Middle Ages: kuti timeframe kuRussia

Shoko rokuti "Middle Ages" vakapinda yesayenzi yechimurenga ari Renaissance, saka vazivi-kwevanhu akasimbisa kubatana nguva yake kare: kubva "yendarama zera" kwevanhu, vakabviswa imwe paavhareji, zvokungoitawo nguva, "mazera rima", sezvo akavadana Petrarch. Gare gare rokuti Chokwadi, vakarasikirwa zvarinoreva, asi ari historiography sezvo kazhinji akabvuma pfungwa hwakachengetedza zita "Middle Ages", imwe nguva puranga anofukidza nguva kubvira 5th remakore rechi16 richangotanga remakore. miganhu ava hama uye zvisingapindirani nhoroondo siyana inoti.

Kokorodzano nguva

Chronology uye periodization - hama nzira artificially hwakatangwa vaongorori vaishandisa zvivanakire pakunzi nguva chiitiko chienderane munyika dzakasiyana, etc. Izvi zvakazara chinoshanda inonzi "Middle Ages" spatial, epanyama mapuranga iyo .. nenzira dzakasiyana acharuramisira mudzimba uye dzimwe dzekare. Sezvo Zvakakodzera akaratidza A. Ya. Gurevich, vanhu yeMiddle Ages, uyewo yekare kana ano, haana kupa zita zera rake, haana kuziva kuti vari kurarama munguva yeMiddle Ages. Nokuparadzanisa nhoroondo muitiro panguva wenguva zvikamu masayendisiti vanotungamirirwa mamwe maitiro yepakutanga, unhu unhu kuri kune imwe ichikosha.

periodization

Sezvo historiographical tsika rinomirira Western European Middle Ages? Time furemu (zana remakore) - pamwe V muna. pamberi pakutanga XVI remakore. Mukati iyi nguva-gore zviuru zvinenge kazhinji kusiyanisa zvinotevera mumatanho:

• V-XI CC. akadana Early Middle Ages (kana "mazera erima", sezvo nguva iri munhoroondo yebudiriro hwevanhu mudukusa kudzidza nokuda paucity zviri kuratidzwa mune matsime). Zvakatanga mushure mokuparara hweRoma. Chimwe chezvinhu unoshamisa mananara - yokutama vazhinji, kukunda kwevaKristu Iberian Peninsula (anonzi Reconquista), ichatonga zvine mbiri Byzantine Empire, iye vechiFrank mamiriro.
• XI-XIV CC. - munhu chaiwo (kana High) Middle Ages. The chiitiko chikuru - kukurumidza kukura chavagari muWestern Europe, anenge nokudenga chiKristu, muHondo, ari kukura mumaguta uye urbanization, kuti chidzoke uye kukura feudal ukama.
• XIV-XVI emakore. akataura mukupera Middle Ages (vamwe vaongorori vaiverenga nguva ino mangwanani ano). Ndiyo nguva yenjodzi, nzara, hosha, Hondo Makore Zana 'uye Mongol-wechiTatar Kurwisa, izvo zvakakomba ndikaiparadza Western Europe. Zvisinei, nguva ino Chechi Reformation, mukuru nenzvimbo matongo, pave nesayenzi, zvigadzirwa, kubudirira mune zvokurapa chetsika.

Middle Ages: kuti timeframe muRussia

Ndima inogarwa madzinza necheSalvic, kugadzwa feudal wehurumende akanga nomumugwagwa kwaitora nguva pane kuMadokero nekuti kare zhinji dzinoti pakutanga Ages yaitonga kuti IX. A nguva itsva rinotanga pakuguma XVII remakore. pamwe Peter I. mukati nguva utongi dzinounzwa unoparadzanisa nguva:

• IX-XII emakore. - kuvapo centralized Kyivan mamiriro.
• XII-XIII emakore. - kutanga feudal kusabatana uye kupinda munyika pasi pokutonga Mongol-wechiTatar joko.
• XIV-XVII emakore. - pokugadzwa uye kusimudzira Russian mamiriro wayo muzinda muMoscow.

Zvinoitwa vezera

Sezvo Middle Ages anotarisa sokutevedzana, nguva puranga kufanana zvakaitika kuti zvakaguma kusingarapiki kuchinja. V pakupedzisira. fuza mapoka hombodo muRoma - huru nhare yekare yebudiriro panguva iyoyo, uye pakutanga ari VI. havasisipo rokupedzisira kuchikoro rekare uzivi.

Chinhu chinoratidza kuti Early Ages - kuwedzera uku dzokumaruwa ukama fuza marudzi Europe uye paumbwe feudal, kuti kuguma inotisvitsa paumbwe pakati centralized inoti uye Dynasties. Akanyatsosiyana achinja musimboti mamiriro ezveupfumi kuMiddle Ages. Spatial, rwepanyama yezvinoreva yaitonga nechokuita zvakasimba kupararira chitendero chechiKristu, izvo kwaiva kuratidzwa mundege kuti feudalism zvokunamata sezvo muchihedheni aimbova yo zvaiita worudzi hurongwa.

madzinza nekaupenyu necheSalvic zvose pamusoro zvinhu inoonekwa munhau dzavo zvakajeka chete IX., Kana pakagadzwa hurumende kunoitika pamwe nechepakati muKiev. Panenge panguva iyoyo pasi Russian ivhu rakapinza kubva Byzantine chiKristu Eastern (Orthodox) setsika, uye nokuda kwezana kwemireniyumu anowana mamiriro ane chitendero chepamutemo.

chekare Middle Ages

High Middle Ages (. Timelines XI-XIV emakore) kunotanga Western Europe nokuumbwa Karla Velikogo uye hurumende kunoratidzwa nokusimbaradza mafungiro yeKaturike, ayo kureva basa zvese mabasa evanhu - kubva enyika muupenyu hwezuva nezuva. The dzidzo gadziriro iri dzaitongwa yepamusoro dzidziso, dzematongerwe uye zvinhu netsika zviri vechitendero zvikuru.

Christian uye anosarudza Russian Middle Ages, iro timeframe sezvo chiitiko-nguva kugutsikana, akasiyana zvikuru kubva Western. Pakazosvika XII remakore. Orthodoxy haana chete mukuru chitendero wehurumende: okupedzisira vahedheni, vatendi vamwari necheSalvic wekare akaramba kunze kure dondo dzoga uye regai vangangokukuvadza kune centralized mamiriro. Asi feudal kukakavara aizunungusa zvakawanda kana zvishoma pane chero mamiriro muMiddle Ages (nguva puranga kuRussia -. XII-XIII emakore), vakashaisa Kievan mamiriro, akariita nyore mumusungo anobva kumabvazuva anongofamba gurusvusvu Mongol-Tatars. Saka, vachisimbisa reChechi chabatsira uye kwokunze nokutyisidzirwa mukutarisana vatorwa kwemadzinza uye dzokunamata nechisimba.

Nevamwe zviri reEurope uye Russian nguva

The musiyano inokosha iyi munhoroondo Russia kubva Western Europe iri pachena: umambo Karla Velikogo inguva kunonyanyisa ruva tsika, kugadzwa dzakafuridzirwa mufananidzo kuMiddle Ages, kuEastern Europe munyaya zvose zvoupenyu uchinyara chokuita mutoro yokurwisana simba mupikisi Asian.

Mushure kuparadzwa pakati Mongol-wechiTatar joko zvakanga zvisingaiti kudzorera kuvimbika yaimbova Kievan Rus 'vokumadokero nyika vakanga vakabatana Galicia-Volyn kweutongi, uye kumabvazuva dzose zvikuru simba vakagamuchira machinda Muscovite.

Okupedzisira emakore ari Nguva High Middle Ages

Mugumo West High Middle Ages chokuita nenzara yakarova zvikuru munyika pakutanga XIV remakore., Matenda denda, murimi mudiki kumukira uye Hondo Makore Zana '. zviitiko zvose izvi zvaiva chaizvoizvo kutsakatika hafu yevagari, saka kuderera mabhora ose zvoupenyu.

Panguva iyoyo yokuti Russian Middle Ages, imwe nguva puranga XIV-XVII emakore., Vakatanga Nguva inotungamirwa uye nokusimbaradza hurumende akapoteredza Moscow. Russia yakanga yakasimba zvakakwana panguva ino kuderedza mutoro pejoko Golden Horde. Uyezve, mudzimba vaongorori vakawanda vachida kuona itsva Russian mamiriro inobva Vladimir-Suzdal hwenhoroondo uye tsika dzechinyakare, ari maitiro zvaiva Renaissance. maruva ichi nemagariro, mapurani, kupenda, uye kwaita mabhuku mabasa omerera murume uye manzwiro ake pane nyaya dzechitendero.

Pakutanga yacho XVII remakore. pachigaro choushe anoenda Romanov youmambo, ane nhengo akatonga nyika isati pakuputsa poumambo muna 1917

Mukupera Middle Ages uye yezwi nguva itsva

Izvi shaky yokuti sei mushakabvu yeMiddle Ages, nguva pepuranga uye nyika akafukidza munzira dzakasiyana: kumwe kuratidza zvakajeka kuburikidza zviri dzazvino, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo zvetsika feudal mararamiro hwaponeswa. Mune States of Western Europe kune sangano nokuda kuvandudzwa chechi rakatanga kwemaindasitiri anochinja uzivi uye nemaonero pamusoro nyika. Uye muMoscow umambo kwerinenge maviri emakore, zvose akaramba chaizvoizvo kuchinja: sezvo Middle Ages kuRussia (. Timelines IX-XVII emakore) rinoguma zvikuru gare gare.

Western European Middle Ages, imwe nguva puranga, takapedza nguva-gore zviuru zvinenge, rinoreva kumugumo XV - pakutanga XVI remakore. Pokutangira kutora kuwanikwa America Columbus kakawanda muna 1492

MuRussia, kwakakwana nguva yeMiddle Ages zvaigoneka chete Peter I nokuda vanoverengeka mberi uye kazhinji vasingadzikurudzire kuchinja mukupera XVII remakore.

Mhedziso: Middle Ages kuWestern European uye Russian

Saka, nguva puranga kuMiddle Ages kuRussia uye Western Europe akasiyana chaizvo, asi chaizvoizvo ari kumwedzi chinonyanya nenyaya dzakafanana. kwaizoita ichi dzeChechi uye chitendero munyaya zvose zvoupenyu, uye nokusimbaradza feudal ukama, uye haizopereri paumbwe poumambo, izvo vacharamba vari New Times.

Panoperera kuMiddle Ages vakatanga yakajeka rwokugadzira mberi - yagadzirwa kwebhosvo yamavira, mumwe firearm, muchina wokudhinda. Pfungwa dzidzo. Progress zvishoma akaratidza munyaya zvose zvoupenyu. Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura, mushakabvu yeMiddle Ages vakatanga kukurumidza maruva ounyanzvi.