Inotungamirwa, Sainzi
Makemikari ehupfumi kuti alkynes. The mamiriro, gadziriro, kushanda
Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - iri Organic makemikari. Vose vari yakavakwa zvakadaro zvine maatomu akafanana zvakadai sekabhoni uye rehydrogen. Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes - vane makemikari, izvo nhengo yeHydrocarbon boka.
Munyaya ino tichakurukura alkynes.
Chii?
Izvi zvinhu vanonziwo acetylene Mahydrocarbon. The nemamiriro alkyne zvinopa kuvapo muna mamorekuru dzavo rehydrogen uye kabhoni maatomu. General payakavakirwa acetylenic Mahydrocarbon dzakadaro: C N H 2n-2. Nyore alkyne nyore - ethyne (acetylene). It ane pano makemikari inonyatsoita - C 2 H 2. Rinorevawo alkynes propyne pamusoro nzira C 3 N 4. Uyezve, kuti acetylenic Mahydrocarbon ingasanganisira butyne (C 4 H 6), pentin (C 5 H 8) hexyne (C 6 H 10) heptyn (C 7 H 12), octyne (C 8 H 14), nonyne ( C 9 H 16) decyne (C 10 H 18), uye zvichingodaro. d. kwemarudzi ose alkynes kuratidza unhu zvakafanana. Ngationgororei navo zvizere.
The ehupfumi kuti alkynes chaiko
Hunhu acetylene Mahydrocarbon hwomuviri kuyeuchidza alkenes.
Under kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, alkynes, mamorekuru iyo ane kubva kabhoni maatomu maviri mana, vane gaseous uwandu hwezvinhu zvose zvabatanidzwa. mamiriro. mamorekuru ivavo inova kabhoni maatomu mashanu 16, pasi zvakajairika ezvinhu emura. Avo vari mamorekuru izvo 17 kana kupfuura maatomu ane kwemakemikari Kufananidzira, - nezvishoma.
Alkynes kunyunguduka bikai pane imwe yepamusoro tembiricha kupfuura alkanes uye alkenes.
Solubility mumvura vasingakoshi, asi yakakwirira zvishoma kupfuura alkenes uye alkanes.
Solubility mu zvinoita zvokufembedzwa zvakakwirira.
Yainyanya kushandiswa alkyne - acetylene - ane ehupfumi chaiko kwakadaro:
- Harina ruvara;
- odorless;
- pasi kwomuzvarirwo ezvinhu, zviri mune gaseous ezvinhu aggregation;
- It ane yakaderera arambe achirema pane mhepo;
- Kubika pfungwa - kubvisa 83,6 Celsius;
Makemikari ehupfumi pamusoro alkynes
In izvi zvinhu, maatomu vari waakaita chisungo katatu, rinotsanangura dzinokosha ehupfumi dzavo. Alkynes sei ichi mhando:
- hydrogenation;
- gidrogalogenirovanie;
- halogenation;
- hydration;
- kutsva.
Ngatitorei navo kuitira.
hydrogenation
Makemikari ehupfumi pamusoro alkynes kuvabvumira kuita kwakadai kuita. Izvi mhando kwemakemikari mukukurukurirana, sezvamakaropafadzwa nefuma Morekuru kwakunoitwa pacharo dzokuwedzera rehydrogen maatomu. Heuno muenzaniso wakadaro makemikari maitiro munyaya propyne:
2h 2 + C 3 H 4 = C 3 H 8
Izvi zvakaitwa kunoitika mumatanho maviri. In wokutanga propyne Morekuru kwakunoitwa maatomu maviri rehydrogen, uye wechipiri - zvakaenzana.
halogenation
Ichi chimwe kuita, inova chikamu makemikari zvivako zviri alkynes. Its mugumisiro acetylenic yeHydrocarbon Morekuru kwakunoitwa halogen maatomu. Ekupedzisira zvinosanganisira zvinhu zvakadai chloro, Bromo, iodo, etc.
Heuno muenzaniso yakadaro maitiro munyaya ethinyl:
C 2 H 2 + 2SІ 2 = C 2 H 2 s² 4
Chete kwacho kuri zvinogoneka nevamwe acetylenic Mahydrocarbon.
Gidrogalogenirovanie
Uyewo mumwe mukuru siyana, inova chikamu makemikari zvivako zviri alkynes. It iri ndechokuti fuma iri vakaita pamwe yeimwe akadai NSІ, ni, HBr, uye vamwe. Ichi makemikari maitiro kunoitika mumatanho maviri. Ngatimboonai zvakaitwa ichi mhando muenzaniso ethinyl:
C 2 H 2 + NSІ = C 2 H 3 s²
C 2 H 2 + s² NSІ = C 2 H 4 s² 2
hydration
Ichi makemikari maitiro ari kuonana nemvura. Zvinoitawo kunoitika mumatanho maviri. Ngatitarisei pamusoro muenzaniso ethinyl:
H 2 O + C 2 H 2 = C 2 H 3 OH
A venhumbi achiumbwa pashure yokutanga Danho maitiro rinonzi raive nebutiro doro.
Nokuti kuti maererano nomurau Eltekova OH dzichipfekeka boka havagoni kuva yakabatana kaviri chisungo, rearrangement kwemaatomu, semubairo iyo raive nebutiro doro aumbwa acetaldehyde.
Pfungwa hydration kuita rinonziwo alkyne Kucherova.
unopfuta
Izvi kukurukurirana pakupfuura alkynes vane okisijeni panguva pamatunhu tembiricha. Funga kutsva zvinhu veboka iyi acetylene somuenzaniso:
2C 2 H 2 + 2O 2 = 2h 2 O + CO 2 + 3C
Kana ane nekumwisa okisijeni, acetylene, uye mamwe alkynes apise pasina paumbwe kabhoni. Saka dzinounzwa chete carbon monoxide uye mvura. Heino mukana wokuti vanhu vanga nazvo izvi somuenzaniso propyne:
4O 2 + C 3 H 4 = 2h 2 O + 3Saka 2
Kupisa zvimwe acetylenic Mahydrocarbon uyewo kunoitika zvakafanana. Somugumisiro, mvura anosunungurwa uye carbon dioxide.
dzimwe siyana
Uyewo acetylenes vanokwanisa kuita pamwe munyu pamusoro nesimbi akadai sirivha, mhangura uye calcium yakawanda. Saka pane kuzvitsinhanisa kwemaatomu rehydrogen simbi. Funga muenzaniso uyu tichifunga maitiro pamwe acetylene nesirivha nitrate:
C 2 H 2 + 2AgNO3 = AG 2 C 2 + 2NH 4 NO 3 + 2h 2 O
Chimwe dzinonakidza muitiro zvinobatanidza alkynes - Zelinsky kuita. inotungamirwa ichi benzene kubva acetylene kana zviri nenharo 600 Celsius pamberi kusashanda kabhoni. Mukana wokuti vanhu vanga uyu zvinogona kuratidzwa sezvinotevera:
3C 2 H 2 = C 6 H 6
polymerization kuti alkynes sezvinobvira - muitiro kushamwaridzana anoverengeka mamorekuru zviri pfuma iri polymer.
mutambo
Alkyne maitiro kuti takakurukura kumusoro, vakagadzirira murabhoritari munzira dzakawanda.
Chokutanga - a dehydrohalogenation. Inotarisira maitiro mukana wokuti vanhu vanga kudai:
C 2 H 4 Br 2 + 2KOH = C 2 H 2 + 2h 2 O + 2KBr
Nokuti kuita izvi ndiko kuti vakuchidzire ari reactants, uye wedzera panyaya iyi sezvo tiwedzere.
Uyewo pane mukana alkynes kubva inorganic yeimwe. Heuno muenzaniso:
Các 2 + H 2 O = C 2 H 2 + 2CA (OH) 2
Akatevera nzira kubudisa alkyne - dehydrogenation. Heuno muenzaniso yakadaro kuita:
= 3h 2 CH 4 + 2 C 2 H 2
With kwakadai zvinogona kutengwa kwete chete ethyne, asi vamwe acetylenic Mahydrocarbon.
Kushandiswa alkyne
Yainyanya kushandiswa indasitiri yaiva nyore alkyne - ethyne. Vakawanda kushandiswa makemikari indasitiri.
- Zvinodiwa acetylene kana zvimwe alkynes hwokubereka vamwe chete Organic yeimwe zvakadai ketones, aldehydes, uye dzimwe zvokufembedzwa.
- Uyewo kubva alkynes kunogona kuwanikwa zvinhu izvo zvinoshandiswa anogadzira zvinhu rubbers, polyvinyl chloride uye nevamwe.
- Kubva propyne kunogona kuwanikwa somugumisiro acetone RAKTs Kucherova.
- Uyezve, acetylene rinoshandiswa kugadzirira nemakemikari akadai acetic acid, zvinonhuwirira Mahydrocarbon, ethyl doro.
- More acetylene rinoshandiswa senzira mafuta pamwe refu kupisa combustion.
- Uyewo ethynyl combustion maitiro rinoshandiswa kuti Welding simbi.
- Uyezve, kushandisa acetylene anogona kugadzirira Technical kabhoni.
- Uyewo, fuma iri rinoshandiswa kumira-oga Fixtures.
- Acetylene nevamwe Mahydrocarbon uwandu boka iri anoshandiswa sezvo propellants nokuda kwayo yakakwirira kupisa combustion.
In ichi Chikumbiro alkynes yaguma.
mhedziso
Sezvo chikamu chokupedzisira tafura riri pepfupikiso zvivako zviri acetylene Mahydrocarbon uye gadziriro dzavo.
| Name Maitiro | tsanangudzo | muenzaniso mukana wokuti vanhu vanga |
| halogenation | Kuwedzera zvakaitwa morekuru zviri acetylenic yeHydrocarbon halogen maatomu (bromine, ayodhini, kuiisa chlorine, etc.). | C 4 H 6 + 2Ndinokumbira 2 = C 4 H 6 of I 2 |
| hydrogenation | Kuwedzera maitiro ane alkyne Morekuru rehydrogen maatomu. It kunoitika mumatanho maviri. | C 3 H 4 + H 2 = C 3 H 6 C 3 H 6 + H 2 = C 3 H 8 |
| Gidrogalogenirovanie | Kuwedzera maitiro acetylene Morekuru yeHydrocarbon gidrogalogenov (ni, NSІ, HBr). It kunoitika mumatanho maviri. | C 2 H 2 +, ni = C 2 H 3 I C 2 H 3 +, ni pamusoro I = C 2 H 4 Ini 2 |
| hydration | Reactions, iyo yakavakirwa kudyidzana nemvura. It kunoitika mumatanho maviri. | C 2 H 2 + H 2 O = C 2 H 3 OH C 2 H 3 OH = CH 3 -CHO |
| The oxidation kwakakwana (combustion) | Atsetilenovgo zvokuverengera yeHydrocarbon pamwe okisijeni panguva imwe tembiricha yakakwirira. Izvi pave carbon monoxide uye mvura. | 2C 2 H 5 + 5O 2 = 2h 2 O + 4CO 2 2C 2 H 2 + 2O 2 = H 2 O + CO 2 + 3C |
| Zvinoitika pamwe simbi munyu | It kunoratidzwa ndechokuti simbi maatomu vari kuchiiswa maatomu ari mamorekuru rehydrogen acetylenic Mahydrocarbon. | C 2 H 2 + AgNO3 = C 2 AG 2 + 2NH 4 NO 3 + 2h 2 O |
Wana alkynes anogona murabhoritari vachishandisa nzira nhatu:
- inorganic yeimwe;
- nokuda dehydrogenation kuti makemikari yeimwe;
- dehydrohalogenation nzira Organic zvinhu.
Saka isu akatarira vose mumuviri namakemikari zvechadenga alkyne, nzira dzavo rokugadzirira, kushanda ari indasitiri.
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