Mapurani - munhu basa, kutengeserana kana kudana?

Chero mukuru, kunyange kwazvo kure unyanzvi uye mapurani, achiri kuchikoro anoziva kuti murongedzeri - namaapuro injiniya, foromani, mapurani uye muvaki mumwe munhu. Muzana XIV remakore, maererano tsvakurudzo maererano academician A. I. Sobolevskogo, shoko "mapurani" rwakauya Russian mabhuku nomutauro South necheSalvic bhuku. Kusvikira panguva iyoyo, navapfuri vesimbi, akagadzira uye vakavaka chechi kuita Decorating dzavo uye kupenda, rinonzi Ecclesiastical vanatenzi.

Nhoroondo Russian mapurani

vanyori venhau vakawanda mapurani rinonzi nguva paumbwe Russian ibwe mavakirwo XI remakore. Yapera X remakore Prince Vladimir mubasa yebhuku chiKristu kuRussia, pamwe nokuparidzirwa chitendero vakatanga kuva kuvakwa machechi uye temberi. Nokuti chero guta weRussia yekare munhu mapurani yakanaka - ndiye munhu anokosha, izvo anosarudza pakukura uye runako temberi uye machechi, uye, naizvozvo, padanho simba uye simba kuti vakanga rakavakwa vane mari. Tisati nguva yedu kubva ibwe mabasa mapurani okugadzira zvinhu panguva iyoyo yakasvika chete Sophia Cathedral muKiev uye Novgorod, Chernigov Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral uye Gate Church yoUtatu iri wemamonk of Caves muKiev.

The kwaita tsika Russian

Pakati XI XII kwemazana emakore. ose Russian mapurani - ari mudzidzi uyo aidzidza mienzaniso Byzantine Ecclesiastical mapurani uye kusikwa vamutangira kunyanya, akaedza nepose nemano avo, zvinokwaniswa uye matarenda kubudisa templates.

Chikuru muchinda okuvaka Novgorod XII remakore, vava ichangoburwa "chemufananidzo." Chechipiri kota XII remakore akava nguva apo kubuda uye vave pachake, Russian unyanzvi zvikoro zvavo.

Up kusvikira pakati pezana XII remakore, kuvakwa machechi ibwe netemberi haana kuitwa. Yakanga chete kuuya simba Yuriya Dolgorukogo akatanga vanoshingaira kuvakwa zvivako zvechitendero vechiKristu yakagadzirwa nematombo. Mutsivi wake, Andrew Bogolyubskii, vachitsvaka kuwanda kubwinya Vladimir weutungamiriri uyewo ari chivakwa ibwe.

Nhasi, zvinogona nharo kuti paitonga Andreya Bogolyubskogo akaumba chikoro Russian pamusoro ezvivako, uyo gare gare akakwanisa kurebesa ayo simba pamusoro vemifananidzo mamwe zvemisoro kuti vavapo panguva feudal kukakavara uye kusabatana Russia.

Two zvikoro Russian mapurani

Apo Prince Vsevolod Huru Nest, Nokururamisira Vladimir-Suzdal nyika pashure Bogolyubsky ari unyanzvi uye unyanzvi ezvivako, itsva features, mamwe kutungamirira kuti chidzoke zvikoro zviviri mapurani. Chokutanga, anonzi Vladimir School, akaramba tsika chaiwo rokuvaka chena-ibwe, muchiitiko ichi, kuita kunzwisisa wakavezwa kushongedzwa. Vamiririri vake akashanda Yuriev-Polsky, Suzdal uye Nizhny Novgorod. chikoro wechipiri, Rostov, dzinoratidzwa zvinoshamisa mubatanidzwa brickwork uye mashoko ibwe jena. Vateveri varo yakavakwa muna Yaroslavl uye Rostov Veliky.

Novgorod uye muPskov tsika

chikoro ichi akaberekwa, maererano kare, ari XI remakore, apo Novgorod Sofia katedraali rakadzikwa. Zvisinei, pavapenyu tsika iyi yakatanga kune yechipiri yezana XIV remakore - nguva kunonyanyisa simba uye kubudirira Novgorod Republic. Mienzaniso kupfuura vakakurumbira uye kukosha iyi ndiyo kereke chitarisiko musi them Street uye Fedora Stratilata pamusoro Creek.

MuPskov mapurani tsika iri pedyo zvikuru Novgorod, asi nyanzvi kusiyanisa ine pachake peculiarities ayo. Chinonyanya unoshamisa zvisikwa muPskov ezvivako - ichechi St. Nicholas aine shrunk, Basil nomusi Hill, Kuzma uye Damian pamwe vakahwanda uye nevamwe.

Architecture of Moscow weutungamiriri

Muna XIV-XV emakore, zvematongerwo kukosha Muscovy zvinooneka yakawedzera, izvo zvakazoita kuti pavapenyu okuvaka mapurani. Tsika mapurani, yakaumbwa muna Vladimir-Suzdal kweutongi, vakanga vakabudirira kuitwa ne Moscow unyanzvi. Mugumo XV remakore anogona kunzi kwakabva uye paumbwe Moscow pachikoro mapurani. Ndicho ichi nguva hwakawanda huripo Cathedral of kubvuma guta riri Zvenigorod.

Maruva of Moscow kuchikoro mapurani rakaenderana ushe Ivan III, panguva pakuguma XV remakore. The mapurani guru nguva, Italian Aristotle fioravanti akavaka nokufungidzira Cathedral iri Moscow Kremlin.

Russian mapurani tsika umambo

Ivanom Groznym umambo kuitwa uye Kushandurwa Russia muumambo, iyo kwakaitika XVI remakore, rava kurudziro huru pokumuka mabhora ose evanhu upenyu, kusanganisira mapurani. Panguva ino, murongedzeri - ichi haisi muvaki temberi, machechi uye machinda makamuri. Uye akatanga kuvaka wokutanga ibwe nhare - the Kremlin. Mumwe yakakurumbira ezvivako, vavaki mumwe nhare yaiva Fyodor Kon, wakavaka madziro White City muMoscow, Smolensk Kremlin, uyewo rusvingo-Pafnutyevo Borowski, Boldin uye Simonov dzemamongi.

Mukuwedzera, unoshamisa chigamba mapurani basa iri St Vasiliya Blazhennogo Cathedral (Pokrovsky), izvo, maererano imwe shanduro, akanga akakwidziridzwa kuti muPskov ezvivako Postnik Yakovlev varayirwa Ivana Groznogo.

Peter ichikosha

Art wenhau uye Artist I. E. Grabar akadana Russia nyika ezvivako. Izvi zvakazara mashoko anogona kunzi kuguta St. Petersburg, izvo, maererano Mambo Peter I, chaiva chokusimudzira kuchinja Moscow Russia kuEurope. Pakuvaka "mwana Petrov" - St. Petersburg - pamwe pavanenge uye kukwikwidzana nemumwe ezvivako vakokwa kubva kunyika dzakasiyana uye ezvivako Russian. Mazita akadai Giovanni Domenico Trezzini uye Zhan Batist Leblon, Carlo Bartolomeo Rastrelli uye Johann Georg Mattarnovi nokusingaperi akanyorwa mapurani munhoroondo guta riri Neva. Peter I, uyo zvinobatanidzwa zvakazara pakuvaka guru idzva yavatenzi vatorwa, Zvichakadaro kuisa avo ezvinhu kuitira kuti vaidzidzisa vabatsiri vavo Russian uye vadzidzi vari rwokugadzira uye "unyanzvi", iyo pachavo nhaka. Mumwe wokutanga "Homegrown" ezvivako vakadaro vakava mutevedzeri uye mudzidzi Trezzini, Zemtsov uye Eropkin. In pakuzadzisa uye kuvaka guta wakapindwa kwakadaro ezvivako akakurumbira St. Petersburg sezvo Bartolomeo Francesco Rastrelli (Rastrelli, mwanakomana Charles), Antonio Rinaldi, Nikolaus Gerbel, SI Chevakinsky, Karl Ivanovich Rossi, uye boka hapana zvishoma pane mukuru ezvivako.

pachinzvimbo mhedziso

Russian mavakirwo pamusoro emakore yakatanga ake chaizvo, National choruzhinji pachake kwete chete. The shanduko mune zvematongerwo enyika, zvechitendero uye munzanga upenyu, kuwadzana dzakasiyana - zvose izvi zvakarwadza chaizvo pamusoro pokumuka kwete chete Russian uye Soviet, asiwo Russian mapurani. Nhasi nyika yose kufarira kwete chete mabasa F. bhiza, Rossi Voronikhin Bazhenov uye Kazakov. Mapurani Vlasov, Fomin, Piasecki, Savin, uye vamwe vazhinji okugadzira zvinhu zvavo uye unyanzvi akaratidza yakakwirira azvipire otchechestvennogo mapurani.