Kufema - ndiwo muitiro choupenyu

Kufema - chinhu chisinganzwisisiki multistage vasiri muitiro chaizvoizvo runosanganisira iri Absorção de Água reokisijeni kubva zvakatipoteredza yaro unozotevera kuita redox siyana.

Zvisinei, izvozvo tinoberekwa kwete bedzi mhuka yakakwirira, asi vose Kurovedza Utachiona, kusanganisira unicellular uye saka tinogona kutaura kuti izvi ndizvo nzira huru hwokubereka mukuru-simba yeimwe. Akaumba ari kufema kwacho simba wapera vazhinji zvinodiwa nhengo. About 20% of okisijeni ukapisa uropi, nekuti kuita mukuru-nokukurumidza pulses vakapedza yakawanda substrates. Munhu kufema kunoitika muna maitikiro zvikuru zviviri: kufema zvokunze (izvi negasi mukutsinhana pakati pamasvingo Formação de uye pulmonary capillaries) uye dzimwe - humwe chokufambisa reokisijeni kuti zvose masero uye munyama.

Kufema panguva cellular chechetere

Zvisinei, chokutanga mugumisiro zvomukati uye nyama, asi cellular afemeruke - muitiro uyu panguva samolecular uye mabhomba mumatunhu kuti okisijeni zvinodiwa Erekitironi chokufambisa cheni kubviswa akaipa mutariri O2 uye mvura uye dzinoumba mukuru-simba yeimwe. Uyewo, nokuti chichiitwa nokuyerera wanda izvi zvinoda kushandiswa mapuroteni uye hwepurotoni anyatsoronga. Kufema yepamusoro zvinenge uye afemeruke pezvakaitwa dzomuviri, akayera ane micrometer, yakasiyana. Saka, mabhakitiriya vakasiyana 3 Mhando ukama kuti okisijeni. Strict aerobes samolecular okisijeni inotengwa zvakananga: a chokuita kushandiswa okisijeni (carbon dioxide, sarufa oxide uye said.), Molecular chete kwavari zvinouraya. Mixed mhando kufema facultative utachiona kunosanganisira kushandisa zvose akasungwa uye samolecular okisijeni zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu.

Zvigadziriswe pakati afemeruke kwevanhu

Saka, kunze afemeruke - mumwe muitiro rinoitwa ne nemamiriro Airways uye tsandanyama zviri thorax uye diaphragm, izvo kwokudzvinyirira mumapapu madonhwe, iyo magasi vanokurudzirwa nechomukati. Nedzinovengwa - neizvi mutoo umo mumhepo (kunyanya kabhoni yakasviba) kunosvika kunze. Kazhinji yemweya gasi aibuda ndiko laminar, i.e. akaererana madziro principales uye chiitiko nezvipingamupinyi (obturation wokumwe chinhu, kuunganidza madzihwa) kukonzera hwekutambudzika eddies. Blood okisijeni saturation rinowanikwa mumapapu, pakwakanga oxygenated Kutamiswa kuburikidza capillaries kuenda mumidziyo makuru uye pakupedzisira anopinda mwoyo. Kubva ipapo zvazvinoita pamusoro yeropa uye anopinda systemic riparadzirwe.

zvokurwara

Zvakakosha kusiyanisa kufema uye kufefetedza. Chechipiri - ndiwo muitiro kuderedza intercostal tsandanyama uye yakadzika chipfuva kushandura saizi yayo, mhepo unyatsoshanda trachea uye principales kuna Formação de. Uyewo, Nokufema - izvi haisi sekwaserera, asi ndiyo gasi mukutsinhana panguva alveolar-rirambe richibvira chechetere. Inokonzera murombo kufefetedza kungava zvirwere pamwe kufema turakiti maronda, muchipfuva deformation, mhingaidzo kana yairambidzwa (emphysema, asima, bronchitis), nechirwere chinonzi systemic scleroderma. Wandisa pulmonary kufefetedza kungava nokuda pathological ezvinhu: hweHIV, asi pharmacological chiito mishonga, overexcitation ezvinhu, mukuru utano nesimba.