The guru akavhiyiwa zvechiuto kubvira World War First, izvo akapinda zvemadzimambo nhoroondo pasi zita "Verdun nyama mukuyi", aiva chiitiko remakore rechimakumi maviri rokutanga rinokosha. Hondo kwakaitika pakati reGermany uye French mauto ari Western Front mumwedzi gumi. Zvisinei, pasinei kuwanda vaifira kumativi ose, France ave akakwanisa kudzivirira ayo rusununguko. On munda rokurwa kwakasarudzwa sezvo chaizvo kutapwa kwenyika uye ayo kuvimbika miganhu. munyori wezvakaitika kare wokuBritain Alistair Hori akanyora pamusoro muhondo iyi seizvi: "kumbobvira, hapana vehondo uye Nyanzvi dzezvehondo havana kutarisira kukunda nokuomerera dzinouraya kubuda ropa. pfungwa yakadaro aigona chete kupa noutsinye hunhu Yokutanga World War, apo vatungamiriri zvachose kuomeswa akatarira upenyu hwevanhu sezvakangoita vamwe dzakabatana. "
Strategy German nokuti 1916
Victory mumakore apfuura vakapiwa muGermany inodhura. Inside nyika, vanhu vakanga vaine nzara, asi hondo akachengeta nekutumirwa kwemauto pamusoro fronts. Resources vakanga shoma uye muchiuto kanzuru yave kuzivikanwa matambudziko matatu anogona kugadziriswa. Ivo kunetseka vatatu vadzivisi simba zvikuru, Russia, Britain uye France. Nokuti European hofori kwakasarudzwa kutsigira echimurenga kufamba. Panguva kuti Alexander Gelfand pakarepo akapiwa mamiriyoni 1 rubles. England akasarudza yokudzivisa kubvisa chinotivhiringidza yepasi pemvura kurwiswa. In rusarura France, kwakasarudzwa kuwana vaizotibata kupfuura nzvimbo mudzinza nekutumirwa kwemauto wamapoka uye kuti maari nechisimba. mugove uyu akawanikwa muchimiro duku protrusion pedyo Verdun. Kukunda ndima yakazaruka yakapiwa mayo kuti Paris pamwe unozotevera Kuregwa rechiFrench mauto. Pakuzadzisa zvinhu vakatevera nomazvo - hondo Verdun.
Vachigadzirira kurwa
On chikamu pamberi urefu 15 makiromita kurutivi rumwe pane mapoka maviri French mauto. Germany akateerera kuzorwa navo matanhatu nehafu mumapoka avo uye anenge zvose simba atirari. Saka budiriro German akanga dzaona kupa kuramba uye haizopereri kurwisa. Hondo Verdun akatanga nepfungwa yokuti kudenga waisakurwa zvachose kubva ndege French kune Ndege German kukwanisa uye zviri nyore kuita minimini. Ndiko, pakutanga chaipo mushandirapamwe akasarudza mumwe hurongwa matambudziko - kuwanda airspace. German spotters moto vakaita zvavo zvakanakisisa. Nenzira, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti dzechikwata French "Nieuport" akakwanisa kuitawo zvizere hondo muna May. Saka vakatanga hondo Verdun.
Pakutanga muhondo pedyo Verdun dzakavakirirwa nharaunda
Sezvo zviri pachena kubva nokudzidziswa, "Verdun nyama mukuyi" akanga akafanosarudza nokurayira German pakutanga. Mangwanani, vokuGermany akatanga atirari gadziriro, urwo rwakatora maawa 8 mushure mauto eGermany akapinda kurwisa rimwe zvikamu mberi - parwizi Meuse. Asi ivo akamirirwa vakasindimara nemishonga French. VokuGermany vakanga mberi inifanduri zvakasimba kuti hondo umo mamwe mapoka raumbwa rimwe weDanho. Kufambira mberi masikautsi uuraye bhurigedhi, zvakasimbisa girinedhi throwers, zvigwagwagwa uye flamethrower. Nokudaro, "Verdun nyama mukuyi" pazuva rokutanga pakataurwa mberi mauto eGermany ari makiromita maviri kuti rwemberi French basa uye vokutanga nzvimbo yavo.
February-March 1916
The French aisatarisira yakadaro ine simba. Yakanga chete pashure pazuva rokutanga vakatanga kubata kune Verdun mamwe muzvikamu zvechiuto. Mukuwedzera, ivo kuverenga nokutsigirwa England. Asi North Albion uye saizvozvo akarwa coolly, uye kunyanya kwete kukurumidza achitsigira vatsigiri. VokuGermany handishanduki nzira mumazuva anouya kubva mangwanani kusvikira manheru vakashanda atirari, kubudiswa nharaunda, uye usiku ratora inifanduri. All French nhare vakarasika pashure 4 Mazuva. The murayiro French, kunyange belatedly, atora matanho: motokari boka nezvimwe zvikamu kumberi muchiuto dzakabatana dziri kuwanda nemasoja 190 zviuru uye matani 25 nhumbi. Somugumisiro, kurwisa German rikaguma nokuda ukomba hwakanga huchiipoteredza manpower (1.5 nguva). Verdun hondo yakawanikwa kuramba tichishanda.
Lake naroch tsamwisa Russian
Nzvimbo French mauto akanga befu nyanza naroch tsamwisa Russian. Panguva chikumbiro rechiFrench mukuru mukuru zvazvingava Russian Joffre atora munhu zvisingakuvadzi. On munharaunda ano Belarus, Minsk dunhu - kumativi Lake Naroch - mazuva maviri akaramba kutokonora wamapoka German. Zvakamutsazve akapedzerwa aungana inifanduri kurwisa kuti kwangopera kudzorwa nemauto German. Panguva ino, mugove mberi hwakazununguswa mamwe masimba, uye kuRussia kunogumbura yakanga unonyangadzwa. Asi paidiwa mugumisiro yave vakawana - Verdun kurwisa akamira kwevhiki mbiri, uye French vakakwanisa kupa "shure".
Hondo iyoyo yakaenderera mberi
The French vakakwanisa kuumba "nzira chitsvene" pamwe izvo ndichibvunza zvitengeswa mauto ayo. Operation ari kunonoka zvakajeka. VokuGermany kwakachinja zvidobi waMarch kurwisa chikuru inoendeswa rworuboshwe yorwizi Meuse. Asi, pasinei zvose zvinoitwa mauto German, rakanyorwa May vakakwanisa mberi makiromita 6 chete. Uyewo, itsva mutungamiri Robert Nivelle akagadzwa May, izvo vakaedza kuronga imwe inogumbura, asi kuedza zvose kuti torazve dzavarwi Duamon vakanga zvaizopedza pedyo vokuGermany, ipapo uto French yakasiyiwa avo vaimbova nzvimbo zvachose.
Brusilov Kurwisa uye yokupedzisira ezvinhu pa Verdun
7 June vokuGermany vakarwisa dzavarwi uye vakaritora mukati, okuchembera 1 kiromita munharaunda chiFrench. The tsamwisa inogona kuwedzerwa, asi muna August 1916, mauto Russian kunge akagadzira kushamisa tisingatarisiri kuti mauto eGermany yakatanga chikuru kunogumbura pa Lutsk. Chengeta Kurwisa zvakanga zvisingaiti. Somugumisiro, nokuti zhizha rose, mauto eGermany vakanga akatsausa kuna Eastern Front, uye nezviito Verdun kushoma. Mukuwedzera, mukusiyana kutsime mushandirapamwe, mauto Russian wakunda chaiyo uye vakagaramo East Galicia uye Bukovina. Uyezve, kuvhiyiwa inonzi "Brusilov budiriro" yaiva itsva zvachose mhando tsamwisa chiito. Mauto eGermany akanga simba uye zvakamanikidzwa kuenda pamusoro Western Front achizvidzivirira. Muna October, uto French yakatanga inogumbura yakajeka, nepo December akadzokera panzvimbo yayo, waiva pakutanga hondo. "Verdun nyama mukuyi" dzakaguma.
Results uye kukosha Hondo Verdun
No inokosha uye tactical zvinangwa, "Verdun nyama mukuyi" muna 1916 haana kupedza; yokuFrance mauto vakatora nzvimbo yavo chete. Asi, iwe kana ngaaverenge nezvinhu, Hondo Verdun rakapfuura zvinotarisirwa zvose. mativi Vose vakafirwa masoja anopfuura mamiriyoni 1, zvinenge 430,000 vakaurayiwa. Verdun muna 1916 akavhura imwe nguva noutsinye muhondo muzana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Asi migumisiro achiri vaiva Verdun yakadonha inokosha urongwa vokuGermany. Uye kubva panguva iyoyo mauto vanyori venhau dzakaitika kuparadzwa Germany hondo nekugona. Cherechedza kuti mune hondo Verdun vakatanga kushandiswa kwemakemikari anoshongwa, chiedza zvigwagwagwa, flamethrowers uye girinedhi pfuti. Uyewo rearrangement yakatanga kwakaedzwa mauto kubudikidza mugwagwa chokufambisa anokonzerwa mapoka dzepabonde, izvozvo anowedzera arambe achirema ari kutokonora, kushandiswa kutorova chiito ndege.