"Kudzora kudenga" - chii ichocho? Chirevo chePapulism

Muchikamu chechipiri chezana remakore rechina, chikwata chakaberekwa, chinangwa chikuru chechikonzero icho chaiva chekuchenjera. Mukufamba kupi zvako pane imwe nguva, mafungu anotanga kubuda. Chikonzero chacho chakasiyana nemaonero ekugadzirisa matambudziko evanhu.

Ndivanaani vaNarodnik?

Pfungwa huru yepululism ndeyo kutsvaga kuyanana kwakarasika nevanhu. Muvanhuwo zvavo vakaona vatakuri vehuchenjeri nechokwadi. Vatendi vemazuva ano vakatsvaga nzira yekusangana kwemagariro evanhu.

Izvo zvekushandura uye hurumende maitiro zvakasarudzwa mukati megadziriro yeNarodism. Vaya vekare vaida kuparadza hurumende iripo nenzira dzechisimba. Yechipiri yakasimudzira kuita zvigadziriswa. Muma1970, sangano rakapinda mune imwe nhanho-iyo yaisanganisira yekutanga mapoka emagandanga. Chinangwa chavo ndechekugadzirira kurwisa vatungamiriri vehurumende.

Rimwe remasangano ekutanga kuparidza kutya zvinonyanya nzira yekuzadzisa chinangwa "Rusununguko kana rufu." Pamusana pekusawirirana, nekuda kwemaitiro ekuita shanduko yekuchinja, "Nyika uye Rusununguko" -kukurukurirana kwakanyanya kweNarodnik kwakaputsika. Pamusoro pesangano iri, "Narodnaya Volya" uye "Black Redistribution" yakaumbwa.

Kubudirira kwebato iri mumazana makumi masere ezana remakore rechina

Populism semafungiro ezvematongerwe enyika pamusoro pemakore ehupenyu akashanduka. Yakagadzirirwa muna 1879, "Black redistribution" yaiva shoma yepakutanga "Nyika uye Will." "Narodnaya Volya" yakatevedzera nzira yehugandanga uye radicalism. Vatsigiri vesangano iri vaiva muzhinji. "Narodnaya Volya" uye iyo yakaparadzana "Rusununguko kana Rufu" yakabva zvachose kubva pakufunga kweNarodism. Vakatsvaka nechisimba kuti vamanikidze vakuru vehurumende kuti vaite shanduko. Vakaronga kuurayiwa, kutambudzwa kwegandanga.

Vaya vashoma muhupenyu hwe "Black redistribution" vakaramba vakavimbika kune pfungwa dzeNarodniks-shanduko, socialism, uye mararamiro ekurwisana. Mune zvematongerwo enyika, iboka re federalist federalists.

Sangano rakagadzirwa nepamusoro pe eponymous magazini. Zita rekambani rakapa izvo zvinonzi "black redistribution" yenyika. Izvi zvakange zvakakonzerwa nenhepfenyuro pamusoro pekuparadzaniswa kwezvikwata pakati pevarimi, izvo zvakaonekwa mushure mokubviswa kwefesheni muRussia.

Mazano ehurongwa

"Black redistribution" yakachengetedza zvinangwa zvekare zveNarodniks. Zvinogona kucherechedzwa kuti pfungwa dzesangano dzakachengetedzwa pamwero we 70s wezana re XIX, nguva ye "kufamba kuvanhu". Pasinei nechokwadi chokuti nheyo dzemagariro dzakapukunyuka, zvinangwa zvakawanda uye nzira dzekuti zvibudirire zvakashanduka.

Mune sangano rehupenyu, nharaunda yaifungidzirwa kuti yakanaka. Inofanira kuva nheyo yevanhu vanogara mumasangano evanhu. Kupiwa kwenyika kunofanira kuva pamwe chete, uye pfuma yeimba huru inofanira kubviswa. Vanyori Vatendi vanoumba pfungwa yekirasi yekirasi, asi yakaratidzika isina kunaka. Munzira dzakawanda sangano rakanga riri pedyo nechinangwa chevaBununin. Vakaramba zvachose kurwiswa kwegandanga, mauto ehondo senzira yehondo yezvematongerwe enyika.

"Emancipation yebasa"

Dambudziko rakagadziriswa rakasangana ne "Black redistribution" rakakanganisa kuumbwa kwesangano. Vanhu vakakurumbira zvikuru vaiva Georgy Plekhanov, Vasily Ignatov, Vera Zasulich, Lev Deich. Asi vakaramba kuramba vachishanda musangano uye vakagadzira boka muGeneva, "Emancipation of Labor", iyo yakamira pamatunhu eMarxism. Iko pfungwa yehutungamiri hwezvematongerwo enyika yakakwezva vazhinji vevakiki. VaNarodnik vakabatana neInternational uye vakatsigira kurwisana nevaBununin.

Bourgeois-democracy revolution, iyo yakazova yakanaka yekusangana, yakanga iri kukudziridza kuvonga kune vezvematongerwo enyika uye bourgeoisie yemaguta. Basa rinokosha rakagoverwa kune varimi sechisimba chekuita. Zvishoma nezvishoma, vaNarodnik vakashandurwa kuva vezvematongerwo enyika. "Black redistribution" (gore rekutanga-1879th) rakavapo kusvika muna 1883, apo "Emancipation of Labor" boka rakavakwa.

Union Leader

Georgy Plekhanov akanga ari munhu mukuru uye mutungamiriri we "Black redistribution". Mukuwedzera, akazovawo wekutanga weboka "Emancipation of Labor". Kupinda "Nyika uye Rusununguko" kare muna 1876, Georgi Valentinovich akabatwa nemafungiro evanhu. Aive munyori wemapurogiramu epurogiramu, journalism.

Mushure mekudengenyeka kwe "Land and Will" uye kuurayiwa kwemagandanga naMambo Alexander II, akatonga mabasa emapapiro makuru uye akaronga sangano rakavimbika kune zvinangwa zvevanhu. Mukutanga kwema80, aifanira kutamira kuSwitzerland ndokuenderera mberi achishanda ikoko. Zvishoma nezvishoma zvinotendeukira kuMarxist maonero. Akadzokera kuRussia chete mushure mekuvandudzwa kwa1917 . Akanyora mabasa mazhinji pamusoro pezvemagariro evanhu, mafiroso, maitiro.

Kuchinja kwemaonero kwakagadzirisa kusarudzwa kwenzira yekuvandudza uye nzira dzokurwa. Kusiyana kwepfungwa kwakakonzerwa nemaonero akasiyana-siyana pamusoro remangwana renyika. Sangano pakutanga rakasarudza zvisingabatsiri zvinangwa, saka rakakurumidza kuparadzaniswa ndokushandurwa kuva mapato matsva uye mapoka. Kuparara kwe "Black redistribution" kwakapupura nezvekufa kwechokwadi kwepadulism. Vakawanda vanofunga nezvepfungwa dzavo vakapfuurira basa ravo mukunyora zvinyorwa zvesayenzi, kutsvakurudza munharaunda dzemagariro evanhu, dzidziso dzechikoro, uzivi.