Imbwa hove: vamiririri, mienzaniso, mifananidzo

Lungfish yakawanikwa chete muzana remakore rapfuura. Kusvikira panguva iyo hakuna munhu wakavaona vachirarama. Zvinomiririra pamusoro pavo zvakanga zvisingakwanisi chete kuwana masare ekare. Zvigadziriro zvavo zvakagadzirisa zita rakadaro rinofadza. Ngationei kuti rudzi rwehove ndedfishfish uye chii chakakosha pamusoro payo. Nhaurwa ndeyokuti vamiririri vekirasi ino havangapfuuri chete mapiritsi, asiwo mapapu.

Ndivanaani mapapfish?

Vamiririri vei-superorder yehove-hopper vane hove yegill uye mapapu. Ichi ndicho chimiro chekugadzirwa kwavo. Munyika yemazuva ano, chikamu chemukati chePapfishfish, iyo vamiririri vakaparadzaniswa kuva miirairo miviri - yakanyanyisa uye maviri-yakasununguka, haina kuwanikwa. Vanhu vanobatana vanogara chete muAfrica, Australia neSouth America.

Mukuwedzera kune zvidimbu zvinowanzoitika, ivo vane mapapu (rimwe kana maviri), iyo inoshandiswa kushandura chidzitiro. Kuburikidza nemadziro aro, yakazara nemapapuriri, chaizvo, uye kune gasi rinoshandiswa. Hove dzinobata mhepo yekufema nemiromo yavo, ichikwira kumusoro. Mune atrium vane septum, iyo inoenderera mberi mumhepo. Ropa kuburikidza nemashuini rinobva kune nhengo uye rinopinda kurudyi rweatrium, pamwe nehafu yakarurama ye ventricle. Ropa, richibva kumapapu, rinopinda kurutivi rworuboshwe rwemoyo. Chinhu chinonakidza ndechokuti mamwe mairi oxygenated pulmonary blood anoenda kunyanya kumidziyo iyo inopinda mumagetsi kumusoro uye nhengo dzakasiyana-siyana. Uye chikamu chechipiri chinobva kune chikamu chechokwadi chemwoyo, uyewo kupfuura nepakati pemagetsi, inowanikwa mumudziyo unotungamirira kumapapu. Icho chinopera kuti mupfumi mumhepo yakasviba uye ropa risina kumira zvichisanganiswa mumidziyo yeropa nemoyo. Saka, tinogona kutaura pamusoro pezvinyorwa zvekare zvemashoko maviri ega kubuda kweropa mu lungfishes.

Yepamapapu yekare

Imbwa hove ndivo vamiririri veboka rekare kwazvo. Masara avo anowanikwa pakati pezvinyorwa zveDevonia nguva (Paleozoic era). Kwemazuva mazhinji hove dzakadai dzaizivikanwa chete nokuda kwekunyadziswa dzinoramba. Uye muna 1835 yakawanikwa kuti purogiramu inogara muAfrica ihove yakabikwa kaviri.

Chikamu chepangfish, iyo vamiririri varo vapenyu kusvikira nhasi, ine mhando mitanhatu chete:

1. Shaggy yeAustralia - chikwata che-one-pulmonary.
2. Chikwata cheAmerica kubva kune squad mbiri.
3. Zvine mhando dzeProtopterus kubva kuAfrica (maviri-pulmonary).

Sezviri pachena, ivo vose pamwe nemadzitateguru avo vanobatana nehove yemvura yakachena.

Shaggy yeAustralia

Bovine hove dzinosanganisira Australian cattails. Zvinowanzoitika munzvimbo shomanana yebhesheni reMaria naBernett nzizi muchamhembe-kumabvazuva kweAustralia. Iyi ihove huru kusvika 175 centimita refu, uye inorema kupfuura gumi kilogiramu.

Muviri mukuru wekateti wakanyongedzwa pamativi uye akafukidzwa nezviyero zvakakura. Zvipfeko zvepakati zvakakura zvinotaridzika semakumbo. Mucherechedzo wekodpus luteum unosiyana kubva kune tsvuku-tsvuku kusvika bluish-grey, uye mudumbu inofanira kunge iri mumvuri wakajeka.

Inogara hove muhova nemhepo inononoka, uko kune nzvimbo uye pasi pemvura. Maminitsi makumi mashanu nemakumi mashanu emvura inokwira kumusoro uye inodzinga mhepo kubva kumapapu nemutinhiro. Panguva imwecheteyo anoita kugomera, kana kugomera, kunonzwika zvakakwana zvakakwana. Kunopisa mumhepo yakachena, hove zvakare inonyura kusvika pasi.

Nzvimbo ye rosemal

Rogozub anowanzopedza nguva pazasi, akarara mudumbu rake kana kuti akamira pamapuranga. Kuti atsvake zvokudya, anotanga kukamba zvishoma nezvishoma. Ihove dziri kushambira zvikuru kwazvo. Zvisinei, kana iri kutya, zvino inotanga kushanda nekukurumidza nemuswe wayo, nekudaro inowedzera kufamba kwayo.

Munguva dzenguva yekuoma, apo nzizi dzisinganyanyisi, zvinyorwa zvinogara mune zvakachengetedzwa makadzi nemvura. Mvura inopisa inotorerwa okisijeni, hove dzose dzinofa, uye inoshanduka kuva chinonhuwira, chine tsvina. Mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, chete lungfish inopona, avo vamiririri vanogona kufema mapapu. Zvisinei, kana mvura ichiputika zvachose, ipapo makungukwi anofa, nokuti, kusiyana neveSouth America neAfrica hama, havazivi nzira dzeku hibernate.

Kugadzira muhove kunowira mumwaka wemvura, apo nzizi dzinoputira nemvura. Makuru mazai rogodooth anogara pamagetsi. Mushure memazuva gumi nemaviri, masuruva anoonekwa ari pasi kusvika pasi peguruji sac resorption, dzimwe nguva inofamba zvishomanana zvishoma.

Zvinotendwa kuti musi wegumi nemashure mushure mekuonekwa kwefry, chiedza chinotanga kushanda mazviri. Rogozuby inonaka kwazvo, uye inobatwa navo chaizvo. Izvi zvakakonzera kuderedzwa kwakakosha kwenhamba yavo. Iye zvino, vari pasi pekudzivirirwa, kuwedzera, kuedza kunoitwa kuti vaende kune dzimwe dzimba dzeAustralia.

Protopters - African lungfeeding

Izvo zvinonzi protopters ndezvenhove mbiri-yekuchera. Vanogara muAfrica uye vane filiform fins. Pakati pemarudzi mana ari kurarama mu continent, guru-guru-refu rinosvika-rinosvika kureba kwemasita anopfuura hafu. Ivhareji yakareba urefu hwehove inenge masentimita makumi matatu. Hove dzinoshambira seeels, ichigunzva muviri. Asi finini dzakaita sedhiyo dzinofamba zvichidzika pasi. Inofadza ndeyekuti ganda rakapfumi rakapfuma mumagamuchira. Pangopedzisira kugunzva chimwe chinhu chinodyiwa, hove iyo inobata zvayo. Nguva nenguva, protopter inofamba ichikwira uye inopinza mweya mutsva. Protopters inogara munzvimbo dziri pakati peAfrica. Ndeapi nzvimbo dzehupenyu hunosarudza lungfish? Vamiririri vemarudzi aya vanosarudza nzizi nemakungwa munzvimbo dzakasviba, izvo zvinowanikwa gore negore panguva yemvura uye yakaoma panguva yekusanaya kwemvura. Munguva yakaoma, mvura yepamusoro inodonha kubva pamashanu kusvika kune gumi masentimita. Panguva ino ma protopters anotanga kuzvivhara masango.

Ihove inobata ivhu nemuromo, ezvo inobva ichikuya uye inokanda kunze nemagetsi. Nora inotenderera, pamagumo ayo pane kamera, apo, chaizvoizvo, protopter iripo, yakabatanidzwa muhafu uye ine musoro yakaratidzwa.

Kusvikira mvura yakanyarara, hove dzinomuka kufema. Uye ipapo sludge yemvura inomwa muhombe, ichivhara chibato. Zvadaro purogiramu haigone kubuda. Anongobvumira muchero wake mumucheka wekasi, achisimudza. Mushure mekuoma, inova inononoka uye inoita mumhepo yakasviba, iyo inoita kuti zvive nyore kuti hove dzirambe dzichirarama muhubernation.

Mvura iri muhombodo inowanzova yakawanda kwazvo nekuda kwekwenyeri yakavanzwa neprotopter. Iyo ivhu rinowedzera zvishoma uye mvura iri mu burrow inowira. Somugumisiro, stroke yakajeka izere nemhepo. Bending pamusoro, hove inopisa mukamuri yakaderera. Iko rinokonzerwa nemasukisi rinopoteredza muviri wake. Ndizvo zviri mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, protopter inotarisira nguva yekunaya, iyo inowanikwa mushure memwedzi 6 kusvika ku9.

Nzira dzehove munguva yekupisa

Zvinonakidza mune maitiro avo uye mamiriro ekugara ndehove dzinochera kaviri. Vamiririri (mifananidzo iri kuratidzwa munyaya yacho) yeboka iri rakabatanidzwa mune zvidzidzo zvebhoratori. Saka, mapurisa akachengetwa muhubernation kwemakore anopfuura mana, uye pamagumo ezvidzidzo vaisimuka vakachengeteka.

Munguva yekupedza mazuva, hove metabolism yakaderera zvikuru. Kunyange zvakadaro, mumwedzi mitanhatu mapurotara anorasikirwa kusvika kusvika makumi maviri kubva muzana emuviri wavo. Simba rinopinda mumuviri nekuda kwekuparara kwematumbu, saka ammonia inowedzera mumuviri. Mune nguva yakashanda yekuvapo kwehove, inobva yanyarara, asi panguva yehubernation inoshanduka kuva huthena hwakanyanya, iyo yakawanda yakareba kwazvo. Asi kuipa kwemuviri hakuiti. Kutsigira kwakadaro kunomuka sei, kusati kwatsanangurirwa.

Nekutanga kwemvura inonaya, kuputika zvishoma nezvishoma kwevhu kunotanga, mvura inozadza gomba, iyo inoputika, inoputsa gorosi, nguva nenguva inobuda mumusoro uye inopinza mweya. Kana mvura ichinge yavhara pasi pasi padziva, hove dzichabuda muhomwe. Mumwedzi nehafu, zviratidzo zvinotanga nguva yekubereka. Panguva ino, mukomana anochera chimiro chitsva mumatenhere uye anochera mukadzikadzi ikoko, iyo ichadzoka kusvika maawa mazana mashanu. Uye mumazuva manomwe kuchava nemaruva. Uye shure kwemavhiki mana fry inotanga kuzvidya pachayo uye inobva mink. Pane imwe nguva iyo inotenderera pedyo nayo, ichivanza pangozi duku. Zvose izvi nguva murume anogara ari pedyo nehombe uye anozvidzivirira kubva kuvavengi.

Protopter rima

Tichifunga nezvechinyorwa chinoti "Lungfish: vamiririri, mazita", zvakakosha kuyeuka mumwezve mumiririri wekirasi ino - nzvimbo yakasviba. Inogara mumudziyo weCongo neOgooue nzizi, kusarudza mvura yakadzika umo mvura yepasi pevhu inoramba iripo munguva yekusanaya kwemvura. Apo mvura inotanga kuderera muhova, hove dzinotanga kupinda muzasi yechitubu, ichienda kumvura pasi pevhu. Iko, iyo inopera inopedza nguva yose yakaoma, isina kusika kakawanda, nguva nenguva inokwira kumusoro kuti inhale mhepo.

Nora hove inofadza uye kamera pamagumo. Vabati vehove vanoti nzvimbo yakadaro yokupotera inoshumira zvinopera makore mashanu kusvika gumi. Munzvimbo imwechete, kubuda kunoitika. Vanhurume vanogadzirira chiitiko ichi zvisati zvaitika, zvichiwedzera zvakapoteredza chikomo kubva mumatope, chinogona kusvika pamamita mita pakureba.

Lungfish, inotsanangurwa muchidimbu nesu munyaya yacho, nguva dzose inokwezva kufanirwa kwevasayendisiti, iyo inoshamisa uye inofadza. Protopters vanofarira vatsva vanorara mapiritsi. Masayendisiti eSweden neEngland akaedza kuparadzanisa zvinhu kubva kune zvisikwa zvehove, izvo zvinoita kuti vaite hibernate. Uye zvinonakidza: apo kubudiswa kubva muuropi yehove yehope yakakonzerwa muropa remakonzo e laboratori, kutsetseka kwemuviri kwezvidzidzo kwakatanga kudonha zvakanyanya, vakavata nehope nokukurumidza, nguva pfupi. Kurota kwacho kwakagara kusvika maawa makumi mana. Pashure pokunge amuka, makonzo akakundikana kuona chero chiratidzo chekurara kwemaitiro. Izvo zvinhu hazvina kupa chero rutivi rwemashoko.

American scaly, kana lepidosiren

Mienzaniso inofungidzirwa yemapapufighi inoratidza zvakajeka kuti yakagadziriswa kuti isakodzeri zvachose kurarama. Uye, zvisinei, kunyange mumamiriro ezvinhu akadaro, nemhaka yekukwanisa kufema nenzira mbiri, hove dzinonzwa dzakanaka.

Mukirasi yehove, vamiririri veivo vaifungidzirwa pamusoro, vanosanganisira American scaly cat inogara mubhasi reAmazon. Kureba kwehove kunosvika 1.2 mamita. Inorarama, sekutonga, mune zvidzidzo zvenguva duku, izvo zvinoputika mumvura kana panguva yekudonha. Idya pazviyero zvemhuka dzakasiyana-siyana zvekudya, kunyanya mollusks. Zvichida vanodya zvokudya zvezvirimwa. Apo gungwa racho rinodonha, hove iri pamucheto wejeri uye yakavharwa neagadziri. Zvisinei, havakwanisi kuita majeko. Nhove dzinorara dzakakomberedzwa nemucheka uye dzakanyoroveswa nemvura yepasi. Nheyo yesimba metabolism, kusiyana nehuwandu hwemagetsi, inochengeterwa mafuta.

Mavhiki mashomanana mushure mekufashura dziva, dondo reAmerica rinotanga kuwedzera. Murume wacho anochera burrow inogona kuva yakareba 1.5 mamita murefu. Padzika dzayo, anodonha uswa uye mashizha pane mairi ari kumhanya mazai. Murume wacho anoramba ari mujeri uye anochengetedza vaduku. Munguva iyi iye ane mvumo pamusoro pezvipfeko. Dzimwe ichthyologists dzinotaura kuti idzi ndezvenguva pfupi zvinyorwa zvekuwedzera kufema. Vamwe vanotenda kuti nekubatsirwa kweizvi kunze kwehove dzinopa imwe oxygen, inotorwa panguva yekukwira kumusoro kwegungwa. Ichokwadi kana kwete, hazvizivikanwi. Zvisinei, mushure mekuberekwa kwenguva, mhedzisiro inopera.

Imbwa inopinza. Vamiririri: coelacanth

Mumwe mumiriri we lungfish ndiyo coelacanth (Celacanth). Ivo vashoma kwazvo uye vakafukidzwa nevhafu rinoshamisa. Vanogara muComoros. Zvisinei, vabati vehove vehove vakavabudisa ivo vehuwandu hwemakore akawanda kwete mazana maviri. Kureba kwehove kunobva kune 43 kusvika ku 180 masentimita, uye uremu hunosvikira 95 kg. Zvinofadza kuti zvose coelacanths zvakabatwa kubva munaSeptember kusvika munaApril, uye murima. Vabati vehove vakavabata kuti vashande kubva kune squid kana zvimedu zvehove. Hove dzehove dzakakandirwa pasi yakadzika (kubva pamamita 150 kusvika ku400). Miedzo yakaitwa kuti inobata latimerium nemisungo kana tsvina, asi hapana chimwe cheizvi chakaitika. Zvichida mhosva yacho inzvimbo isina kusimba yehove dzinogara.

Iko colacanth ihove yekucheka kaviri. Iine hurongwa hunofadza. Somuenzaniso, iye haana vertebrae. Iyo mutsara inoumbwa nehupamhi hwakasimba. Iyo inoshambira, iyo iri nyore kune lungfish, inopfupiswa kusvika duku duku. Maziso e coelacanth akashandurwa kuti agare murima. Biology ye coelacanth yakadzidzwa zvishoma. Kazhinji, ivo vanofarira kwazvo maererano nehugaro hwavo, lungfishfish. Vamiririri (mazita avo vakapiwa nesu munyaya) yekikira yakasiyana chaizvo. Izvo hazvina zvakawanda zvakanyanya pasi. Uyezve, nekuda kwekunakidza maitiro, ivo vachiri pasi pekuparadzwa.

Asi seye coelacanth, hazvisi nyore kuzvibata. Masayendisiti anoratidza kuti inorarama pakati pemasvingo eBasortic matombo mumvura yakadzika. Izvo zvienzaniso zvisingawanzoti zvakabata hove yekubatanidza, zvechokwadi, zvakaiswa pakuongorora kwakanyatso. Saka, mudumbu ravo vakawanikwa masara ehove yakadzika-yegungwa, achigara pakadzika mazana mashanu kusvika kune zviuru zvemamita. Zvichida, coelacanths inotungamirira hupenyu husina maturo, kunyange, sezvatave tataura nezvemapapfish, vanogona kupinza zvakasimba pamusana pemuswe wavo wakasimba. Mafini akabatanidzwa anogona kuvabatsira kufambisa mumapanga ematombo. Iko colacanth haibvumiri chiedza chezuva uye kupisa kwakakwirira kwepamusoro pemvura.

Mumiririri wekupedzisira webrashire ropa pasi

Chaizvoizvo, coelacanth ndiyo chete nzira yehove nzirakantovyh, yakachengetedzwa kusvikira nhasi. Kuona kwavo kwakafanana chete nekuwanikwa kweiyo dinosaur.

Zvechokwadi, iyo coelacanth yakasiyana zvikuru nevatangi vekare vekare, avo vakambogara mumvura isina mvura yegungwa uye nzvimbo itsva yemvura. Mhedziso yakadaro yakagadzirwa nemasayendisiti pamusana pezvinhu zvakawanikwa zvakasara. Nenzira, nerubatsiro rwezvimwe zvinyorwa zvemafossil akagumisa kuti vekare vaAkankanti vairarama mamiriyoni mazana mana akapfuura, uye naizvozvo, kunyange kusati kwavapo dinosaurs.

Iko coelacanth ndiyo chete inomiririra pasi yehove yekrisoper. Kuwanikwa kwaro ndiko kuwanikwa kukuru mune zvezvinyorwa mumakore ekuma makumi maviri. Zvakaitika muna 1938. Vabati vehove muIndia vakawana hove huru isingazivikanwi ine unhu hwakanyanya hutsinye. Kudzidza kwake uye kwakatungamirira kune kutyisa kukuru-kuti uyu ndiye mumiriri wekupedzisira wehove kistepery pasi, iyo yaimbofungidzirwa yakareba kare.

Imba ye coelacanth yakavakwa kwemakore. Zvishoma nezvishoma zvinowanikwa kuti iye anorarama anenge anenge matatu eCoros, pamwe chete kubva kumhenderekedzo yeSouth Mozambique uye kumaodzanyemba kwakadziva kumadokero kweMadagascar. Uye muna 1998, vanhu vehove vakawanikwa pedyo negungwa reIndonesia.

Panguva ino, masayendisiti anotaura nezvemhando mbiri dzemakatimerium - Indonesian uye Camorian. Ndeapi hove dzinowanikwa pedyo negungwa reIndonesia, hazvizivikanwi, asi maComoros ari kumba kune vanhu mazana maviri. Yese nzirakanty iri pasi pekufungisisa. Kubatwa kwehove iyi kunorambidzwa zvakasimba.