Juan Carlos I: photo, dynasty uye biography

Juan Carlos I de Bourbon - Mambo weSpain, yava nguva yakazara. Kutonga kwake kwakagara kwemakore makumi mana, iyo nyika yakashanduka kubva kuhutongi hwekudzvinyirira hukuru kune imwe nyika yemazuva ano. Kwete zvose zvakafamba zvakanaka uye zvishoma nezvishoma, matambudziko ose akakandwa pamapfudzi evechidiki madzimambo aDemocrat, iyo iyo yezvematongerwe enyika uye zvemagariro ehumambo hweSpain yakanga yakazara .

Nhoroondo yedzinza

Juan Carlos I mumiriri wekutonga Bourbon dynasty. Mhuri iyi inotora midzi yayo muFrance, uye mumiririri wayo wokutanga muSpanish aiva King Philip V, iyo yakatorwa yakaitika kune kure 1700. Imba yeHabsburg, iyo ndiyo yakasimba kupfuura iyo nguva iyo, pa continent yeEurope, yaitya kuti iyo yekutanga yaizopfuura mumaoko emaBourbons, uyo panguva iyoyo aitonga umambo hukuru hukuru: France neSpain. Mushure meizvi, hondo yakatanga nokuda kwenhaka yeSpain, panguva iyo mambo weSpain akarambidzwa kutora korona yeFrance, akanzi ndiye mutongi wepamutemo weSpain oga.

Mumakore zana imba iyi yakaparadzwa neNapoleon, asi muna 1814 simba ravo rakadzorerwa. Muna 1871-1873 chigaro choumambo chakatungamirirwa nehurumende yeSavoy, asi kubva muna 1874 kusvikira muna 1931 maBourbons akanga ari "pachigaro". Mushure mekusarudzwa, simba rakapfuurira kune vekuru republicans, uye nekuda kwemazuva mashoma ekuratidzwa kusingaperi, Alphonse XIII akabva munyika ndokuenda kunopinda kuItaly. Imba yeBourbon yakagadzirirwa kusunungurwa patsva muna 1975, apo chigaro chisingawaniki cheSpain chakanga chakagara naMambo Juan Carlos mutsva.

Childhood uye Youth

Nguva yemberi yamambo yakaberekerwa mumhuri yemudyi wenhaka pachigaro cheSpanish, don Juan Carlos, Nhamba yeBarcelona musi waJanuary 5, 1938, apo mhuri yake yakanga iri muutapwa. Zvinofadza kuti akabhabhatidzwa naE. Pacelli, uyo mugore rimwe akava papa ane zita rokuti Pius XII.

Muna 1947, referendum yakaitika muSpain, apo 95% yevhoti vakapa voti yavo yekudzorerwa kwechirongwa chechihedheni, asi panguva imwecheteyo, General Franco akaramba achiri mupenyu. Bumbiro rakanyorerwa, mairi, sezvakatarisirwa, zita ramambo ramangwana harina kusarudzwa. Chinhu ichi ndechokuti mugari wenhaka chaiyo weAlfonso XIII aiva mwanakomana wake Juan de Bourbon, uyo akanga ari munhu anonyanya kurwisana nemudzvinyiriri Franco uye akatoitawo chimwe chinhu chakanga chisina kubudirira kurangana naye. Nokudaro, mwanakomana wake ane makore 9 Juan Carlos (mwana wekutanga mukomana mumhuri) akasarudzwa kuita basa iri.

Kuwana dzidzo

Mugore rakatevera mugari wenhaka pachigaro choumambo akatumirwa kuSpain, kwaakatanga kudzidza pachikoro cheuto reZaragoza. Kusvikira muna 1958 akadzidza muguta reMabhizimisi bhizinesi, uye akaenderera mberi achishanda muMweya weSpain. Akapedza dzidzo yake paYunivhesiti yeComplutense, iyo yaakapedza muna 1961 chete. Idzidziso dzezvematongerwo enyika, ezvehupfumi uye mutemo wenyika dzakawanda dzakava zvinyorwa zvehupfumi. Mushure mokudaro akatanga kutungamira zvematongerwe enyika uye akatanga kutora chikamu mune zviitiko zvehurumende zvehurumende.

Kuumba mhuri

Mugore rechi24 rehupenyu hwake, Juan Carlos ndakasarudza kuzvibatanidza nemhuri. Musanangurwa wake akanga ari Princess weGreece mukutapwa Sofia, uyo aiva mwanasikana mukuru waMambo Paul I. Kuroorana kwevanhu vakapfeka korona kwakaitwa musi waMay 14, 1962 muAthens, guta guru reGreece. Zvadaro zvakatevera husiku, shure kwaizvozvo vaviri vacho vakagara mumuzinda weZarzuela muMadrid, inoramba ichigara mavo nhasi. Gore rakazotevera vakave nemwanasikana, Elena, makore maviri gare gare - mwanasikana Christina, uye muna 1968 Sofia akaunza kunyika mwanakomana waFilipe, anouya mugari wenhaka pachigaro. Pari zvino, uyo aimbova Mambo weSpain Juan Carlos naSofia vari kukura vazukuru 5.

Nhaka yeSpain chigaro

Jenerali Franco akazivisa Juan kuti ave mugari wenhaka chete muna 1969, izvo zvakakonzera kutsamwa kukuru kwababa vake, Count of Barcelona. Mutongi haana kukwanisa kusiya korona "kune ani zvake," saka akaswedera pakusarudza uku nekunyatsoona uye akaona kuJuan kuramba achipomerwa mhosva yake, kunyanya kubvira apo akasarudzwa iye pachake akaratidza nezviito zvake kuti akanga akagadzirira kutevera nzira yaFranco. Akaridza zvakanaka basa re "mukomana anoteerera" uye mudzidzi, uye akapika mhiko kune "National Movement" uye akaramba achitaura mukutsigira hurumende yeFranco.

Muzhizha ra1974, Franco akagadza Juan seanoshanda mutungamiriri wenyika. MunaNovember wegore rakatevera, mushure mekufa kweGeneral Franco, paramende yakaratidza kudzorerwa kwesimba ramambo, uye kuziviswa kweMambo Juan Carlos I de Bourbon. Mufananidzo wokugadziriswa kwemambo mutsva mushure memazana makumi matatu emakore pasina chigaro cheSpain chisina chinhu chevanhu vazhinji -kuyeuka zviitiko zvakamirira kwenguva refu zvakatevera nguva yomutongi Franco.

Kutanga kwekutonga kwenyika

Sezvazvakaitika, mambo mutsva akanga asingadi kutevera maitiro aFranco uye akabva aenda kuchinja kukuru kwezvinhu zvose zvehurumende. Akagadza kuhofisi yemutungamiri wezvematongerwe enyika Adolfo Suarez ane ruzivo. Basa rake guru raiva rakanaka, uye rinonyanya kukosha, kutendeuka kwepamutemo kune hurumende. Pakazosvika 1976, "Mutemo wezvematongerwe enyika" wakanga wakanyorwa, wakatarirwa kuti ave gwaro rekutonga rinoshandura simba rekare rehurumende.

Muna 1977, zvose zvinorambidzwa pamabasa ekupikisa mapato ezvematongerwo enyika zvakasimudzwa. Muzhizha regore rimwechete, sarudzo dzokutanga dzeparamende dzakasarudzwa dzakaitwa, uye kubvongodzwa kwakaratidzwa nekushandurwa kwenharaunda yenyika kubva kune umwechete kusvika ku federal: zvivimbiso zveBasquiat neCatalonia zvakasikwa. Gore ra1980 rakaratidzwa nekugamuchirwa kwebumbiro remitemo rezvematongerwo enyika, uye mukati megore ra1979 chisarudzo chisingaenzaniswi cheparamende chakaitwa maererano nemutemo.

Kuchinja kwehutungamiri hwematongerwe enyika iyo Juan Carlos I yakaita yakamutsa baba vake kuti vayanane nemabasa ake uye kuziva mwana wavo semutungamiri akakodzera wehurumende. Uye muna 1978, Count of Barcelona yakafa. Dzakawanda dzekutonga dzeEurope dzakanga dzisina kumboziva kuti Juan Carlos samambo, akacherechedza simba rake repamutemo pachigaro cheSpain, asi pakanga paine masimba mukati memunyika aida kudzokera munzira ye mutongi Franco, ivo vaiva vemarudzi uye veuto.

"Mwari ponesai mambo!"

Pakazosvika gore rekutanhatu kwenyika, mugore ra1981, kuedza kwakagadzirwa munyika kuti iite kupesana kusina ropa. VaRodical mapurisa vakapinda muparamende, vakatora nhengo dzehurumende nevatungamiri vane chido chokugadza "avo" mukuru kune chinzvimbo chehurumende. Zvisinei, mambo haana kuramba akanyarara, sezvakanga zvakatarirwa kwaari, akapindura nenzira yakasimba. Vapanduki vakanga vasina kugadzirira izvi, uye mangwanani vaifanira kuzvipira kuzviremera.

Simba raJuan panguva imwechete rakawedzera zvikuru kunyange pakati pekupedzisira-mapeji Republican nevamwe vanopikisa. Izvo zvakanga zviri shure kwezviitiko zvegore ra1981 izvo mutungamiri weKomonisiti, S. Carrillo, uyo aimbozvitaura pamusoro pamambo ane kunyemwerera kunoseka pameso ake, akadanidzira mune zvakakodzera manzwiro pamberi pekamera terevhizheni: "Mwari ponesai mambo!"

Juan Carlos 1 akafunga kuti basa rekutonga kwechiSpanish rakange razadzikiswa. Mushure mokudaro, akasarudza kurega kubva mune zvematongerwe enyika akanganisa mune zvematongerwo enyika, kunyanya kubvira pakusarudzwa kweparamende yakatevera muna 1982 huwandu hwevhoti dzakapiwa mukutsigira Social Democrats. Kubvira panguva iyoyo, akazadzisa mazita emutungamiri wehurumende, aive nemhosva yekuremekedza tsika uye chiremera chemubati wehurumende nevanhu, uye akashanda seMukuru Mukuru-mukuru-mukuru.

Zvipfeko zvemakore achangopfuura

Muna 2012, mitsara yakawanda yakatanga, yakabatana nemhuri yeumambo. Panguva ino muSpain, pakanga pane nguva yakaoma yehupfumi. Zvisinei, izvi hazvina kumisa varaidzo. Juan Carlos Ini ndakaenda kuBotswana kunotsvaka nzou. Maererano nehuwandu hwekambani dzemakambani, izvi zvaipedzerwa anenge makumi mana makumi mana emakero. Idzi ruzivo rwakakonzera kutsamwa kwakanyanya kwevanhu, vamwe vanoita zvematongerwo enyika vakatora mumigwagwa yeMadrid, vachizvidza dhaka rakaipisisa munguva yakaoma yehupfumi.

Mugore rimwe chete, kutsvakurudza kwakatanga munyaya yekunyengera kwehurumende yehurumende uye mabasa akaipa. Anopomerwa izvi kwete zvakawanda kana zvishoma, uye Infanta Christina nemurume wake I. Urdgararina. Mhosva dzepamutemo dzakaunzwa kwavari chete muna 2014. Mushure mekunyadziswa uku, mambo akamanikidzwa kushuma chiziviso chemari risiti. Maererano naiye, mugore ra2011 mari yegore negore yaive nemakore makumi maviri nemakumi maviri nemakumi mashanu emadhora, 40% ayo akabhadharwa kubhadharo yehurumende nenzira yemutero.

Abjuration

Makore ekupedzisira ekutonga kwake haasisiri jaya Juan Carlos 1 (Bourbon dynasty apo yakamutswa uye yakawana chirevo chema democracy) yakanyunyuta nezvehutano. Izvi zvakaguma mukuzvidzivirira kwake nokuzvidira. June 18, 2014 yaiva zuva rokupedzisira apo mambo weMambo weSpain aiva H. Carlos. Panguva imwecheteyo, zviremera zvaida kumupa zita reBhuku reBarcelona, asi mumiriri weBourbons akasarudza kuti mushure mokurega basa, haana kuda kuva nemazita uye aizove ari Juan Carlos, pasina chirevo chekuti "Majesty" kana "Highness". Zuva rakatevera, musi waJune 19, 2014 muSpain, mambo mutsva, mwanakomana waJuan Carlos-Felipe, akapinda mumvumo yake yepamutemo.

Sezviso zvekuona uye makamera zvinopupurira, panguva yekuzvidza chiso che mambo chaipenya nemufaro. Juan Carlos Ini ndakanzwisisa zvakakwana kuti akaita zvakawanda kunyika yake yekuzvarwa: akachinja hurumende yehurongwa hwehurumende kubva mukudzvinyirira zvechiuto kune zvematongerwo enyika, Spain inoshandiswa mune zvezvematongerwo enyika kubva kune imwe nyika kusvika mune imwe nzira yakakwirira yeEurope yakabudirira. Akafamba mumugwagwa wezvakanaka uye zvehurumende, asi akanga asingatyi kuratidza kusagadzikana paakazodiwa muna 1981. Akakwanisa kuyananidza vavengi vane simba - vaKomonisiti uye vaFrancoists. Uye mushure memakore makumi matatu nemakumi matatu ekushandira kuti zvibatsire nyika yekwavo, akaenda muzororo rakakodzera akakwana pasina chikwereti kunyika yake.