Kusunungurwa Moscow kubva Poles muna 1612

Imwe akatendeuka pfungwa munyika munhau inogona nechivimbo kunzi kusunungurwa Moscow kubva Poles muna 1612. Zviri ipapo kusarudza kana kwete Russian mamiriro. Zvakaoma kuona kukosha musi uyu zvizvarwa zvaizotevera. Ngatitore mumwe Kutarira chiitiko ichi chinokosha, pashure pemazana emakore akawanda, uyewo kuziva chii chakaita wehondo panguva kusunungurwa Moscow kubva Poles kubudirira.

prehistory

Asi kutanga, ngationei kuti zviitiko asati kusunungurwa Moscow kubva Poles.

Kunetsana pakati Commonwealth, riri zvechokwadi mubatanidzwa kwoumambo kwePoland uye Grand Duchy pakati Lithuania, pamwe Russian mamiriro rakatanga nguva Ivana Groznogo. Zvadaro, muna 1558, zvakanga akaputsa yakakurumbira wokuLivonia War, akatambudza chinangwa wayo kudzora pamusoro kuBaltic nyika. Muna 1583 akagumisa hondo kusaina yorugare, izvo zvakava chaizvo runobatsira Russia. Asi vose, ichi munyika kuzvipokanidza pakati wokuRussia uye Commonwealth kunyikadzimu haabvumirwi.

Pakafa Ivana Groznogo muna 1584. Russian choushe maigara mwanakomana wake - Fyodor. Rakanga nani simba uye ndonda vanhu, umo simba roumambo rakanga yekudyidzana simba. Akafa muna 1598, akasasiya venhaka. Akasvika simba, mukoma mukadzi Feodor - Boyar Boris Godunov. chiitiko ichi aiva nani migumisiro yakaipa pamusoro Russia, sezvo kutapudza Rurik youmambo, aitonga hurumende makore mazana manomwe.

Inside umambo Russian akanga achikura kusagutsikana pamwe mutemo Boris Godunov, izvo vakawanda vaiona munhu munyengeri, zvisiri pamutemo nezvokubvuta simba, uye pane imwe nguva runyerekupe kuti vakarayirwa kuuraya akakodzera mugari wenhaka Ivana Groznogo.

Izvi kusununguka mamiriro ezvinhu munyika zvinogona kubatsira chaizvo mikana akwanise wokumwe kupindira.

vanyengeri

The achitonga vepamusoro of Commonwealth vanonyatsoziva kuti kunze kwayo huru aikwikwidza umambo Russian. Naizvozvo inodonha Rurikovich chigaro vakashumira kwakaita Mureza mutsa kutanga kugadzirira nechisimba.

Zvisinei, kuti usvinudze hondo Rzeczpospolita pachayo haana kugadzirira, saka anonyengera dzavo vakashandisa anoedzesera Grigoriya Otrepeva, kuzvitevedzera Dmitry - uyo akafa pauduku, mwanakomana Ivana Groznogo (maererano neimwe shanduro, akauraya varayirwa Boris Godunov), nokuti zvaakanga ashandira remadunhu- - venhema Dmitry.

Army Falsdmitry basa achitsigirwa wePolish uye Omani magnates, asi vasiri pamutemo rinotsigirwa Rzeczpospolita. It yakapamba Russia muna 1604. Nokukurumidza chevaux Boris Godunov akafa uye Fedor mwanakomana wake gumi egore haana kukwanisa kuronga azvidzivirire. Uto Polish Grigoriya Otrepeva muna 1605 akakunda Moscow, uye akazivisa amene mambo Dmitry I. Zvisinei, gore rakatevera akaurayiwa nevapanduki. Zvino akaurayiwa kure mugove chinokosha pakati Poles, uyo akasvika naye.

New Russian chevaux akava Vasiliy Shuysky, uyo aiva mumiririri lateral bazi Rurik. Asi chikamu chikuru chavagari Russia haina kuzivikanwa mutongi chipo.

Muna 1607 iri mundima Commonwealth, mumwe munyengeri mutsva, ane zita chairo harizivikanwi. Akaburuka munhau sezvo Nedzenhema Dmitry II. Iye chakatsigirwa tycoons vakambotadza akatanga kumukira pamusoro Polish King Sigismund III, asi akarasikirwa. Rate anoedzesera akava Tushin muguta, nokuti Nedzenhema Dmitry II akanga zita romusere rokuti Tushino mbavha. hondo yake akakunda mauto Shumsky uye vakakombawo Moscow.

Vasiliy Shuysky akaedza kutaurirana Sigismund III, kuti akabva vaanotonga. Asi haana zvireruke chaicho, uye haana kuita kuti. Ipapo Russian wacho sungano pamwe yeSweden. chirwirangwe izvi zvichiitirwa kubatsira Sweden pamusoro Venhema Dmitry II pasi chibvumirano kuchinjwa wandei maguta Russian kuSweden, uyewo sungano kuzorwa Poland.

Prerequisites kuvhura vokuPoland kupindira

Mukuru chikonzero pakutanga Polish kupindira akava Russian-Swedish mubatanidzwa. Izvi zvakapa chakarongwa pokumuwanira of Commonwealth kuzivisa hondo Russia, somumwe zvinangwa kwemubatanidzwa rinongova kushora kwePoland.

In akawanda Commonwealth panguva iyoyo paiva nokusimbaradza simba roumambo. Izvi zvakanga zvakafanira kuti Korol Sigizmund III muna 1609 akakurira yemuna kufadza kwamachinda, urwo rwakatora makore matatu. Zvino zvinoita kuwedzera kwokunze.

Uyezve, Russian-Polish kupesana sezvo wokuLivonia War, hauna kure, uye zvakavigwa Polish kupindira mune muchimiro zvisina rutsigiro akatarisirwa mugumisiro haana kutendera vanyengeri.

Zvinhu izvi zvakapa riwedzere nokuda kwezvaizosarudzwa atange nechisimba ehondo Commonwealth munyika Russian mundima ehurumende kuti tiuye pasi zvizere yayo kuzvidzora. Vaitanga cheni zviitiko, iro rinobatanidza guru Russia yakanga kupambwa vokuPoland-Lithuanian hondo, uye ipapo kusunungurwa Moscow kubva Poles.

Capture of Moscow Poles

Mumatsutso 1609 hondo Polish vaitungamirirwa Hetman Stanislava Zholkevskogo nechisimba nyika Russia uye kukombwa Smolensk. Muzhizha 1610 vakakunda mune yairwirwa hondo Klushino Russian-Swedish mauto uye akasvika Moscow. Ukuwo Moscow akafukidza hondo Falsdmitry II.

Zvichakadai, boyars Vasiliya Shuyskogo rakaparadzwa uye mujeri naye yemamongi. Ivo pave nehurumende kuti anozivikanwa pasi zita dare nomwe. Asi vakuru abvuta simba vaiva nevakawanda pakati pavanhu. Vaikwanisa chaizvoizvo kudzora chete Moscow. Achityira kuti hurumende inogona kubata akakurumbira zvikuru Venhema Dmitry II, namakurukota wakapinda dzinoungana pamwe Poles.

By chibvumirano, mwanakomana Mambo Polish Sigismund III, Wladyslaw akava Russian chamber, asi kutendeuka kuna Orthodoxy. Mumatsutso 1610 hondo Polish akapinda Moscow.

chokutanga nevarwi

Saka, guta guru Rus vakatapa Poles. On mazuva okutanga vakatanga kunyanyisa, izvo sezvingatarisirwa akamutsa kusafara vomunzvimbo. Getman Zolkiewski wakabva Moscow, uye kutungamirira ravarwi Polish muguta akasiya Aleksandra Gonsevskogo.

Pakutanga 1611 achitungamirirwa Prince Dmitry Trubetskoy, P. uye J. Zarutsky Lyapunov yakanga yakaumbwa vanonzi nevarwi wokutanga. Chinangwa chake chaiva - kutanga kusunungurwa Moscow kubva Poles. The chikuru rehondo wehondo vaiva Ryazan vepamusorosoro Tushino uye Cossacks.

Mauto akaswedera Moscow. Panguva iyoyo imwe kumukira pokugara nemauto, basa rinokosha iro aitamba Dmitry Pozharsky, ramangwana uto mukuru panguva kusunungurwa Moscow kubva Poles.

Panguva iyi varwi akakwanisa kutora China Town, asi kusiyana mukati kwakatungamirira kuuraya mumwe wavatungamiri - Procopius Lyapunov. Nokuda kwaizvozvo, varwi vakarambana. Chinangwa mushandirapamwe haana kubudirira, uye kusunungurwa Moscow kubva Poles havana kutora nzvimbo.

Paumbwe varwi Second

Yakauya 1612. Kusunungurwa Moscow kubva Poles akava chinangwa varwi Second yakaumbwa. The chirongwa chayo zvisikwa vakabva wezvokutengeserana uye rwokugadzira kirasi Nizhny Novgorod, izvo wakatambudzika nokumanikidza kukuru uye Kurasikirwa panguva vokuPoland basa. Nizhny Novgorod haana kuziva chinhu chiremera Venhema Dmitry II, kana Vladislav Zhigmontovicha - Polish Prince.

A aitungamirira basa iri pakusikwa vanhu Second varwi airidza Kuzma Minin, vaishumira Zemsky mukuru. Akakurudzira vanhu vabatane mukurwisa vanopinda nechisimba. Mune ramangwana, akava nomukurumbira somutungamiriri wemauto panguva kusunungurwa Moscow kubva Poles uye sechipiriso zvavo gamba. Uye apo Kuzma Minin aiva nyore mhizha uyo aikwanisa kubatanidza nemhomho vanhu vaidirana kudanwa kwake Nizhny Novgorod nevamwe dzeRussia.

Pakati vanosvika akanga Prince Dmitry Pozharsky, mumwe murume, uyo akawana mukurumbira sezvo weuto panguva kusunungurwa Moscow kubva Poles muna 1612. It akadana varwi kuti mukuru neungano, achikumbira Prince Pozharsky atungamirire rudzi pakurwisa vanopinda nechisimba. Muchinda vaisagona kuramba chikumbiro ichi, uye kupinda muchiuto, akatanga kutora chimiro achitungamirirwa Minin, navanhu vake.

Nomuzongoza pamusoro varwi kwaisanganisira Nizhny Novgorod ravarwi anoumbwa nevanhu 750, asi kudana wakabva basa vanhu Arzamas, Vyazma, Dorogobuzh nemamwe maguta. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa yakakwirira mano Minin uye Pozharsky ari Chinyorwa paumbwe wemauto, uye mune Kufambisa nedzimwe maguta Russia. Kutaura zvazviri, vakaumba muviri kuti anoita basa hurumende.

Gare gare, nevarwi mu kusunungurwa Moscow kubva Poles, kana akasvika guru rechipiri zvevanhu, vaisanganisa nedzimwe mapoka yakadhirika wokutanga varwi.

Saka, achitungamirirwa Minin uye Pozharsky zvikuru simba rakaumbwa, anokwanisa kukunda vanopinda nechisimba. Saka vakatanga kusunungurwa Moscow kubva Poles muna 1612.

Unhu Dmitriya Pozharskogo

Zvino, ngationei kurukura muudzame pamusoro remunhu akava nomukurumbira sezvo rechiuto mukuru panguva kusunungurwa Moscow kubva Poles. It Dmitry Pozharsky raiva nevanhu behest mukuru mutungamiriri varwi, uye chakakodzera yedzinza guru chikamu mupiro kukunda ichi mbiri. aiva ani?

Dmitry Pozharsky vaiva mhuri chekare kwomuchinda, raiva kurutivi bazi Rurik Starodubskaya mutsetse. Akaberekerwa muna 1578, kureva panguva nokuumbwa anopamba mumatsutso 1611 oda 33 nemakore. Baba aiva Prince Mikhail Fedorovich Pozharsky uye mai - Maria Fedorovna Berseneva-Beklemisheva kuti mazita, hwaakapa roora, Dmitry akaberekwa.

The rinoitirwa Dmitry Pozharsky akadzokera ushe Borisa Godunova. Future wemauto, mutungamiri kusunungurwa Moscow kubva Poles, pasi chevaux Vasilii Shuyskom akatungamirira remapoka kuti vakaramba hondo Venhema Dmitry II. Akabva vakagadzwa Zaraiskiy gavhuna.

Gare gare, sezvo ambotaurwa kare pamusoro, Pozharsky akanga achiparidza sangano iri kumukira Poles muMoscow panguva kuvapo People Wokutanga varwi.

Sezvingatarisirwa, vanhu akarwa nesimba pamusoro dzimwe kupindira, asingagoni kupindura chikumbiro Kuzmy Minina. Not rokupedzisira basa kuti Dmitry Pozharsky akatungamirira varwi, ndechokuti aiva munda pedyo Nizhniy Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod kureva, vanoumba nomuzongoza weuto, vaiona dzavo pachavo.

Ndizvo zvakanga murume akatungamirira varwi vari kusunungurwa Moscow kubva Poles.

March musi Moscow

Isu afunga akarayira kusunungurwa Moscow kubva Poles, ngatiendei kutarisa vicissitudes mushandirapamwe.

Varwi akatamira pakupera February 1612 muna Nizhny Novgorod pamusoro Volga kumusoro akananga Moscow. Sezvaunofambira mberi, vatsva vanhu vakabatana naye. Vazhinji misha vakasangana varwi nomufaro, uye apo zviremera zvomunzvimbo vakaedza kugadzirisa nokushorwa, sezvo zvakaita Kostroma, vakanga vaendeswa uye ne eRussia akavimbika kuvanhu.

Muna April 1612 varwi vakauya Yaroslavl, umo mharidzo iri rinenge August 1612. Saka, Yaroslavl yakava guta duku. Nguva iyi pakukura wokusunungurwa kufamba vakagamuchira zita "Takamira Yaroslavl."

Pavakaziva kuti nzira kuMoscow mauto hetman Chodkiewicz, kuitira kudzivirira yaro, Pozharsky mukupera July akabva atuma mapoka vanoverengeka Yaroslavl, uyo vakamhanyira pakarepo guru, uye mukati August, ose ehondo vaiva nezvombo vakanga pfungwa muMoscow.

Mauto vemapato

Zvakava pachena kuti aiva hondo yairwirwa. Chii chaiva uwandu mauto panguva anorwisana kumapati uye avo placement?

Uwandu mauto vaiva omurume Dmitry Pozharsky haana kupfuudza zviuru zvisere vanhu, zvichienderana matsime. Nomuzongoza mauto akanga Cossack mapoka nhamba yevanhu 4000 uye chimwe chiuru uta. Kunze Pozharsky uye Minin nevarwi vehondo vaiva Dmitry Pozharsky-foshoro (hama vakuru vehurumende) uye Ivan Khovanskiy-Large. Chete wokupedzisira izvi pane imwe nguva akarayira yakawanda muzvikamu zvechiuto. Vamwe kana sezvo Dmitriyu Pozharskomu, aifanira kuraira ane zviduku dzakabatana kana utungamiri ruzivo zvachose ndisipo, sapamazuva Pozharsky, nefoshoro.

Dmitry Troubetzkoy, mumwe vatungamiri varwi First, kwakaita kuti vakawanda muna 2500 Cossacks. Kunyange zvazvo akabvuma kuti kubatsira vanhuwo chikonzero, asi panguva imwe chete yakachengeterwa kodzero kuuraya zvirevo Pozharsky. Saka, uwandu mauto eRussia akanga 9500-10 000.

Kuwanda kwehondo Polish Hetman Chodkiewicz, ari kuuya Moscow ari kurutivi rwokumavirira, paiva 12 000 vanhu. The chikuru muupenyu vaivamo Zaporozhye Cossacks nhamba varwi 8.000 pasi murayiro Aleksandra Zborovskogo. Inonyanya vakarongeka chikamu mauto aiva oga yokuzviparadzanisa Hetman nhamba 2,000.

Vatungamiri vokuPoland mauto - Chodkiewicz uye Zborowski - vaipiwa uto ruzivo. In Kunyanya Chodkiewicz akasiyanisa mu kudzvanyirira achangopfuura kumukira kwamachinda uyewo hondo, Sweden. Zvimwewo vehondo zvinofanira kucherechedzwa Nevyarovskogo, Grajewski uye Koretsky.

Mukuwedzera varwi 12,000, izvo zvakazoita kuti Chodkiewicz, muna Moscow Kremlin achiri zviuru zvitatu ravarwi Polish. Vakaenda Jets uye Nicholas Iosif Budilo. Izviwo, vakanga ruzivo vanodzima, asi pasina uto tarenda chinhu.

Saka, uwandu hwehondo Polish yakasvika 15 000 vanhu.

Russian nevarwi raiva pedyo masvingo White City, apo pakati vokuPoland ravarwi midzi muna Kremlin, uye mauto Chodkiewicz riri pakati padombo uye nzvimbo yakaoma. nhamba dzavo dzaiva duku pane vaya Poles, uye vatungamiri vasina zvakawanda muchiuto ruzivo. Zvaiita kuti njodzi varwi rakanamwa.

Battle nokuti Moscow

Saka, muna August 1612 hondo yakatanga, izvo kwakaguma kusunungurwa Moscow kubva Poles. Gore rehondo ichi zvachose akapinda nhoroondo Russia.

First yakatanga kudenhwa mauto Hetman Chodkiewicz akayambuka Moskva rwizi, vakasvika pasuwo Novodevichy chechechi, apo pfungwa yokushanda nevarwi. Akatanga bhiza kurwa. Mauto Polish akaedza kurwisa kwacho inosimbisa, ukuwo Prince Troubetzkoy akamirira uye haana kumhanyira kubatsira Pozharsky. Zvinofanira akati kuti mauto mukuru mukuru kusunungurwa Moscow kubva Poles kwazvo nouchenjeri, kuti hazvibviri kuti pakutanga kupwanya muvengi nzvimbo nevarwi. Chodkiewicz aifanira shure.

Zvadaro Pozharsky kwakachinja dislocation revarwi vakatamira munyika Zamoskvorechye. Hondo inokosha akatora nzvimbo musi 24 Nyamavhuvhu. Hetman Chodkiewicz akakanda zvakare nemauto ake kuhondo, achitarisira kuti achapwanya vashomanana vaiva nezvombo. Asi wakatendeuka sezvaakanga achitarisira. Mauto eRussia vakamira vakasimba, kunze pakurwa, pakupedzisira vakabatana Trubetskoy.

Ndaneta vavengi vakasarudza kutora breather. By manheru, varwi akaenda inogumbura. Ivo akafamba nzvimbo muvengi, uye vakamumanikidza kuti shure kuna Mozhaisk guta. Vachiona izvi, boka ravarwi Polish rakamanikidzwa yokuupa nevarwi. akagumisa kusunungurwa Moscow Saka kubva kune dzimwe nechisimba.

migumisiro

Kusunungurwa Moscow kubva Poles muna 1612 yakatyoka hondo yose Russian-Polish. Zvisinei, uto chiito yakatora nguva refu asi.

Muchirimo 1613 akaiswa pamusoro mumiririri oumambo mutsva Romanov youmambo - Mikhail Fedorovich. Zvakaita ave chinokosha nokusimbaradza Russian statehood.

Panopera 1618, yakanga pakupedzisira akapedzisa Deulino ceasefire pakati Russian uye Polish. Maererano migumisiro chibvumirano ichi, Russia akamanikidzwa kupa nzvimbo yakakura Commonwealth, asi wakasara Chikurukuru - statehood kwayo. Mune ramangwana, izvozvo zvakamubatsira kuti vadzosere vakarasika muvhu, uye kunyange kubatanidzwa chikamu vakawanda Commonwealth.

Kukosha kusunungurwa Moscow

Zvakaoma kuona kukosha kwebhuku guru wokuRussia nokuti nyika nhoroondo. chiitiko ichi zvakabatsira kuchengeta Russian mamiriro ari yakaoma hondo kuzorwa nechisimba. Naizvozvo, Hondo Moscow rakanyorwa mu mabhuku ose ari kare Russian uye ndiyo imwe rinonyatsooneka mazuva.

Prince Pozharsky uye Kuzma Minin, uyo kwenguva refu vane chinzvimbo wemagamba National - isu uye navatungamiri varwi Second Rangarirai. Vanozvipira dzemazororo, akaisa sezvivako dzokuyeuka.