The Council of Trent uye chinonyanya kukosha migumisiro basa rake

XIX Ecumenical Council of Trent 1545-1563 makore akava mumwe anokosha kwawakabva yeRoma. Most akagamuchira nevanhu hafu kwemireniyumu Kwapera, kuramba kushanda. High Assembly vatungamiri Catholic Church womudzimu vakaungana pa kukwirira Reformation, kana kusagutsikana nokungaita zvisizvo uye upenyu hwomutambarakede vemachechi hwokuchamhembe vokuEurope vakaramba kubvuma chiremera Papa. The Council of Trent uye chinonyanya kukosha migumisiro basa rake aiva kusarudza "tsamwisa" kune vavandudzi, zvichiratidza rinokosha Counter-Reformation of XVI remakore.

Pakanyorwa kunetsana pakunamata

Church Catholic kusvikira pakuguma XV remakore, kusimbiswa ayo mumaoko yakawanda munyika uye pfuma yakawanda. MuEurope, kuwanda zvakanga chegumi - chegumi kuunganidzwa mari kubva chirimwa kana mari mari. Church akararama lavishly, panguva apo chinokosha chikamu vakatendeka rakanga murombo. Izvi vasanyanya nheyo kutenda, simba kereke. Uyezve vanapapa zvinonzi nevakawanda muAtlantic vagotengeseranamo mu dzezvivi - ". Kuregererwa kwezvivi" anokosha zvitupa Nokuti mumwe mari dzezvivi evanhu, pasinei kukosha mhosva achava asingachaiti chivi zvose. rokutengesa kwakadaro kufadza vatendi. Reformation The Center Germany, riri ipapo ichiparara uye sechigaro "Pacchiwaku pamucheka". Against ichi vanoshorwa background, uye kwakasarudzwa kuungana Council of Trent.

Chinokosha kuvadza kutendeseka pakati yeRoma vaibata Humanism. mutungamiri wayo aiva Erazm Rotterdamsky. In turakiti racho, "Rumbidzai upenzi" humanist zvikuru mhosva zvinokanganiswa uye kusaziva kwevafundisi. Chimwe mufananidzo German Humanism raiva Ulrich of Hutten, uyo akatamba papa Rome anokumhan'arira chiGerman reunification. Ndinofanira kuwedzera kuti akaita kutsamwa pakati pevanamati uye kuti mutauro minamato aiva Latin, iyo vanhuwo vomuchechi havana kunzwisisa.

kutendeuka

The Reformation rava yose dambudziko kunyatsogona yeRoma. Vakawanda riri kunangana Yokuchinja vaiva sarudzo Council of Trent. Kwokutanga pfungwa yaiva kubata musangano vadyi yeDare sachigaro naPapa uye navatungamiri Yokuchinja. Zvisinei, Nhaurirano nani yepamusoro nharo kwakakundikana.

October 31, 1517 Martin Lyuter akarovererwa pamukova Wittenberg Church wake "95 zvichemo" zvakasimba mhosva kutengeswa kwekanganwiro dzezvivi. Munguva pfupi, makumi ezviuru zvevanhu vakava vatsigiri pfungwa yaLuther. Muna 1520, Papa mutemo nzombe nezvekubudiswa wesangano mumongi. pachena Luther akapisa naye, izvo zvaireva yokupedzisira zororo neRoma. Martin Luther haana kuramba kuchechi, aida kuti zvive nyore. vanochinja postulates vari pachena zvose:

• Vapristi aigona kuroora, akapfeka vanhuwo mbatya, kuteerera mitemo nevanhu vose.
• Kereke yeLutheran akaramba mifananidzo uye zvivezwa dzaKristu uye Mhandara.
• The Bible - chete tsime kutenda kwevaKristu.

kuti chidzoke of Protestantism

Emperor Charles V akasarudza kupindira nyaya. Muna 1521, Luther akasvika Reichstag mu Worms. Ikoko akanga akumbira kusiya maonero ake, asi Luther akaramba. Atsamwa, mambo akasiya musangano. Munzira kumba musi Luther vakarwisa, asi Saxon Elector Frederick vachenjeri akatiponesa iye akavanda Castle yake. Kusava Martina Lyutera Reformation haana kurega.

Muna 1529 Mambo Charles V nevakapandukira hunodiwa kutevedza chitendero chete Catholic pamusoro munharaunda Hutsvene hweRoma (chaizvoizvo - Germany). Asi 5 ukuru, achitsigirwa maguta 14 akanyunyuta. Kubva iyoyo vatsigiri Reformation, vaKaturike vakatanga kunzi nevaPurotesitendi.

Kurwiswa Yokuchinja

Panguva yacho kare yeRoma asingazivi nyonganyonga yakadaro yakadzika, iro rakatanga Yasvika kwake. With vatsigire Catholic kunyika papa Roma vatongi vakatanga kushingaira kurwisa "maProtestenti manyepo." , Negadziriro zviyero zvainanga pakugumburwa uye kubviswa Reformation pfungwa uye kufamba rainzi Counter-Reformation. Chikungiso zviitiko izvi aiva Council of Trent muna 1545.

Yakatanga kurwisa Reformation aizivikanwa kumutsidzira romuMiddle dare rechechi, mu yatanga kuti akauraya mazana "vanyengeri dzechiPurotesitendi." Inquisitors wadzikamisa kutsikisa. Pasina mvumo yavo, zvakanga zvisingaiti kuti kudhinda chete basa, uye 'zvakaipa "mabhuku rinounza" indekisi mabhuku anorambidzwa "chaiyo izvo zvinofanira kupiswa.

The Catholic nadzurudzo

Yasvika akatsemura nyika yeRoma hafu, asi pakati yacho vokuEurope XVI remakore vaitarisira kuti zvinhu zvinogona kugadziriswa. Zvakafanira chete kuti vari kutsvaka kuyananiswa, mativi vakatora danho kune mumwe. Saka takafunga kwete chete vatendi vanhuwo, asi chezvibereko vafundisi uye maBhishopu. Kubva pakati pavo, zvakawanda kuomerera manzwi avo akadana Mutsvene See kuti mufambiro chechi kuchinja.

Vanapapa akazeza kwenguva refu asati paakabvuma kuti kutendeuka. Pakupedzisira, muna 1545, Pope Paul III musangano Ecumenical Council. Vakatozodzokera reCouncil of Trent rinoreva muguta Trento (Italy). Zvakatora nzvimbo intermittently kusvikira 1563, kureva kwemakore 18.

The kukunda nevarume yeRoma Church

Kubva pakutanga chaipo, vechikamu dare vakakamukana muzvikwata zviviri - Vatsigiri Catholic kuchinja uye ayo vavengi. In kunotyisa gakava rokupedzisira akunda. Pasi zvavo kumanikidzwa, takaendeswa zvisarudzo kiyi Council of Trent, kugadzirisa nzvimbo kutenda Catholic emakore.

Kwebasa raPapa aisafanira kutengeswa kwekanganwiro dzezvivi, asi kuti nechokwadi remangwana yeKaturike kusika munhu richikurukura seminaries. Vanofanira kugadzirira masvingo vapristi veKaturike ane mhando itsva kuti dzidzo yavo haisi muduku vaparidzi dzechiPurotesitendi.

Trent: zvarinoreva uye nechirevo

The Church yakava Catholic mhinduro Protestantism. Rakanga paKokorodzano naPapa Paul III muna 1542, asi nemhaka yehondo Franco-German, musangano wokutanga akatora nzvimbo chete muna 1945. Cathedral akanga achiitiswa vanapapa matatu. Dzinokwana misangano 25, asi chete muna 13 purogiramu kutora zvisarudzo zvinokosha zvine chokuita kutenda, tsika kana chirango mitemo.

Trent ndeimwe chinokosha munhoroondo yeRoma. Chakagamuchirwa pamisangano nevanhu chokuita yakatarwa mibvunzo inokosha. Somuenzaniso, kunobva pakutenda, vakabvumira chinyorwa cheMagwaro Matsvene mabhuku ave kuzivikanwa. Panguva Council vakakurukura vamwe nedzidziso izvo nevaPurotesitendi vakaramba. Pahwaro mukukurukura zvakanzi yakadzokororwa maonero nokusazvidzora.

Penyaya sakaramende Rubhabhatidzo uye Rusimbiso, Evrahistii uye kupfidza, sakaramendi zvezvipiriso St. Yokunamata, muchato. Dzino vasaomerere yakapedzwa mhinduro mupurigatori, kunamata vatsvene uye zvichingodaro.

Pope Pius IX akabvuma conciliar mirayiro 1564. Pashure porufu rwake, Pope St. Pius V rakapa akasimbisa Council katekizimo yoku- uye yoku- breviary missal.

Council of Trent: sarudzo huru

• The inviolability pakati yeChechi akanyatsorongwa, Misa uye kureurura.
• Kuchengetedzwa sakaramende nomwe, kunamata mifananidzo tsvene.
• Nokusimbisa Mediation basa chechi uye mukuru hukuru hwaPapa mukati maro.

Trent akaisa hwaro updating uye achisimbisa kurangwa Church Catholic. Akaratidza kuti zororo pamwe Protestantism akava wokupedzisira.

Dzidziso Council of Trent pamusoro Chidyo

The Council of Trent (1545-1563) akataura nyaya Chidyo panguva yose nguva yaro Implementation. Vari zvinokosha mitemo vatatu vakagamuchirwa

• "Chirevo pamusoro Mutsvene Eucharist" (1551).
• "Chirevo pamusoro kugoverana maviri siyana uye zvokugoverana vana vaduku» (16.VII.1562).
• "Chirevo pamusoro Tsvenetsvene Chibayiro Misa" (17 H.1562).

Trent anodzivirira, kupfuura zvose, pamberi chaiye Kristu muna Chidyo nenzira zvinoratidzika pasi pamberi mifananidzo waini nechingwa pakatsaurirwa - «transubstantiatio». Chokwadi, ichi chaiva nzira zvinowanzovapo elucidation, nekuti dzakapoteredza uwane tsanangudzo tsoziva zvinoitika «transubstantiatio», kusawirirana vaiva pakati pevafundisi.

Kare zvakanzi vaifungidzira kuti Kristu ari yeChidyo, mushure yokunamata, kana ndichiri vakatsaurirwa muviri uye ropa. The Council of Trent akasimbisa izvi. Zvakanzi kupupurirwa nouchapupu Kuzivikanwa pakati waitirwa Mutsvene Service uye chibayiro chaKristu pamuchinjikwa.

Pashure Council of Trent dzezvechitendero zvakare pfungwa nhete zvakaratidzwa Chidyo pamberi paKristu uye pamusoro yechibairo hunhu Misa. Izvi VaPurotesitendi vakakurudzira zvakarurama. Kunyanya yakawanda pamusoro chibayiro Misa, uye kunyange kumbobvira akaramba kuti ichi ndicho chibayiro chete chaJesu Kristu, kunyanya kutsigirwa chibayiro Service pacharo pachako kuti kupa pfungwa yokuti chibayiro ichi akarambwa kuti - hunokosha. Uyezve, kunyanya kukoshesa mupristi panguva basa Chidyo ari "Kristu kechipiri", anenge yekudyidzana akaderedza basa vakavimbika vanhu vari yokunamata.

mhedziso

Kunotenderwa Council of Trent zvinodavirwa muchitendero zvisina kuchinja vakapona. The Catholic Church mupenyu maererano nemitemo vakatanga makore 500 apfuura. Ndokusaka Council of Trent, vakawanda vaiona anokosha kubva weboka chechi chete kuna Catholic uye yeRoma.