotarisirwa kuderera ne4.8%. Izvo zvisina kusimba zvirimwa zvekutsvaga, izvo zvakaumbwa mushure mokuisa zvirango zvehurumende mugore ra2014, zvakangowedzera kupera kwemafuta emafuta. Mutengi anotengesa achaderedzwa nekuda kwekuderedzwa kwemari yenyika, nekuda kwekuwedzera kwemari yemari yezvikwereti. Zvikwereti zvisingabhadharwi zvekutengesa zvichave zvisingabvumirwi kumhuri dzakawanda, izvo zvichaita kuderera kwekutsvaga kwakawa ne50% gore rapera. Kuwanda kwehupfumi hweRussia kuchaita kuti zvinhu zvisakanganise muna 2015 pakuvandudzika kwenyika dzakadaro seKazakhstan neAzerbaijan, Turkmenistan neBelarus, Armenia. Maererano nezvakafanotaurwa neEBRD, Russia inogona kupinda mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa kana mitengo yemafuta ichienderera mberi, uye kukakavara neUkraine kuchawedzera.