Mashizha akareruka uye akaoma: maumbirwo, marudzi, kusiyana

Kutora imwe yenguva dzakanakisisa dzemwaka. Izvo zvakasiyana uye hupfumi hwezvisikwa panguva ino zvinongomutsa pfungwa, mashizha acho akaoma uye akaoma zvokuti akasiyana zvakasiyana. Mashizha emiti yemiti imwe neimwe inokosha (inoshandiswa kana kuti inofanirwa), uye inobva kune ichi chomera kuti inogona kutsanangurwa kuti ndeipi mhuka yacho. Ngatinyatsoongororai maitiro nemabasa ega rimwe rega rega.

Tsanangudzo mu botany

Pamwe chete nemaruva, midzi, simbi uye mashizha, mashizha ndiwo anonyanya kukosha nhengo dzezvirimwa mumiti, izvo zvinotarisirwawo nebasa rekunyora. Mukuwedzera, ivo vanoita mamwe mabasa akawanda, somuenzaniso, vanobatanidzwa mumagadzirirwo ekufema, kubuda, uye kutengesa kwemiti. Kusiyanisa mhando dzakasiyana dzemashizha: zviri nyore uye zvakaoma, chimwe nechimwe chazvo chine maitiro acho chaiwo uye chinoitika mune imwe mbeu yemiti.

Kazhinji, mashizha anotorwa nemashizha, asi chaizvoizvo iyo inhengo ine chidimbu (mitsipa inopfuura nayo) uye tsvina inotangira pachigadziko uye inobatanidza mashizha emashizha kune zvinyorwa. Iko kunotora nguva yakasimudzwa patsika, uye mashizha ose ari pairi mune imwe nzira yakatarwa nenzira yakadai yekupa zvakakwana kugona kwemazuva ezuva. Kukura kwaro kunogona kuenzana kubva 2 cm kusvika 20 m (mumiti yemichindwe yemvura).

Kunze kwekunze uye mafomu

Chimwe chezvinhu zvinoitwa nhengo idzi chimiro chavo chakapwanyika, icho chinoita kuti hurumende iwirirane nepamusoro pemiti yacho nemhepo yepakati uye masikati. Mhando dzemashizha akareruka uye akaoma zvakasiyana kubva kune mumwe nemumwe mukuonekwa. Pazvishoma pane pepa rimwe chete bhasipa, iro rinobatanidzwa nechepamusoro nenzira ye petiole. Mhando dzakadzika dzinosanganisira mashizha akawanda mashizha ari pane petiole imwe. Yeuka kuti mashizha emurasi anotarisa sei : mukati ndihwo mhete yakasvibira, iyo inosungirirwa mairi maviri kana matatu mavara pamativi ose. Chimiro chakaoma chakadai chesaiti chinonzi chinopesana, nokuti mashizha mashizha akaronganiswa zvakasiyana kune mumwe nemumwe.

Izvo zvikamu zvakakosha ndiwo mahwendefa nemavheya anowirirana nepamusoro pepamusoro, pamwe chete ne petiole, stipules (kunyange zvazvo zvisingaitiki mumiti yose) uye nheyo iyo iyo inobatanidza kusvika pachigadziko chemuti kana chimwe chimiro.

Kusiyana nehuwandu hwepepa rakananga, zvinonetsa zvinogona kuwanikwa mumhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzine zvadzo zvakasiyana nezvimwe.

Internal structure

Ikoko kumusoro kwemashizha mashizha nguva dzose yakafukidzwa neganda, iro rinoumba hutete hwemasero asina kuchena ezvinyorwa zvisiko, epidermis. Izvo zvinonyanya basa zveganda zvinodzivirirwa kunze kwekunaka kwemagetsi uye kupisa kwekupisa. Nokuda kwekuti masero ayo akajeka, chiedza chezuva chinopfuurira kuburikidza naro chisina kugadziriswa.

Nzvimbo iri pasi inosanganisirawo masero aya akajeka, pedyo pedo nemumwe. Zvisinei, pakati pavo pane zviduku zvakasvibirira zvine mavara akabatanidzwa, pakati payo pane gaka. Ndicho chikamu ichi chinonzi stomata. Kufuridzira nekudzokorora, masero matsvuku anosvinura uye akapfiga mukova we stomata. Munguva idzi, hunyoro hunoputika uye kushandiswa kwegasi kunowanzoitika. Inonyatsozivikanwa kuti 90 kusvika 300 inomira pa 1 mm ² inowira pamusoro peplate rimwe chete.

Chinhu chinonakidza: masero matsvuku anowanzotarirwa kune rumwe rutivi rwepepa iyo iyo hurukuro yemhepo inoitika. Nokudaro, somuenzaniso, pakuputika pamiti yemvura, capsules kana maruva emvura, stomata iri kumativi ekunze anotarisana nemhepo.

Mhando

Masayendisiti anosiyanisa miviri miviri mikuru yemashizha: peji iyi iri nyore uye yakaoma. Chimiro chechimwe nechimwe chazvo chine unhu hwake. Zvichienderana nechitarisiko, nhamba yeplateti uye maitiro emiganhu yavo, mashizha akaoma anogonawo kugoverwa muzvidimbu zvakasiyana. Saka, hezvino mhando dzakawanda kwazvo, kana dzakasarudzwa maererano nezviratidzo zvekunze:

• Chimiro chakafanana (chimiro chinofanana nesimbi);
• Mutsindo (wakatsvuka, dzimwe nguva kune mitsetse pamusoro);
• Lanceolate (panzvimbo yakareba, nemakona marefu);
• Ovha (mazai-mazai, ayo akanyanyiswa pedyo nechepasi);
• Yakabatwa uye yakabvaruka (dzimwe nguva dzimwe nguva dzinogona kuvhiringidzika, sezvo dzose dzine mahwanda akawanda);
• Chimbaridzo (mahwendefa acho akasiyana kubva petiole, chitarisiko chinoratidzika seminwe);
• Nheyo (yakaonda uye yakakosha).

Urongwa urwu runogona kupfuurirwa kwenguva yakareba, zvisinei, chimiro chakaoma chepiritsi ine mamwe mimwe mhando zvichienderana nehuwandu hwemiganhu, uyewo urongwa hwemashizha ega.

Aina dze Complex Plants

Pamuganhu weplateti kazhinji zvinokwanisika kuziva kuti ndezvipi izvi kana kuti mbeu iyo ndeyayo. Mafomu anotevera anowanikwa kakawanda muzvisikwa:

• Zvose-dzakapoteredzwa - dzakasvibira pamativi, apo pasina mazino zvakakwana;
• Yakagadzika - sezvinojekesa kubva kune zita, mashizha akadaro ane madheti pamwe chete pamiganhu;
• Yakagadziriswa zvakanaka - inofanana nesaka ine yakanyanyisa uye yakanyanya incisors;
• Wavy - vane kudonhedzera kusagadzikana kusina kurongeka kwakasimba kana muitiro wakatarwa.

Zviratidzo zvemarudzi ose

Zvakakosha kutaura pamusoro pezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvemashizha akaoma uye akaoma, sezvo izvi zvingabatsira kuziva kuti ndechipi chomuti iwoyo uye kuti ndechipi chomuti wacho. Saka, chimwe chezvinhu zvinonyanya kuonekwa zvemarudzi ose ndiyo nhamba yezvinyorwa. Kana pane zvikamu zvitatu, saka tine mapepa matatu akafanana. Kana zvishanu-palpate, uye kana zvakanyanya, zvinonzi zvakaparadzana. Pachigadziko chimwe nechimwe, unogona kutarisa nzira inokosha yezvokudya, kuburikidza nekudaro michina inopinda mukati menyama. Mune mhando dzakajeka uye dzakaoma, dzakasiyana mumamiriro uye maitiro. Hezvino ndiyo inowanzosiyana yemarudzi emavhuna:

• Kuramba (apo nzvimbo inofananidzwa nemafungiro emanorah - chimwe chezviratidzo zvechiJudha);
• Transverse;
• Longitudinal;
• Palchate;
• Parallel;
• Net;
• Pinnate.

Chimwe chimiro chakasiyana ndeyekuti mashizha anogadziriswa sei pachigadziko. Zvakareruka uye zvakaoma - zvose pasina kunze zvinosungirirwa kumatanho emiti munzira mbiri:

• Nekubatsira kwechibata, munyaya iyi muti wacho ndewe petiolate;
• Pasina mubati, apo dhesi rinokura uye rinoputira tsvina, ipapo pamberi pedu isiti inogadzirwa.

Dyara mashizha: nyore uye akaoma

Kana zvirimwa zvichitsanangurirwa maererano nehutano hwemashizha, zvinyorwa zvinotevera zvinogona kuonekwa. Zvirwere zviri nyore mumiti yose yechipfuva, kusanganisira shrubhi nemiti. Makuru akaoma anowanikwa ari mumasango uye mumiti, zvisinei nemiti isina nyore, panguva yemashizha achiwa, haasati apera zvachose, asi mune zvimwe zvikamu: kutanga mahwendefa pachavo, uye ipapo tambo.

Ngatitarisei mumienzaniso yemashizha akaoma uye akaoma mumiti. Miti yemiti inokura muRussia, mashizha ndiwo mhando dzakasiyana. Aspen, birch nepoplar zvine maitiro akasiyana-siyana: lanceolate, yakakomberedzwa nemakona akaputika nepfumo, akafanana. Nekutanga kwekuvhuvhuta kunotonhora, mumwe nomumwe wavo anosiya zvose. Inowanikwawo mumiti yemichero yakadai seapuro, pear uye cherry; Zvirimwa zvezvirimwa, zvakadai semashira uye chibage, uyewo mavara mashoma.

Mafomu akakomba aripo pamashizha, somuenzaniso, mashizha asingasviki mumaperesi. Mashizha emufananidzo wemichindwe ane miti inotevera: maple, chestnut, lupine, etc. Yeuka clover meadow, maitiro ayo anonzi troyatosyllabic ne ciliary margins.

Ndeapi mabasa emashizha?

Maitiro akajeka uye akaoma ezvi nhengo idzi anonyanya kugadziriswa nemamiriro ekunze. Munyika inopisa, miti ine mashizha makuru ayo anoshumira sechidziviriro chekudzivirira chiedza chezuva.

Zvisinei, iyo inonyanya kushandiswa mabasa ndeyekubatanidzwa mumifananidzoynthesis. Sezvazvinozivikanwa, ndezvekuita izvi kuti miti inogona kushandura carbon dioxide kune okisijeni nekuwana simba rezuva.

Yechipiri inonyanya kukosha ndeyekufema kwemasero. Nekubatsirwa kwemitochondria, mashizha anotora oksijeni, uye kuburikidza ne stomata anobva atora kare kabhoni dioxide, iyo inoshandiswa panguva yefosynthesis. Sezvo photosynthesis inowanikwa chete nechiedza, usiku huno carbon dioxide inochengetwa nenzira ye organic acid.

Kufuridzira ndiko kubuda kwemvura kubva kumusoro kwemashizha. Pamusana peizvi, hutambo huzhinji uye hunyoro hwemuti zvinotungamirirwa. Kuwedzera kwekudzimuka kunobva paukuru nekukwirira kweplate uye pamhepo inokurumidza pane imwe nguva.

Kugadziriswa uye kuchinjwa

Mazhinji mashizha - akareruka uye akaoma - ane kodzero yekugadzirisa kune zvakatipoteredza. Muchiitiko chekushanduka-shanduka, vakawana mano ekuchinja. Heano zvinhu zvinoshamisa kwazvo kwavari:

• Simba rekubudisa wax, iyo inowira pamusoro uye inodzivisa kuputika kukuru kwemvura madonhwe;
• Kugadzira kuchengetedza kwemvura panguva yemvura, inoitika nekuda kwekubatanidzwa kwemiganhu nenzira yakadai kuti chigadziko chakafanana nesaga chakaumbwa (maitiro akadaro anowanikwa mune dzakawanda dzinopisa lianas);
• Kukwanisa kuchinja nzvimbo yeplateti, mashizha akaoma anodzivisa mhepo yakasimba, nokudaro kudzivirira michero kubva pakukuvara.

Zvinhu zvakawanda zvakabatana nemabasa anokosha ezvirimwa izvi zvisingasvikiki zvisati zvisinganzwisisiki. Izvi zvakashongedzwa zvakasikwa zvezvisikwa, kuwedzera kune mabasa ari pamusoro apa, kuita chimwe chekuita basa-vanoita kuti vanhu vafare nekubwinya kwavo uye zvakasiyana-siyana zvemavara akajeka!