Magellan akazarurwa? Panovhurwa Magellan. Magellan kuti rwendo

Rangarirai kuti Neil Armstrong akataura yakakurumbira okuti, achidana nhano yake yokutanga pamusoro womudenga pamusoro, hofori achikwakuka vanhu? Asi nguva refu yakadai zvakapembererwa akaita vafambi zvikuru kuMiddle Ages. Somuenzaniso, Magellan kuti zvakawanikwa akava chimurenga wechokwadi nenzira vanhu vake nyika, uye akaita kuti afunge inviolability pakati nedzidziso dzeChechi yeRoma. Saka akanga ari munhu akaratidza kuti pasi rakatenderera, akazaruka, apo Strait of Magellan pamepu? Chii nemigumisiro vakanga Huro yaro kuti kukura nesayenzi? Kuti tiwane mhinduro dzemibvunzo iyi, zvakakosha kuti Kunyatsoziva enhoroondo chokwadi, vakawanda vacho vanozivikanwa Antonio Pigafetta - Italian aiongorora uyo aimbotaurawo yokutanga munyika rwokuparidza.

Ferdinand Magellan: Biography

Zvinosuruvarisa hapana anogona kutaura kuti chokwadi nhasi, kuti nzvimbo yechizvarirwo pakati yakakurumbira mufambi, wokutanga European obognuvshy South American kondinendi. Zvisinei, vaongorori vakawanda vanodavira kuti chiitiko ichi kwakaitika October 17, 1480 mu Porto, kana Sabroza. Panguva iyoyowo, maererano zvinyorwa, mu kuyaruka Fernand aiva peji pana Queen Eleanor pamusoro Viseu, saka zvinofungirwa kuti akanga chakanaka mavambo.

Apo Magellan aiva nemakore 25 okuberekwa, akaenda kuIndia ari dzechikwata, Francisco Almeida. Vakashumira 5 makore avo, Ferdinand anoedza kudzokera kumusha, asi mukana achida kuramba kuIndia, vachitsvaka nyasha Zviremera, uye kuwana mukurumbira mukuru muchiuto zvakatipoteredza. Nenzira iyi, ramangwana rinozobudawo kuva mufambi kukuru Lisbon chete muna 1512. Uye ari kuita hondo pamwe Morocco, panguva iyo nezviito ake autocratic angering King Manuel First. Munguva vateereri, Magellan anobvunza mambo wacho kuti aende Naval rwendo, asi vakaramba. Panguva iyoyowo, Manuel kutanga kunomupa kunzwisisa kwete kuti tifunge kana kushumira mumwe overlord. Sezvineiwo, ziva ipapo mambo Portugal, kuti ramangwana Zvakawanikwa Magellan kudzai Spain, aizomupa zano rakadaro?

Chii asati wokutanga nyika rwokuparidza

Dzinoronga Magellan akasiya musha uye anoenda Spain kutenga imba Thiruvananthapuram, achiwanikwa, ane mwanakomana. Nhongai chinobatsira kubatana, Magellan anova mari Organisations zvomumvura nzendo - "Imba zvibvumirano", asi pane vakaramba govera mari nokuda Implementation basa rake kuwana rokumadokero nzira kuna Spice Islands. Panguva iyoyowo, kufarira rinoratidza Juan de Aranda, izvo zvinoda 1/8 chikamu zvinogona purofiti, uye Mambo Charles I of Spain anopa mvumo hembe ngarava shanu. Zvino kuti munoziva akanga kusvika ake yakakurumbira rwendo kubva Magellan. Chii akaona zvicharangarirwa kurondedzerwa hereinafter.

Round rwendo kubva Magellan: zvinotarisirwa zvoupfumi zvikomborero

Kunyange zvazvo kuwanikwa America Columbus akaita Spain ane superpower, asi chikuru chinangwa rwendo urwu, dzinova kubudirira pakati yokumadokero India napo, haisati kubudirira. Asi akavimbisa yakakura zvikomborero zvoupfumi! Zvikurukuru, saka kuti zvaizova kwakaratidza kuti yakakurumbira Spice Islands, vakaenda Portugal Chibvumirano Tordesillas, vari "Spanish" gungwa wokumaodzanyemba. Izvi zvinozoita kwaireva kuti kutarisirwa rechitsauko Magellan aigona yekudyidzana akudziridze nhaka Charles Rokutanga, uye kuti agumise kuti chindingindingi yechiPutukezi vagotengeseranamo zvinonhuhwira, ayo zvino aikoshesa shoma.

Kuenda Brazil uye Patagonia

The umhare paakaita gungwa Magellan September 20, 1519 akatanga, apo 5 zvikepe, zvokudya nokuda 2 pachine makore kubva San Lucar. Vose, rwendo akatora chikamu kusvika vanhu 280, 100 vakanga vakapakata nemasoja. Mukuwedzera, zvikepe zvakanga vakapakata 10 cannons uye 50 arquebus. Mukuru chikepe - "Trinidad" - the caravel uye "Santiago" anodzorwa Magellan uye mumwe Portuguese, Joao Serrania. The yasara ngarava matatu akasiya pamushandirapamwe, akatungamirirwa neMweya Spanish vanokudzwa jendurumani, vakatenderana kuronga kumukira, kana zvichiita sokuti Mutungamiriri Fernand mukurasika.

Zvaakanga kukunda tanetseka chaizvo Atlantic Ocean, musi November 29, Magellan kuti rwendo asvika mhenderekedzo Brazil uye vakatanga kuongorora mhenderekedzo Rio de the Plata, vachitarisira kuti ichi ndicho akakamanikana, kuburikidza paunogona kuwana kune "Sea South". Nechokwadi pamusoro fallacy kuti kubvuma uku, dzechikwata akatumira zvimwe kuna rwezasi, mhenderekedzo yacho kondinendi South America, kusangana munzira yacho PENGUIN, vakafunga vaiva zvemo. Kutsvakatsvaka kusvikira pamugumo March 1420, apo Magellan asarudza kumiririra yechando, uye kuderedza migove rakarira. Munguva yechando vanhu vokuSpain akasangana Kwataigara vaifamba muchikuvadza pamusoro gumbo uswa. Uye isu akavadana Patagonians (bolshenogimi), uye nyika yavo Patagonia.

Strait of Magellan

21 October, 1520 rwendo ngarava vari rakamanikana panjodzi. Ubanguranyika ngarava iripo, "San Antonio" uye "Concepción", iro chishamiso kudziviswa rufu panguva pakarepo mututu dutu. Zvisinei, sezvo vachiti, kwaizova kunge zvazvainge. Panguva apo vavimbezve vakatakura chikepe pamahombekombe, vakaitirana yakamanikana ndima, izvo netsvakurudzo kuti mvura wakawanda, uye mujenya asingadi kusvika kumhenderekedzo. zvikepe zvose vakadzokera Magellan uye vakaudza akanaka kuti gungwa nzira kuti "Gungwa South" rinowanikwa, uye makore akawanda gare gare yakanga akasarudzwa sezvo Strait of Magellan panyika mepu. Zvinosuruvarisa kuwanikwa chero nguva munhau, hapana emakore akazotevera vaisagona kuuya zvakunotibatsira chavanhu kubva zvoupfumi nemaonero, sezvo nzira iyi refu zvikuru uye ngozi kutumirwa. Zvisinei, izvozvo akapa rakakura chaizvo kuti kukura sayenzi akadai cartography uye jogirafi.

Chitsuwa Tierra Del Fuego, rakazaruka Magellan

Found kumaodzanyemba Strait of rwendo nyika VANOONA pairi usiku nezviedza dzakavhenekera. Magellan vanokanganisa vaifungidzira zvakanga voenda nechokumusoro Terra australis Incognita - rwezasi kondinendi - akaritumidza Tierra Del Fuego. Somugumisiro, raiva rezvitsuwa 40 000 uye zvitsuwa zviduku. Saka, mibvunzo: "? Chii Ferdinand Magellan", "? Chii yakazaruka" Zvingava mukupindura kunzi uye nyika moto. Nhasi vose vanoziva kuti kubva yakaoma maererano Strait of Magellan wakapatsanura rezvitsuwa, uye kupfuura zvitsuwa ayo - Isla Grande - ndiro guta Kumaodzanyemba munyika - Ushuaia.

Panovhurwa Marianas

Kukunda Strait kwamazuva 38, kunorwa ngarava dzaitakura mugungwa uye akananga vanenge 17 000? Km kutangira murenje chitsuwa, uyo akasangana havo. Vafambisi Dzakashamiswa, nekuti kare kuti zvakanzi vaifungidzira kuti America haisi kure kumhenderekedzo Asia. Ipapo Magellan akaziva kuti kwakaratidza kuti nyika ukama wechokwadi pakati penyika uye gungwa mvura uye akapa vanhu pfungwa ukuru Earth. Hit pasi zvakanga zvisingaiti, uye vakaramba rwendo rwavo kusvikira vasvika chitsuwa Guam, raiva boka Mariana Islands. Zvakaitika kuti vanhu veko vakanga vasina pfungwa chaiyo, uye saka akaedza kubvisa zvikepe chero zvinhu kuti kuwa pasi zvavo ruoko. Ndokusaka vokuSpain akadana chitsuwa Landrones, iyo anoshandura sembavha. Ikoko vafambi rine zvokudya uye mvura yakachena, uye vakaenda havo.

Panovhurwa Philippine Islands

Sezvo zvakanga pachena kuti rwendo kwatova Eastern Hemisphere, Magellan, nokuti kutya kusangana muchiPutukezi vakaedza kugara kubva mumvura, iyo nepano munhu nepagungwa waterways. Nokukurumidza zvikepe ake asvika zviwi asingazivikanwi. Kwakasarudzwa kuti zita kwavari zvitsuwa kutaurirana. Razaro, uye gare gare vakanga kunzi Philippine Islands. Kumhara akasarudzwa Homonhom, saka kana iwe kupindura mubvunzo: "Chii chauri unodana chitsuwa yokutanga rakazaruka Magellan muAsia," zvinofanira sezvinoratidzwa pamusoro pake.

Rufu mufambi

Nhasi, munhu wose anoziva nyika ndokushamisa Magellan. Zvisinei, vashoma vanoziva mashoko rufu rwake.

Saka, ndakasangana murume afa, munhu wokutanga uyo akakwanisa kuenda vapoterere kondinendi South American? Zvakatanga nepfungwa yokuti mutungamiri chitsuwa Mactan akaramba kuteerera mubati pedyo pachitsuwa Cebu Humabonu newakandipikira kuvimbika korona Spanish, uye kunyange wakabhabhatidzwa, pamwe chete nemhuri yake uye vanokudzwa paiva. Magellan akasarudza kuratidza veko kuti vokuEurope vanokoshesa uye kudzivirira vatongi vari pasi pavo, uye akaenda anokunyaradza vasingadzoreki maktantsev. Zvisinei, haana kuverenga kuti zvizvarwa zvemo aiva nguva kudzidza unyanzvi vehondo vokuEurope havana vakavaitira sezvo vagari kudenga. Mukuwedzera, uto rwendo kubva Magellan akanga achirwara-kugadzirira, uye vanhu vokuSpain havana kufunga kuti ngarava dzavo havazokwanisi kuti pedo zvakakwana pamahombekombe. Pakarepo mushure pakutanga muhondo mauto Magellan kutambura inorema nezvinhu sezvo zvizvarwa varwi vakanga aiming namapfumo usina kuzvidzivirira dzokurwa gumbo nemauto Spanish, uye kana vakaedza kusvika zvikepe zvavo vakatanga kupedzisa miseve yavo. The zvinoitirwa yaakavingwa mukuru Ferdinand, uyo, kuti vafukidze zvavo kuenda mamwe masoja, akasiya kurwa mvura tsama wevarwi vakatendeka, asi akakuvadzwa wokutanga munhu, uye ipapo vakabayiwa spearheads. Saka vakaparara mumwe vafambi mukuru munhau. Zvisinei, nguva dzose akanyora zita rake yenhau nhoroondo yenyika, uye nhasi wechikoro ose anoziva wakasvinudza Strait of Magellan.

The mberi njodzi rwendo vezvikepe

Rufu Magellan vake neshamwari sere vasanyanya mukurumbira Kwevanhu VokuSpeini mumaziso zvizvarwa zvemo. Naizvozvo Humabonu anosarudza kubvisa neyavatorwa, uye anoronga bato mabiko apo rinopwanya ane chinokosha chikamu vehondo. Kuramba dzinewo kumhanya. Pakupedzisira, tinosvika Spice Islands, kuti vapenyu nhengo Magellan rwendo kunotenga zvinhu uye nokuenda nenzira shure, pavanonzwa kuti mambo Portuguese yakazivisa somupanduki uye Magellan akarayira kuvharirwa dzayo dzose. Panguva iyoyo yerera zvikepe zviviri chete, vatungamiri vanosarudza kuenda kumba nenzira dzakasiyana. Sezvo ngarava "Trinidad" iri nhapwa nokuda Portuguese, uye nhengo yake vashandi kugumisa upenyu hwavo mujeri India. Zvakasiyana akanyora dambudziko wevaya vakaenda kuSpain kuti "Victoria", pasi murayiro Juan Elkanto, nomukombiyuta Cape of Good Hope. Marii yakawanda nesimba akakwanisa kusvika Thiruvananthapuram. Saka, usati kupindura mibvunzo: "Magellan ndiani", "Chii akazarura", ndizvo zvakadzama. Pashure pezvose, chii chinonzi mufambi wokutanga, uyo akaita rwendo pasi pose, hachisi chokwadi. Uyezve, haana akazvigadza chinangwa akadaro, sezvo ake chido chete kwaiva kuwana yokumadokero nzira, iro zvaibvira kupinza zvinonhuwira uye kugamuchira kubva mari iyi muSpain.

Ferdinand Magellan: I akazarurwa

upenyu hwakadaro pfupi, pfupi sezvo makore 40, asi chii penya zvabuda! Hazvina pfungwa idzi simuka paunoverenga nyaya rwendo rakagadzira Magellan. I akazarura? Yakakurumbira Strait, zita rake, Tierra Del Fuego, Mariana uye Philippine Islands. Uye Chikurukuru - Magellan akaratidza kuti kubva Europe kusvikira Asia, unogona kuwana kwete chete skirting Africa, asiwo kutamira mune westerly negwara.