Morphology mu biology: zvinoreva chirevo

Kubvira paucheche, mumwe nomumwe wedu anoziva kuti morphology ndiyo inonyanya kukosha yegirama. Zvisinei, pfungwa iyi ine chimwe chinoreva. Chii chinonzi morphology mu biology? Iwe uchadzidza pamusoro peizvi kubva munyaya yedu.

Morphology mu biology

Biology ndiyo inoshandiswa nesayenzi yehupenyu. Inosanganisira nhamba dzedzidzo. Imwe yadzo ndiyo morphology. Muzvinyorwa zvehupenyu, iyi isayenzi yehutano hwezvipenyu. Munyori weyi pfungwa ndeye nhetembo yakakurumbira munyika uye musayendisiti wepanyika kubva kuGermany Johann Wolfgang Goethe. Mabasa ake mazhinji ane chokuita nekudzidza kwekunze kwezvirimwa, kuenzanisa kwemaitiro, chirevo chezvikamu zve homologous uye metamorphoses.

Kuongorora kwechirevo ichi uye kushanduka kwayo kwekushanduka kwakapfuurira neRussian Academician Aleksei Nikolaevich Severtsov. Ndiye iye akatanga nhengo yemhuka morphology. Pachikonzero chekuenzanisa kwembryological method, musayendisiti akasika pfungwa yezvakabva kumagetsi uye akataura huwandu hwehupupuriro hwake. Pamwe pamwe nemudzidzi wake Ivan Ivanovich Schmalhausen, akashandurawo pfungwa yekufambira mberi morphological uye kugadzirisa sezvinhu zvekushanduka.

Endonomy

Morphology, sechirango chezvisikwa, inosanganisira mbiri huru. Wokutanga wavo anodzidza zvinhu zvekunze kwechimiro. Zvakanyatsotsanangurwa kutsanangura kuti chidzidzo chei morphology chinodzidza muhupenyu, zvinoita saizvozvo: zvakasiyana-siyana zvezvipenyu zvakasiyana. Izvi zvinosanganisira chimiro, ukuru, ruvara, nhamba yezvivako zvinoumba muviri. Chikonzero chemuitiro wechimwe ndechimwe chezvikonzero zvinogadzirisa zvekubatana kwezvipenyu.

Kwenguva refu akanga ari oga chete zvachose. Asi kumwe kutsvakurudza kwakagutsikana masayendisiti ekusavimbika kwechikamu chechirevo ichi. Somuenzaniso, mumasikirwo kune mhuka yakakwana yemhuka yepabelphism yepabonde inoratidzika. Ichi chiitiko chinosanganisira muchokwadi chokuti varume nevakadzi vemarudzi akasiyana-siyana vanosiyana zvakanyanya kubva kune mumwe nemumwe mukuonekwa. Izvi zvinosanganisira peacocks, pheasants, huku nehosi, hove dzehove.

Anatomy

Chikamu chechipiri, chinosanganisira morphology mu biology, chinodzidza mukati mechimiro chezvipenyu. Inonzi kutomy. Iyi nhungamiro ye morphology inofunga chimiro pamatunhu e-sangano, ayo akareba kupfuura imwe yesero. Izvi zvinosanganisira mhuka uye mhuka. Icho chinonyanya kutungamirirwa nesayenzi iyo inotomy yemiti, mhuka nevanhu.

Pakati pezvikamu zvakasiyana zvekugadzirwa kwemumikononi, masayendisiti anodzidzawo mukati memaitiro ezvisikwa zvezvikwata zvakasiyana-siyana, kuenzanisa nazvo. Izvi zvakatibvumira kuti tive nemafungiro ezvinyorwa- nhengo uye zvakafanana. Mienzaniso yekutanga ndiyo makumbo epamberi eshiri uye marwenga. Mune shiri dzinoshandurwa kuva mapapiro, uye zvipfeko zvegungwa zvinoshandisa zvikaita semapango. Zvisinei, mhedzisiro yezvivako izvi yakabatana. Kuvapo kwenhengo dzakadaro kunoratidza kuvapo kwebaba vanowanzobatanidzwa mumhuka dzinadzo.

Analogies zvikamu zvemuviri une zvimwe zvakafanana, asi zvakasiyana-siyana. Mienzaniso yavo mapapiro e shiri uye zvipembenene. Ikutanga inotanga kushandiswa. Asi mapapiro emashiripiti anobva pakubatana. Kuvapo kwezvikamu zve-homologous zvinoratidza kukwanisa kwezvipenyu zvakasiyana-siyana kuti zvienzane nemamiriro ezvinhu akafanana ehupo.

General morphology

MuSayenzi, kazhinji anowanzoona pfungwa ye "general morphology". Ichi chikamu chinodzidza unhu hwakasiyana-siyana hwehupenyu kana huteresi yose. Semuenzaniso, vamiririri vose vemhando yeArthropoda vave nemakumbo. Uye pamusana pehuwandu hwemakumbo anofamba, vanogona kutotananidzwa muchikoro. Nokudaro, ma arachnids ane mapaviri mana, uye zvipembenene zvine zvitatu.

Saka, morphology mu biology ndiyo chirango chinongorongedza hutano hwezvipenyu. Icho hachibatsiri maitiro nemamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu hwehutano. Zvichienderana nehurukuro yekudzidza, vanosiyanisa pakati pekusagadzikana, chimiro chemaitiro uye general morphology.