Iroquois - VaIndia vokuNorth America: nhamba uye rutivi rwemarudzi

Nhoroondo yemadzinza emuAmerica izere nezvakavanzika uye zvakavanzika, asi zvakare zvinosuruvarisa. Izvi ndezvechokwadi kunyanya kumaIndia eNorth America, ane mazita emadzitateguru avo akamboderedzwa kwenguva yakareba neUnited States Government. Vangani vanogara maAgorigine eNorth American continent vakaparara semusana pekurwisana nechisimba, hazvizivikanwi nhasi. Vamwe vatsvakurudzi vanopokana kuti kutanga kwezana remakore rechi15, maIndia munharaunda yezvino yeUnited States akararama kusvika mamiriyoni gumi nemashanu, uye muna 1900 pakanga pasina mazana 237 000 akasara.

Nhoroondo yevaya vatinoziva se "Iroquois" inonyanya kukosha. VaIndia vedzinza iri kubvira kare kare vaiva vanhu vakuru uye vakasimba, asi zvino vashoma. Kune rumwe rutivi, rubatsiro rweDutch neBritish pakutanga rwakavabvumira kusatendeseka kusimbisa nzvimbo dzavo ... Asi apo kudiwa kweIroquois kwakawa, vakatanga kuparadzwa vasina tsitsi.

Basic information

Vaya vanonzi vaIndia vokuNorth America, avo vari kugara munharaunda dziri kuchamhembe kweUnited States neCanada. Izwi rokuti "iroqu" mubhuku rinonyanya mazita rinoreva "nyoka chaiyo," iyo inoratidza mauto ekutanga eIroquois, maitiro avo ehondo nemauto uye ruzivo rwakadzika rwemauto ehondo. Hazvishamisi kuti Iroquois yaigara iri muhukama hwakaoma nevose vavakidzani vaisada uye vaitya. Pari zvino, kusvika ku 120 000 nhengo yedzinza iri vanogara muUnited States neCanada.

Pakutanga rudzi rworudzi rwakatambanudzwa kubva kuSt. Lawrence River kuenda kuHudson Strait. Kusiyana nekutenda kwakakurumbira, Iroquois - MaIndia haisi kungoita zvemhirizhonga chete, asiwo kushanda zvakaoma, sezvo vakagadzira huwandu hwepamusoro hwekurima kwezvirimwa, kwaiva nemanzwiro ekuberekorora kwemombe.

Zvingangodaro, rudzi urwu rwakanga rwuri rwekutanga rwokusangana nevaEurope muzana remakore rechi16. Panguva ino, vazhinji veIndia vemuNorth America vakanyangarika pasina mutsva mumoto wehondo dzomugariro dzomugariro. Kunyange zvakadaro, chiyeuchidzo chavo chakasara kusvikira zvino. Saka, izwi rokuti "Canada" rinobva mumutauro weIroquois weIroquois.

Lifestyle yeIroquois

Sangano rezvemagariro edzimudzi urwu muenzaniso wakajeka wepakutanga wematriarchy, asi jenasi rakanga richiri kutungamirirwa nemunhu. Mhuri iyi yaigara muimba refu, iyo yakashanda senzvimbo yekupotera kwemarudzi akawanda. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, dzimba dzakadaro dzakashandiswa nemhuri kumakumi emakumi emakore, asi zvakaitika kuti Iroquois aigara muimba imwechete kwemakore zana kana kupfuura.

Basa guru reIroquois rakanga richivhima uye hove. Nhasi, nhengo dzedzinza dzinobatanidzwa mukugadzirwa kwemhemberero kana kushandiswa. Nenzira, tsika dzemazuva uye mashizha kubva pamakumbo dzakanaka kwazvo, uye naizvozvo dzakakurumbira (kunyanya pakati pevashanyi).

Apo rudzi rweIroquois rwakanga ruchikwira kumusoro kwemasimba aro, nhengo dzaro dzaigara mumisha mishomanana, umo maigona kusvika kusvika 20 "dzimba refu". Kuita kuti vaedze kuenzaniswa, kusarudza zvikamu zvenyika iyo yakanga isina kukodzera kurima. Pasinei nekurwisana uye kurwisana nguva dzose, Iroquois kazhinji yakasarudza nzvimbo dzakanaka uye dzakanaka dzemisha yavo.

Kuumbwa kweChishanu

Munenge muna 1570, munharaunda iri pedyo neLake Ontario, kuumbwa kwakasimba kwemadzinza eIroquois kwakabuda, iyo yakazozivikanwa seIroquois Union. Zvisinei, vamiririri vedzinza vanoti izvo zvaidiwa kutanga kwekubuda kwemhando yemhando iyi yakabuda muzana remakore rechi12. Pakutanga, Confederation yaisanganisira madzinza manomwe eIroquois. Mutungamiri mumwe nomumwe wevaIndia aive nekodzero dzakakwanira pamisangano, asi munguva yehondo "mambo" akanga achiri kusarudzwa.

Munguva iyi, misha yose yeIroquois yakanga ichiri kumanikidzirwa kuzvidzivirira pachavo nekurwiswa kwevakidzani, kuchengetedza misha ine dutu rakaoma. Kazhinji idzi dzaiva masvingo makuru kwazvo akavakwa kubva mumatanda akacherirwa mumitsetse miviri, nzvimbo dzaive dzakafukidzwa nenyika. Mune mharidzo yemamishinari eFrance, pane kutaura kwe "chaiyo" yeIroquois chaiyo kubva kumakamuri makumi mashanu erefu, rimwe nerimwe raive renhare chaiyo. Iroquois-vakadzi vakakurira vana, varume vaiita mukuvhima uye vakarwa.

Vagari vomunharaunda

Mumaguta makuru aigona kurarama kusvika kuvanhu zviuru zvina. Pakuguma kwekuumbwa kweChristian, kudiwa kwekudzivirirwa kwakange kwanyangarika zvachose, kubva panguva iyo Iroquois yakanyatsoparadza zvachose vavakidzani vavo vose. Panguva imwecheteyo, misha yakava yakanyatsogadzikana, kuitira kuti kana zvichidiwa, zvingave zvichikwanisika kukurumidza kusonganidza mauto emadzinza ose. Kunyange zvakadaro, nezana remakore rechi17 Iroquois aifanira kuchinja nzvimbo yemisha yavo nguva nenguva.

Ichokwadi ndechokuti kusasarudzwa kwemhepo kwakatungamirira kukurumidza kuparara, uye hazvisi nguva dzose zvichibvira kuvimba nezvibereko zvekambani dzehondo.

Ukama neDutch

Pakazosvika zana remakore rechi17, vamiririri vazhinji vemakambani ekuDutch vaitengesa munzvimbo iyi. Kutanga nzvimbo dzokutanga dzekutengeserana, dzakagadzira ukama hwebhizimisi nemadzinza akawanda, asi kunyanya Dutch yakataura zvakananga neIroquois. Vazhinji vevadzidzi veEurope vese vaifarira beaver fur. Asi pano pane dambudziko rimwechete: kugadzirwa kweveveave kwakagadzirwa zvakanyanya zvokuti munguva pfupi iyi mhuka idzi dzainge dzisingachaperi munyika yose inotungamirirwa neIroquois.

Ipapo vaDutch vakashandura zvakajeka, asi vachiri kunyengera: vakaita zvose zvavanogona kuti vakurudzire Iroquois kukura mundima dzavakanga vasina.

Kubva muna 1630 kusvika kuma1700, nekuda kwechikonzero ichi, nguva dzose hondo, inonzi "beaver", yakasungwa. Izvi zvakaitika sei? Zviri nyore. Vamiririri veNetherlands, pasinei nemvumo yepamutemo, yakawanda yakaendeswa kune veIndia vashandi vavo zvombo, pfuti uye mutungamiri.

Kuwedzera kuwedzerwa ropa

Pakati pezana remakore rechi17, rudzi rwaIroquois rwakanga rwine vanhu vanenge 25 000. Izvi zvakanyanya kudarika nhamba yezvizvarwa zvakapoteredza. Hondo dzenguva dzose uye zvirwere zvakapiwa nevaEuropean colonizers, kunyange zvakakurumidza kuderedza nhamba yavo. Zvisinei, vamiririri vemadzinza akakundwa vakakurumidza kupinda muRussia, kuitira kuti kurasikirwa kwacho kwakabhadharwa. Mamishinari anobva kuFrance akanyora kuti nezana remakore rechi18 pakati pe "Iroquois" zvakanga zvoupenzi kuedza kuparidza, vachishandisa mutauro mukuru werudzi, sechikamu chimwe chetatu (zvakanakisisa) chevaIndia chakanzwisisa. Izvi zvinoratidza kuti muzana remakore zana chete Iroquois yakaparadzwa zvachose, uye zvepamutemo Holland yakaramba zvachose "yakachena".

Sezvo Iroquois - MaIndia yakafanana nehondo, ivo vanenge vari ivo vokutanga kuziva kuti simba rechibvu rine chii mukati mavo. Vakasarudza kuishandisa mumutambo we "guerrilla", vachiita zviduku zvinyorwa zvemashamba. Vavengi vakati mapoka akadaro "anopfuura napakati pemasango seminyoka kana mapova, achigara asingaoneki uye asingawaniki, achireva kurwisa kumashure."

Mumusango, Iroquois yakanzwa yakakura, uye mazano ane kodzero uye kushandiswa kwemapurisa ane simba kwakaita kuti kunyange vaduku vashoma vorudzi urwu vawane kubudirira kwehondo.

Rwendo rurefu

Nenguva isipi, mutungamiriri wevatungamiri veIroquois akazoshandura "beaver fever", uye vakatanga kutumira masoja kunyange kunyika dziri kure zvikuru iyo Iroquois yakange isingakwanisi kuva nechinangwa. Asi ivo vaiva pamaDutch avo. Somugumisiro wekuwedzera kuwedzerwa kwenyika, Iroquois yakawedzera kusvika pedyo neGreat Lakes. Ndiyo madzinza aya anoshanda mumatambudziko akawanda nekuda kwekuti mukati memakakatanwa acho makakatanwa akatanga kutarisana nemazhinji makuru pamusoro pekukwirira kwakasimba. Iyi yekupedzisira yakakonzerwa nekuti vaIndia vakapukunyuka vakaparadzwa nemarudzi eIroquois mukutya vakatiza kune chero nzvimbo isina kubviswa.

Muzvokwadi, panguva iyoyo, madzinza mazhinji akaparadzwa, mazhinji ayo akanga asina ruzivo chero rupi zvaro. Vatsvakurudzi vakawanda vanobva pakati pevaIndia vanodavira kuti nenguva iyoyo chete Huron yakapona. Nguva yose iyi kubhadharwa kweDutch kweIroquois nemari, zvombo uye pfuti hazvina kurega.

Payment

Muzana remakore rechi17, maChirungu akauya kunyika idzi, nokukurumidza achidzinga makwikwi eEurope. Vakatanga kuita chimwe chinhu "nokungwarira". IChirungu yakaronga iyo yainzi inonzi Conquered League, iyo yaisanganisira marudzi ose akasara, akambotorwa neIroquois. Basa reChitsuwa raive muchigadzirwa chenguva ye beaver. Ivoquois-maIndia ane utsinye, avo tsika yavo yakanga yakanyanyisa zvikuru panguva iyo, yakakurumidza kuva vatariri vanoonekwa nevatori vemutero.

Muzana remakore rechi17 neregumi nemasere, simba remadzinza avo rakanyanyiswa zvikuru neizvi, asi vakaramba vachimiririra simba rinotyisa remauto munyika yose. Britain, achishandisa ruzivo rwakawanda rwekutsvaga, rwakakwanisa kuisa Iroquois neFrench. Vokutanga vakakwanisa kuita zvese basa rekudzingwa kwekupedzisira kwemakwikwi emakambani ekuBritain ekutengesa kubva kuNew World.

Ava Iroquois vakasaina chirevo chekufa, sezvavakanga vasingadi. Vakanga vachingosiyiwa kunze kwenharaunda dzaimbogara, vachisiya nzvimbo yavo yepakutanga pedyo neSt. Lawrence kurarama. Mukuwedzera, muzana remakore rechi18, rudzi rweMingo rwakabva kwavari, ruchiwedzera kuderedza Iroquois.

Kupedzisira kupera

Vamiriri veBritain vakanga vasingagari, uye munguva yehondo neUnited States yakanga ichangobva kuumbwa yakanyengetedza avo vaimbova "vashandi" kuti vatsigire zvakare. Ichi chaiva chekupedzisira, asi chikanganiso chakaipisisa cheIroquois. Jenerali Sullivan akafamba panyika yavo nemoto nemunondo. Zvisikwa zvemadzinza akambova akapararira kwose kwose kuUnited States neCanada. Kuenda kumagumo ezana remakore rechi19, vamiririri vekupedzisira vevanhu ava vakaguma pakufa vakawanda nenzara uye zvirwere zvinoramba zvichiitika.

Nhasi, maIroquois - maIndia havasi ivo vanopesana, asi zvikuru "savvy" munyaya dzepamutemo. Vanoramba vachidzivirira zvavanoda mumatare ose, vachitsvaka kuzivikanwa kwekusava nemutemo kwekutorwa kweHurumende yeHurumende nenyika yavo. Zvisinei, kubudirira kwezvavanotaura kunoramba kusinganzwisisiki.

Sei rudzi rune mbiri yakadaro?

Izvo zvakambotaurwa Fenimore Cooper yakamirira vaIndia veIroquois sevanhu vasina tsika uye vane utsinye zvikuru, vachivasiyanisa ne "noble Delawares". Kuongororwa kwakadaro ndiyo muenzaniso wekuda, uye inotsanangurwa zvishoma. Nyaya yacho ndeyokuti Delawares akabatanidzwa mukurwa neBritain kudivi reUnited States, uye Iroquois yakarwisana nechekuBrithani. Asi zvakadaro Cooper yakanga iri munzira dzakawanda zvakanaka.

Ndiyo Iroquois yaiwanzoita tsika yekuparadza zvachose vadzivisi vavo, kusanganisira kuuraya kwevana. "Fascinated" nemauto emadzinza uye utsinye utsinye, izvo zvaiitwa kwenguva refu vasati vauya veEurope. Mukuwedzera, mukurumbira wavo wakaipa - unonyanya kukodzerwa, sezvo Iroquois yaiziva pfungwa yekutendeseka chero kupi neipi kune vadzivisi.

Kutenda sehupenyu hwehupenyu

Pane zviitiko apo pavakagumisa zvibvumirano zvorugare pamwe nevevakidzani, uye vozodzigura zvachose pasi pekuvhara kweusiku. Kakawanda, nekuda kweizvi, cheioni dzaishandiswa. Mukunzwisisa kwemarudzi akavakidzani, tsika yakadaro inotsika-tsika zvikuru tsika netsika.

Munyori wenhau dzakaitika Francis Parkman, uyo aive akanaka kumaIndia mumutemo, akaunganidza yakawanda yedata, achipupurira kupararira kwakapararira kwechiitiko chisingaiti chetsika chete (icho chaive chimiro chemamwe madzinza ose eIndia munharaunda yose), asiwo yezviitiko zve "vanhu vakawanda" vanodya. Hazvishamisi kuti sangano reIroquois, kuti riite zvinyoronyoro, rakanga risingazivikanwi nevavakidzani.