InotungamirwaNyaya

Kutsigira muPskov: nzira ruvengo uye migumisiro

The wokuLivonia War (1558-1583) - chiitiko chinokosha kuti kuchamhembe nyika Russia, uye chinonyanya kukosha ndechokuti kudzivirira muPskov kuti nhoroondo zvechiuto. Nyika yakanga hondo International dzaishandiswa pakutengeserana uye kuwana kuBaltic kurwisa wokuLivonia Order. rombo Russian yokutanga yakanaka - inobudirira tsamwisa kumabvazuva chikamu wokuLivonia nyika yakaguma mukukunda. Asi pashure pokuwa Order muna 1561 takapinda hondo vavakidzani, zvakare, aida kutora zvipenga wakaputsika nyika. Russia aifanira kurwa Lithuania, Poland neSweden.

umhare muPskov

Mumazuva yeHondo wokuLivonia muPskov yokutanga akatora kushingaira chikamu naro; akatora mauto Ivana Groznogo muchando 1558, uye panguva imwecheteyo vanhu muPskov, inotungamirwa Prince Shuisky akabatana mushandirapamwe uyu. MuPskov Kuzvidavirira achiri kuuya, asi muna 1559 vokuGermany akaparadza pedyo Red uye Sebezh nguva rebuffed. Zvadaro Lithuanians vakapinda zvinenge kuguta, kuparadza uye nokupisa zvose nzira dzavo, ivowo vairohwa zvakarurama nokukurumidza, asi vakadzoka muna 1569 uye akatora guta Izborsk.

Matanda inotungamirwa naMambo Stefan Batory muna 1579-M akatora Polotsk, uye gore gare gare akapinda muPskov uye Novgorod nyika. Mauto Russian dziri haana kuona zvakanaka nguva, Batory uye zvinozivikanwa, asi nekuda kuburikidza nhume dzavo akarayira kuti Poland uye Livonia Russian nyika pamwe chizvarwa chete muPskov, Novgorod uye Smolensk. Sezvingatarisirwa, Ivan Grozny akadaro makava haana kuenda, uye muzhizha 1580 uto Polish vakasvika Bow Great. Vagere muguta rino guru kugona kukunda hondo ine simba, uye saka pachavo akapisa Posada akatora utiziro munhare zvose. Vakaramba kukanda mapfumo pasi. Mauto akanga dzisakarurama, guta rakundwa, vakaurayiwa zvose.

Batory macha kuna muPskov

Muna 1581 hondo muPoland youmambo vakaenda muPskov. Kana Batory akakwanisa andobata guta rino, zvichida, Ivan Grozny akamanikidzwa kubvumirana kudaro kururama nyika, uye kupa zvose kuchamhembe-dzokumadokero nyika yeRussia. Asi kudzivirira muPskov kwakaitika. Zviitiko izvi umhare tinoziva kubva zvakawanda zvenyu kubva anorwisana mapati. Description nezvechiitiko akadai kudzivirira muPskov, kwete aigona kutyora munyori wamambo Stanisław Piotrowski, uyo akachengeta mumwe dhayari, vakarondedzera zvose chimwe nechimwe nezuva wakakombwa. Mavhiki matatu akaramba kutsigira muguta uto wePolish yose, iyo iri dzinotyisa yaaigara nhare, ari kuedza kuchera pasi masvingo kukwira, kusvikira chinhu kusavimbika. Rakanga zvose pasina. MuPskov kudzivirira Ivan 4 akamira zvakasimba.

Kunyange apo Batory akasarudza kutora Pechora nhare, kuedza rakakundikana. ari nevanozvitsigira vakaurayiwa. Akabva basa, sezvo hondo zvakohwewa rakamira, uye hondo yakanga kuneta. January 1582 yaiva nguva kusaina imwe chibvumirano kwemakore mashanu, umo Bathory vakaramba kutanga vavariro uye akadzorera rakundwa guta Russian. MuPskov Defense 4 apo Ivan akakwanisa kuponesa vanopinda nechisimba kubva kunyika, chaizvoizvo - zvakachengetedzwa uye aimbova muganhu Russian. Pakutanga nemanomwe remakore rakanga kudzivirira muPskov rechipiri. The anokumhan'arira Nguva ino akanga akasiyana, uye Muponesi uye mudziviriri wokuRussia nyika - guta iroro, kuriritira magamba. Wokutanga okukomba akadzidzisa vagari. Zvino vakakwanisa kwete chete kudzivirira asiwo kuti varwise. A refu uye yakaoma vemamwe kupindira yakaguma muna kukunda kuramba uye ushingi vanhu Russian. Muna 1611, kuti yeSweden vakanga guta Staraya Russa, Ladoga, Novgorod, Gdov, Porkhov uye Swedish King Gustavus Adolphus akasarudza kuti umhare kudzivirira muPskov kare. Zvisinei, iye miscalculated.

yeSweden

The yeSweden vakaedza kutora muPskov pakutanga 1615, vairohwa, uye muzhizha akaunganidza uto guru pasi pesimba General Horn uye zvakare vakakomba guta. Mambo akauya kuzoona kuti muPskov rinokundwa. Asi kutsigira veguta kwaizova kudada pachake kare vakaenda Ivan Grozny. Kutsigira muPskov, apo muvengi nguva ino aiva akasimba zvikuru kupfuura Poles, uye wokuLivonia Knights, akaramba zvose sezvo zvakasimba zviito vaifungidzirwa panze, kurwisa vakanga kazhinji kunobudirira. Swedish Mauto akakunda Snetogorsky wemamongi uye ndokugarako. Chaizvoizvo iroro vagari muPskov akaita sortie ndokukuvadza kukosha kukuvadza, kunyange General Horn haana kurarama. Mambo aitya akundikana akadaro, uye akafunga kuti uto rake guru zvakakwana. Akadzivisa mauto ake kuti pamhenderekedzo yoRwizi Great, uye akakumbira vavabatsire.

Mwedzi mishomanana gare gare akauya mari mauto, uye Gustavus Adolphus Snetogorsk akadzokera wemamongi. The guta rakanga rakapoteredzwa chose, zvose migwagwa vari makavhara - blockade zvakakwana. Kurova muvengi vakasarudza kubva kuchamhembe - kubva suwo Ilyinskikh Varlaamovskoy shongwe. Akavaka masvingo, akaisa pfuti uye zvishoma nezvishoma achiparadza rusvingo. MuPskov akaramba. Wall nzira yokubudisa pakarepo kwakagadzirwa uye kurwiswa yakaitika anenge mazuva ose, kazhinji vane inorema nezvinhu kuti muvengi.
Gustavus Adolphus aneta kurwisa kwakadaro uye akaramba rugare akurukure Russia. Aida yakanaka runyararo mashoko, asi zvino akaridza muPskov mumusasa wake ose gunpowder. Ndaifanira tibve muPskov uye maguta Russian kweRussia - Ladoga, Novgorod, Porkhov, Staraya Russa, Gdov nemamwe nyika zhinji ine vanopinda nechisimba. The kudzivirira rokutanga muPskov - kubva Stefan Batory mauto - kwakanga kwakanyanya zvikuru, asi vomuguta vakadzidza zvakawanda.

Zvinokonzera kuti wokuLivonia War

The wokuLivonia Order rakaumbwa mukupera nemiviri remakore uye vakabvuta anenge nharaunda yose ano reBaltic - Courland, Livonia uye Estonia. Zvisinei, pakazosvika nemitanhatu remakore, simba rayo riri inenge yaoma. Chokutanga, vasanyanya simba Order yomunyika kukakavara kunotangira kuwedzera krepnuvshim Reformation kufamba: menduru vanatenzi kugona kuwana nekubvirana iri ukama Bhishopi Mukuru Riga, guta haana kuziva chinhu wavo, ruvengo kuwedzera kuwedzerwa. Kuderera Livonia kushandisa zvose vavakidzani vayo, kunyange Russia. Chokwadi ndechokuti kusati kwatombova uchitanga idzi machinda Russian kudzora Baltic ndima, saka ikozvino Moscow chevaux vaiona kodzero dzavo Livonia pamutemo.

The zvokutengeserana Kukosha romumhenderekedzo yegungwa nyika haingayananisirwi dzakanaka, uye wokuLivonia Order rinongotaura ukama Russia uye Western Europe, kwete achipfuura zvayo nzvimbo vatengesi uye Entrepreneurs. Vachisimbisa kuti Russia, uyewo ikozvino, haana kuda munhu nyika. Uyewo, vanatenzi European uye nhumbi kubva Europe wokuLivonia Order muRussia haana kurasikirwa. Nokuti ichi, uye kune Livonians Russian kubatwa maererano. Kuona simba vavakidzani recalcitrant, Moscow chevaux vakatanga kutya kuti kunzvimbo Livonians kunogona kuoneka vavakidzani vakawanda noutsinye. Ivan III akavaka pakatarisana netaundi Narva Ivangorod wako. Uye kunyange zvakawanda dzakabudirira dzinofunga kuti kuwana Sea kuBaltic Ivan 4. kudzivirira muPskov, muvengi ari kuratidza kwaari kururama Russian chamber, akaratidza sei izvi anoti vakanga yakakodzera.

Pakutanga wokuLivonia War

Mambo aiva nechokwadi kubudirira yemapapu, asi wokuLivonia War yakaenderera mberi, kusiyana yaimbovapo, pamwe yeSweden, apo Zvakazoitika kutsanya chaizvo uye akanaka. nguva ino Ivan Grozny akayeuka chibvumirano Livonians wekare chinoda kuti kubhadhara mutero kuna Russian mamiriro chisingazivi yokusuma yakareba chaizvo nguva. Livonians Nhaurirano, chero bedzi kwavaigona, kunonoka, asi mambo vakakurumidza kukanganwa kushivirira uye vakagura ukama zvakanaka-muvakidzani, muna 1558 akatanga makore makumi maviri nemashanu wokuLivonia War, pakutanga kubudirira. Mauto eRussia vakafora zvinenge yose Livonia, kunze rakasimba nhare namaguta simba. Oga Livonia zvinopa dzakatsarukana nemishonga akanga asingakwanisi - Moscow kare raiva zvakakwana simba.

Mamiriro ari Order dzakawira oga, Nokupa piecemeal vavakidzani simba zvikuru. Estonia - Sweden, Livonia - Lithuania, chitsuwa Saaremaa - Danish gertsogts Magnus, Kurland hachisisiri chechi Holdings uchishushikana zvenyika. Master Kettler akava Duke uye achiti Polish muranda. Ndezvomuzvarirwo kuti varidzi zvitsva huchatorwa kubva Ivana Groznogo non-dzatorwa. Kunyange zvakajeka, kuti mambo chinhu haana aida kuramba. Yakanga iri wokuLivonia War paiva vechikamu itsva. Kunyange zvakadaro, Moscow akunda. Mauto vamambo wakaparadza Lithuania kuna Vilnius. Lithuanians maida nokuda norugare uye kupa Polotsk. Asi Zemsky Sobor muMoscow nyika haina kubvumirana. Hondo akaenda kwemamwe makore gumi. Chero bedzi choumambo Polish-Lithuanian haana kuzviratidza chimwe chezvinhu matarenda vehondo.

Stefan Batory

Russia achangobva zvikuru simba kwemakore hondo. Uyewo, akaparadza nyika uye oprichnina. In rwezasi Crimean Tatars achiita, vachirayira vose Volga, Astrakhan uye Kazan Khanate. Muna 1571, Khan Devlet Giray chisingatarisirwi mnogovoyskovoe kubvuta akanga araira, akapedza kudzidza echipiriso yose Moscow, kunze Kremlin. Mugore rakatevera gore kudzokorora kubudirira hazvina zvaitika - Russian ratification achitungamirirwa Mihaila Vorotynskogo akakunda Tatars panguva duku. Iyi ndiyo nguva pavamire vakatanga uye Stefan Batory - State Center munyika iri varombo chaizvo uye zviwanikwa, uye vanhu. rati Large nokuti wokuLivonia fronts zvakanga zvisingaiti kuunganidza. Yakakuwandira kwakakodzera kurambwa vakasangana. Muna 1578 mauto eRussia vakakundwa panguva Verdun.

Muna wokuLivonia War pakachinja. Kwapera gore, Stefan Batory akanunura Polotsk, uye ipapo Great Luke pamwe Velizh. Ivan Grozny akaedza kushingirira Batory diplomatically, kutumira nevamiririri venyika kune yeAustria Emperor uye Papa. Asi mambo Polish akanga asingafariri vaitaura yeRussian chamber, uye muna 1581-m, iye kuzokomba muPskov. Zvakanga zvakaoma, asi akapikisa kudzivirira muPskov. Stefan Batory akaedza kunzvenga kunyange nesananguro namambo Diet, asi kunyange Germany kana Moscow haasi kukwanisa kugara pachigaro choushe chero muchinda kana muchinda. Akanga asarudza kuti aratidze simba rayo gavhuna zvose Transylvanian. Uye pashure kuguma chibvumirano hondo tatangazve. Zvisinei, vakatanga mambo Russian, uye kudzivirira muPskov panguva wokuLivonia War, kuWest akaratidza sei kuramba uye tsanzira zvinogona chiso nechisimba Russian.

Mamiriro pakutanga hondo

Panguva iyo kwaiva nehondo uye Sweden, apo Russian aisagona vanokwanisa kutora pamusoro kuguta vanotozvifarira, uye kuwana Sea reBaltic. Livonia ari afarirwe panguva yakunda Russian dzinozvitonga uye haana kugara kwenguva refu chaizvo. Iye pasina pasi ndekwaMwari Stefan Batory, musati hama yangu Nhaurirano, uye muvakidzani - nokuti akavamba kwete mambo. Livonia Ivan Grozny nguva dzose vaitirei fiefdom. Uye vanhuwo vanhu kusarudzwa kuda vanhu vakanga vakaoma hondo, danidziro rikaratidzwa German uye Hungarian inifanduri zvombo ari zvaakanga akaponesa asina mari, akanga yakawanda kwepfuti - huru uye dzakanaka.

Uye, chokwadi, raiva netarisiro kukunda pamusoro havaratidzi zvombo zvisina mitsara mauto eRussia. Mutungamiriri Stefan Batory aiva nyanzvi. Asi hapana benzi, uye Ivan Grozny. Defense muPskov akaratidza - sei. Polotsk dzidzivirire kwevhiki dzinopfuura nhatu, asi haana akapona, kunyange kudzivirira akanga wakapindwa vose, vakuru nevaduku - kutumbura moto, vakabatsira varwi. Mukirasi muna Polotsk pashure kutora Stefan Batory akanga monstrous, sezvo pava paya, kana mambo Polish akatora muguta rimwe - Usvyat, Velizh, Luke Great.

zvinodiwa Batory

Ivan Grozny akamanikidzwa kutaurirana, apo akapa Poland Livonia - kunze maguta mana. Zvisinei, Stefan Batory kukumbira chete yose Livonia, asi Sebezh. Kunze, mari yakawanda - zviuru zvina zvendarama kufukidza mari dzavo dzehondo.

Mutsamba, iye akamboda kugumbura mambo Russian, achidana ake Moscow Farao uye bumhi. Kuedza kuyananisa ichi hauzoti zvakawanda kubudirira. Muna 1581, mauto Polish akatora chitsuwa akakomba muPskov. Uye pano zvose Kubudirira uye zvose kuzvikudza vanoremekedzwa vezvikwata uye pamusoro, nokuti akatanga kudzivirira muPskov. WokuLivonia War asvika kuvandudza.

muPskov nhare

City panguva iyoyo nhare nokururamisira kugadzikana: achangobva dzakatanga masvingo akasimba, vakaisa dzakawanda pfuti, akaumba uto simba magavhuna ruzivo. Kutsigira muPskov inotungamirwa Ivan Shumsky - inozivikanwa hwokurwa rayo Prince. Risingakanganwiki zviitiko, izvi zvinorondedzerwa muna uchida ngano - "The zvakaedza kukombwa muPskov". vanotsigira guta dzakavakwa kusimbaradza nechinzwano zvokunze akavakirirwa norusvingo, ukuwo Poles vakachera pemigero uye akaisa pfuti yake pamusoro mukomberedzo.

Dawn akatanga September 7 dutu moto makumi pfuti. Batory chaizvo aida napakakoromoka yekubhinywa. Zvechokwadi, rusvingo akabva akakoromora munzvimbo dzakawanda, uye nenzira muguta mukudenga. Vehurumende agere pakudya, kare kuonekwa sezvo pokudya muPskov. Asi kudzivirira muPskov Batory amira. Kurwisa kukombwa bhero akamhanya vagari vose veguta, kwete chete hondo. All vaigona kutakura zvombo, akakurumidza kumedura panzvimbo dzakawanda nengozi. Kubva masvingo mberi Poles vakanga akadiridza moto rinorema, asi kuvimba kukunda vadzingwe mberi rinoreva pamusoro zvitunha. Muguta vachiri akaputsa.

Russian chishamiso

MuPskov atova shongwe maviri korona Polish youmambo mureza, uye Russian vabvuma pasi kumanikidzwa muvengi mapoka. Prince Shuisky, azvishambidze ropa rake uye mweni, siya bhiza akafa uye muenzaniso wake vachingotiza pamisara Russian. In yakaoma nguva iri muPskov vafundisi akaonekwa ari kurwiwa pamwe mufananidzo Our Lady uye zvisaririra mutsvene, pasi ijeke kupinda Russian Vsevolod-Gabriel. Varwi zvinooneka perked uye vakamhanyira kurwa nesimba rakawedzerwa. Svinuzskaya shongwe, vakazadzwa nevavengi, pakarepo ikamera mumhepo - vemauto Russian yakavhuvhuta izvozvo. In mugomba pamwe akaturikidzana mazhinji zvitunha vavengi, vakanga vari shongwe. Mauto muvengi vakashamiswa, vakazadzwa nokutya uye romuromo. Chokwadi, Russian haana nehana rova pamwechete. Mauto Polish vakarwadziwa uye vakakundwa chaizvoizvo pamusoro run.

MuPskov vagari kubudawo zvakafanana pakurwa - akabvisa vakakuvadzwa, vakauya mvura kutama kukandwa ne pfuti muvengi wavo masvingo dzakatorwa vasungwa. The umhare kudzivirira muPskov achipembererwa vakatendeuka peji rokutanga nhoroondo yacho. Uyezve, nenzira dzose kuedza kukurira muPskov Batory: mugero, vachiridzira dzvuku inopisa cores wachi, moto guta, monitory tsamba vehurumende Russian anopikira zvikomborero iri zvinoitirwawo pedyo uye rinotyisa rufu nenguva kusimba. Panzira, ndaifanira kutuma tsamba nokubatsirwa miseve, nekuti vanhu muPskov havana kuenda kutaurirana. Mhinduro, vakatumira saizvozvo. Ikoko mutauro Russian pakanyorwa vasaora muPskov handishanduki, tirwe. Uye pamusoro kukanganisa muPskov vakanga yagadzirwa zvimbambaira ayo. Avo kuedza kuputsa rusvingo, akavanda seri mapuranga, akawana tara Kubika.

nyika

Ivan Grozny nyika ichiri aita, uye rakanga rakawanda zvikonzero. Batory vaitarisira kuti kukunda nyore, asi muPskov achiri asina ezvamakaunganidza. Four nehafu zviuru masoja muPskov pamusoro zviuru makumi mashanu aigona nevarwi Polish vamire kukombwa uye akahwina mavhiki matatu chaizvoizvo uchimhanya muvengi regiments. Kuzvidzivirira basa plugging mumakomba masvingo, kuchera inoerera vaiva zvachose vagari uye kuitwa.

Posada pedyo netaundi kare akapisa vanhu muPskov uye yose yevanhu posadov atizira muguta. Muvengi mauto vakasiya pasina kukurukurirana, nokuti vagari veguta akaita kakawanda vachirwisa, vanhuwo zvavo vakapamba Polish convoys, kurwisa vashori pamusoro Foraging uye vakasarudzwa zvokudya kuna muPskov. Batory haana kuziva kuti akanga akarasika. Asi muna 1581 akaenda achiri taurirana pamwe Russian chamber uye akaita chibvumirano.

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