Seneti uye Revafundisi chivako St. Petersburg: wongororo, rondedzero, nhoroondo uye akitekiti

Mumwe kunoshamisa mapurani zvisikwa zviri Northern guta iri kuonekwa kuvaka weSeneti uye Revafundisi. In St. Petersburg, zvivako zvakawanda zvinoshamisa, zvisinei ichi ndicho chikuru chirongwa yakakurumbira mapurani Rossi akava chiratidzo vachangobva classicism.

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Kutaura zvazviri, hazvisi chete, asi mbiri zvivako, ayo zvino vakabatana pasi zita rimwe - kuvaka weSeneti uye Revafundisi. In St. Petersburg, pamberi maviri mamiriro administrative simba Russian Empire vaiva pakuvaka Twelve Colleges. Zvisinei, pashure pakuvaka Admiralty muna 1823 chivako yekare asisiri hwaienzanirana itsva akacherekedza, iyo vakagamuchira munharaunda Senatorial. Pane kudiwa nokukurumidza kwayo pedutu. Ndokusaka muna 1824 mumwe makwikwi pakaziviswa kuti chirongwa, iro akaronga kuvaka chivako chitsva weSeneti uye Revafundisi.

In St. Petersburg, ibwe rokutanga wakaradzikwa pakuvaka 24 August 1829. Pakutanga takatanga kuvaka kuvaka aiendeswa weSeneti, uye gore akazotanga uye Revafundisi yechivako chacho. Construction rakapera muna 1834. The mapurani echivako chacho weSeneti uye Revafundisi - Karl Ivanovich Rossi. basa Construction pabasa rake rinotungamirirwa Alexander Shtaubert.

Prehistory

Pakutanga, nzvimbo magetsi imba hafu-nematanda Seneti uye Revafundisi iri, vaiva naAlexander Menshikov, tevere - neimba, uyo vaidzora zvavatengesi mukadzi Kusovnikova. Apo Serene Wake nokukwirira Prince akanga mukunyadziswa, kuchamuka ake pamusoro Neva River akatamiswa kupinda nhaka mutevedzeri chanzera A. I. Ostermana. Papera nguva, muna 1744, nemamiriro akapiwa Elizabeth A. Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Chanzera reconstructed izvozvo, akatuma murongedzeri A. Vista kuvaka imba iri Baroque manyorero.

Muna 1763, apo akakwira chigaro Catherine II, chidziro hwakatamisirwa Treasury. In ichi chivako chinenge pakarepo vakatamira weSeneti. Sezvo 1780 kusvika 1790 panguva pakuvaka Baroque Bestuzhev-Ryumin nayo chakagadziriswa zvakare: pamadziro vacho idzva mapurani kurapwa, kwese kunoitika Russian classicism.

Zita rokupedzisira munyori chirongwa, umo rokuvakazve okumusoro akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze, usingazivi kuti vamwe. Zvisinei, kutonga vapenyu muna Academy of Akanaka Arts Museum muunganidzwa vanodhirowa kumavirira France, murongedzeri yakapedzerwa huchisimba I.Starov.

History chokusika

Kana muna 1823 murongedzeri Zakharov akapedza akakura Admiralty building, pakanga kudiwa zvokuchinja vatatu nechepakati nzvimbo Northern guru: Seneti (zvino Decembrists), kuti Palace uye Admiralty, apo Alexander Garden wakaradzikwa mukupera namapfumbamwe remakore. Making kwatova panguva iyoyo pamba, izvo chaimbova weSeneti, asisiri kundosangana ipapo-pamwero, uye zvinonyatsorehwa mapurani uye ukuru pamusoro peguta. Uye nokuti zvaida pedutu.

hurongwa kwake mambo, uye ipapo choushe chakanga Nicholas I, yakatanga kuvaka musha mutsva kuti Seneti musi mufananidzo chete, kuna General Staff chivakwa, neDare, kuti Revafundisi muSt Petersburg akanga kuitwa chete mapurani mhinduro. Saka, kune wokupedzisira imba mushambadzi Kusovnikovoy chakatengwa. Uye panzvimbo yeimba Bestuzhev-Ryumin asarudza kuvaka chivako weSeneti.

purojekiti Selection

Muna 1828 mumwe makwikwi pakaziviswa. Rakanga wakapindwa Vasily Stasov, Pol Zhako, Smaragd Shustov, Vasily Glinka uye Chokwadi, Russia. Seneti uye Revafundisi chivako vanodhirowa vakwikwidzi akanga akasiyana-siyana mhinduro. Somuenzaniso, Jaco aida kuvaka chivako zvakafanana, iyo yaizova kufanana Louvre maberere, Stas akanga akaronga kuvakazve chete aimbova musha Bestuzhev-Ryumin. Rossi akaitawo chirongwa shongwe maviri uye unobatanidza pavo mumwe Arch magadzirirwo. Uye saka nhasi tinoona chivakwa weSeneti uye Revafundisi.

Akitekiti uye muvezi

Nemisere February 1829 basa racho aifarirwa Rossi. The chikuru basa murongedzeri kwaiva kupa pakuvaka chimiro chaienzanirana yakakura nharaunda pamusoro izvo zvikamira. Nechekare pakupera August yakatarwa kwenheyo yeimba, iyo aifanira kumhanya Seneti. Nheyo chivakwa akaisa kunofanira kuyeukwa Dombo kuti France tichiswedera anofarirwa wake mambo, vaiva ne Carlo Rossi. Muvaki yakagadzwawo imwe yakakurumbira mapurani - A. Shtaubert. Uyezve, maererano basa, chivako ichi chaizvo organically zvaisanganisira rusvingo uye akachengetedzwa kubva kumba Bestuzhev-Rumin. Uye muna August 1830, pashure vakakwanisa kutenga imba Kusovnikovoy kuti hurumende pfuma, kuvakwa Revafundisi meimba yakatanga panzvimbo yayo

Muna July, 1831 Emperor Nicholas I akatendera chirongwa ichi, uye sculptural kushongedzwa. Muchiitiko chino, imwe yoga chiratidzo hwakapiwa kuti nhamba vakanga anorondedzerwa kwete "kukura", uye pokugara. Mukuwedzera, dzaifanira kuisa zvenhaka nguo Somuenzaniso, mune imwe toga, uye bvisa ose mikombe uye zvakanyorwa pamusoro mabhuku.

Sculptural Registration kunotora mashomanana Artists - S. Pimenov, V. Demuth-Malinovsky pamwe P. Sokolov, achibatsirwa N. Tokarev uye P. kutungamirira uye nevamwe. Ustinov akasikwa muvezi kwakavakirwa rokutanga alcove pamusoro kuruboshwe chidhori "Faith". Sokolov akaveza "uMwari" uye Pimenov - ari "Mutemo" uye "Ruramisiro".

Misoro uye shumba zvifukidziro, uyewo mamwe decoration zvinhu zviri kuitwa noruoko Torricelli. The sculptural sezvamunoita iri muna atiki, uyewo "Geniuses" mabhuku mitemo kushanda Demuth-Malinovsky akakanda fekitari mhangura Byrd.

kuvaka

Pamberi ezvivako uye vavaki basa achipa chivakwa chimiro weSeneti zvichienderana noukuru weSeneti Square, yave chakagadziriswa nounyanzvi guru uye noruoko chaiwo pfungwa akamboona. The France hombe zvakakwana kureba kuti Russia munyori chirongwa kuwedzera kukwirira kwezvivako kusvika vakati vapfuura masere nehafu. Ndinofanira kutaura kuti dzimwe zvivako Admiralty yekudyidzana kuvatumwa pakuvaka weSeneti - ne sezvinongoitawo maviri negumi masendimita. In mangwanani October 1832 okuvaka mabasa dzakamiswa, uye pakarepo mukati akatanga kwezvivako zviviri. Muna February gore rakatevera mambo pachake kuita rokuongorora zvivako. Uye muna 1934, imba yakazopera.

Features

Pakati France nziyo, pakuumba chikuru pamwero uye kukosha weSeneti Square, Rossi akasarudza kuita zvinoshamisa yokufeva, kukandwa pamusoro Galernaya mumugwagwa. It anobatanidza zvivako zviviri kuva chete mapurani kunzwisisa. Kuti vaverengwe rayo Karl Ivanovich vakashandisa mumwe wavo sepakutanga yagadzirwa asi kwete chinozoiswa maererano chematenga zvaungasarudza inopiwa kuna General Staff. Izvi mapurani mhinduro kupatsanurwa yakavakirwa mapurani upamhi yekudyidzana seduku mirayiridzo. Panyaya iyi, iyo yokusafa yezvakaita Zvinoumba murongedzeri kukunda hwaponeswa zvakazara.

Arch

It integrates kuvaka weSeneti uye Revafundisi, uye akapedza chivezwa riri atiki munhu multi-danho. "Kururamisira uye umwari", kureva vanonzi navavezi Pimenov, V. Demuth-Malinovsky uye AP Sokolov, chinofananidzira kubatana masimba maviri - chechi uye enyika. Above sezvamunoita izvozvi vavezi vemabwe vakashanda kwerinenge gore. Kuwedzera kwaari, pamusoro kwedenga, uye nhamba yacho ichiri yakaiswa, allegorically rinoreva 'geniuses vanochengeta mutemo. "

Panguva atiki zvitatu Bhanabhasi-kuzorodzwa - ". Mutemo chaivo" "mutemo vehurumende", "Mutemo waMwari" uyewo Very dzinonakidza kuna nzvimbo yavo. Pakati, chete pamusoro kwedenga, emblazoned Bhanabhasi-dzinonzi vanganzi guru "mutemo vehurumende." Pakati mifananidzo iripo pamusoro payo, achirova busts Petro Mukuru uye Catherine II.

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The mapurani weSeneti uye Revafundisi zvivakwa - Russia - akagovera tichitarisa-storey matatu rectangular uye nezvivanze. Yakanaka zvikuru uye kwakakwana masitepisi vane ramps zvakagadzirwa girenayiti, munoshongedza pamukova. Zvinoshamisawo akapfuma chiedza uye mumvuri kushanda akasikwa kubudikidza alternation kuti yakabudikira zvikamu pamadziro zvivako uye niches. Ichi yakawanda rubatsiro, uye vakawanda moldings.

Revafundisi fronted chivakwa kusangana zvose Promenade of Shona, uye aimbova Seneti Square. Kazhinji, nyanzvi dzinofunga munhu anonakidza mapurani akaitwa chikamu ichi chivako. Its woita rekona. Zvinonzi yakashongedzwa akakura muvharanda, vanomutswa pamusoro paburiro wokutanga uye dzakaunganidza mbiru vasere murayiro yeKorinde, mumwe munyonga nyoro riri kuvakwa, maererano vanyori chirongwa yakatowedzera atiki. Izvi mapurani mhinduro inoshamisa okudzidziswa mutsetse wacho Promenade of Shona, achichipa akapfuma Kutarira.

No zvishoma zvinonakidza zviri kugadzirwa kwayo uye aimbova Conference Room muna weSeneti chivakwa, masvingo ayo yakashongedzwa caryatids uye pilasters kuti stucco, uyewo kanopi, izvo zvinoita kupenda Artist B. Medici. Pakati raiva chigaro rakazara inopenya tsvuku vherevheti.

mushure chimurenga

Muna 1919, dare uye Revafundisi akabvisa. Sezvo 1925 Central Historical Archives yaiva mukati meimba. Muna 1936, chivako weSeneti uye Revafundisi akatanga kudzorera, uye pamadziro yadzorerwa, uye chivezwa, uye gore vakazotanga dzifambirane ari siginicha chikuru manera. Munguva yehondo, zvivako zviviri kunge anosakadza. Vakazozvinzwisisa vashoma atirari anoshongwa kuti chakaita inorema kukuvara zvivakwa. Anenge chechi synoidal rakaparadzwa zvachose.

Mabasa kudzorerwa yakatanga muzhizha 1944 - kuguma hondo isati. Muna 2006, ivo Historical Archives rakanyonganiswa, uye kuvakwa weSeneti uye Revafundisi akanga akataura reConstitutional Court of Russian Federation. Nhasi, kune Presidential Library.

Zvinofadza

Kutonga zvinyorwa, kutenga nzvimbo muimba mushambadzi Kusovnikovoy arasikirwe papfuma yamambo iri kumboitika nguva yakawanda - zviuru mazana matanhatu, nepo muna 1796-M rangano akanga kuongororwa chete nomwe nehafu chiuru. The hositesi, proznav kuti panzvimbo imba yake ichaparadzwa zvakavakwa pakuvaka Revafundisi yakasarudza Jack kukwira mutengo, kuwedzera kune yaipedzerwa fufuro uye inosanganisira vakuru vakawanda.

Pandaishanda pamusoro rwiyo "Ruramisiro uye umwari," nomuvezi kweimba weSeneti uye Revafundisi Pimenov akafa. basa rake akapedza mwanakomana wake.