Muitiro okukura upenyu paNyika: nguva, nguva, mamiriro okunze, zvipenyu

Mumwe nomumwe wedu dzimwe nguva hanya mibvunzo yakadaro vanonetsa kupindura. Izvi zvinosanganisira kunzwisisa zvinoreva ivepo, mamiriro enyika uye zvakawanda. Tinofunga kuti ose kamwe kufunga pamusoro pokumuka upenyu paNyika. AD, izvo tinoziva akasiyana chaizvo pachavo. Munyaya ino, tichakurukura ongorora muudzame, sei upenyu hwakatanga Panyika uye sei akabata shanduka rayo.

Hadean

Hadean - Nguva ino, apo nyika akanga asingabereki. Kwose kwose vaiva kuputika kwemakomo, ultraviolet nemwaranzi uye okisijeni akanga asipo. Kushanduka upenyu Panyika akatanga Countdown rayo kubva iyoyo. Nokuda kukurukurirana pamusoro makemikari wakafukidza pasi, dzinotanga kuumbika ehupfumi runozivisa upenyu Panyika. Zvisinei, pane imwe pfungwa. Vamwe vanyori venhau dzakaitika vanofunga kuti nyika iri kumbobvira chinhu. Maererano navo, nyika iripo nguva sekuda upenyu pamusoro payo.

Katarchean yaitonga kubvira 5 kusvika bhiriyoni 3 years ago. Ongororo dzakaratidza kuti iyi, nyika vasina chinoumba uye goko. An dzinonakidza ndechokuti kunyange zuva yakatora maawa 6 chete.

Archean

Mangwana Nguva pashure Katarchean yatovapo archaea (3,5-2,6 bhiriyoni makore BC). Rakakamurwa mana nguva:

• neoarchean;
• mesoarchean;
• paleoarchean;
• Eoarchean.

Yakanga panguva mangwanani Archean akaberekwa majemusi tusingaoneki. Vashoma vanhu uzivewo, asi deposits rwesarufa uye dare isu zvibereko nhasi, akaonekwa iyi. Vanochera matongo vakawana dzasara filamentous algae, vane zera vanogona kunzi navo Archean kumwedzi. Panguva ino, dzidziso upenyu paNyika mberi. Pane heterotrophic zvinenge. Akaumba pasi.

Proterozoic

Proterozoic - ichi ndechimwe wakarebesa nguva shanduka paNyika. Zvinonzi akakamurwa zvinotevera mumatanho:

• Paleoproterozoic nguva;
• Mesoproterozoic;
• Neoproterozoic.

Nguva iyi kunoratidzwa pakuonekwa ozone rukoko. Uyewo panguva ino, sezvo dzekare vanoti, zvakazara kuumbwa yose yomugungwa vhoriyamu. Paleoproterozoic yaitonga yaisanganisira sideriysky kumwedzi. Kuti paumbwe anaerobic algae.

Masayendisiti dzinoti kuti zviri Proterozoic glaciation pose. It kwemakore mamiriyoni 300. Izvi kunoratidzwa ne Ice Age uye kuti akanga zvikuru gare gare. Panguva Proterozoic vaiva zvipuka zvine masero akawanda zvinenge. Pakati pavo, sechipanji uye howa. Rakanga panguva iyi akanga aumbwa deposits esimbi esimbi uye goridhe. Neoproterozoic Nguva dzinoratidzwa nokuumbwa makondinendi itsva. Masayendisiti cherechedza kuti nemiti yose uye miti nemhuka zvakazonaka kuti aivapo panguva iyoyo, haisi tateguru Zvirimwa ano uye mhuka.

Paleozoic

Masayendisiti vari kudzidza Geological zera enyika uye kukura makemikari nyika refu zvakakwana. Maererano navo, ivo Paleozoic ndeimwe rinonyatsooneka yedu yazvino upenyu nguva. Vava nemakore anenge mamiriyoni 200 uye rakakamurwa matanhatu nguva zvikamu. Zviri munhambo ichi okukura Nyika akatanga kuumba pano zvirimwa. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti munguva iri Paleozoic mhuka landfall.

Paleozoic nguva vakadzidza vakawanda masayendisiti kuzivikanwa. Pakati pavo, A. Sedgwick uye E. D. Fillips. Vakagoverana panguva pane dzimwe nguva.

ekunze Paleozoic

Masayendisiti akawanda tsvakurudzo kuwana kubva nzendo kukura upenyu Panyika. AD, sezvo kwokutanga takati, zvinogona kwaaisvika zvakakwana. Ichi ndicho chikonzero chimwe muronga neimwe nomunda panguva dzakasiyana zvinogona chaizvoizvo nokune ekunze. Saka muna Paleozoic. Pakutanga yaitonga okunze akanga munyoro uye inodziya. Zoning sezvo vakadaro haana. kuti chikamu okisijeni iri kuramba ichiwedzera. The tembiricha mvura yakanga 20 Celsius. Nokufamba kwenguva, ndakatanga kubuda zoning. Okunze akazova inopisa uye ine uma.

By kuguma Paleozoic, somugumisiro paumbwe zvinomera, vakatanga kushingaira photosynthesis. Paiva anyatsoona zonation. Kuvakwa okunze zvikamu. Danho iri raiva rimwe anokosha kuti kukura upenyu Panyika. Paleozoic yaitonga chamuita rokuvandudza nemiti uye Fauna of nyika.

Flora uye Fauna of Paleozoic Era

Pakutanga Paleozoic nguva upenyu pfungwa iri reservoirs. Pakati zera, kana okisijeni kwasvika yakakwirira yakati sandara, zvakatanga kukura munyika. vagari varo rokutanga vakanga izvo vokutanga vakaita zvokurarama nazvo avo shallows, ndokuzoenda pamhenderekedzo miti yakawanda. Vamiririri chokutanga nemiti, izvo nyanzvi nyika - psilophytes. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti vakanga vasina midzi. Pakazosvika Paleozoic yaitonga zvinosanganisirawo paumbwe gymnosperms. Paivawo muti-kufanana zvirimwa. Chokuita nechitarisiko pasi kasvisto, zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kuonekwa uye mhuka. Masayendisiti dzinoti pakutanga akabuda herbivorous siyana. It kwakatora muitiro kukura upenyu Panyika yakati rebei. AD uye zvipenyu kunge wakashanduka-shanduka nguva dzose. Wokutanga vamiririri fauna of - invertebrates uye madandaude. Nokufamba kwenguva, kwaiva kwamapapiro, mites, molluscs, dinosaurs, nezvinokambaira. Mukupera Paleozoic nguva, pakanga kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze. Izvi zvakaita kuti kutsakatika mamwe marudzi. Maererano rokutanga Masvomhu, richiuraya vanenge 96% mvura uye 70% vagere munyika.

Zvicherwa Paleozoic panguva

Hazvina kubva Paleozoic munguva chokuita paumbwe zvicherwa zvakawanda. Takatanga kuumba deposits padombo munyu. Zvinofanira kusimbiswa kuti mamwe nembiya mafuta kuchibva chaiyo kubva kuna Paleozoic yaitonga. Takatanga kuumbika marasha strata anoumba 30% yose inowanwa. Uyewo, inobatanidzwa Paleozoic nguva nemekiyuri inotungamirwa.

Mesozoic panguva

Kutevera Paleozoic, Mesozoic aiva. Vava nemakore anenge mamiriyoni 186. The Geological nhoroondo yenyika akatora mavambo zvavo zvikuru adarika. Zvisinei, yaiva Mesozoic yaitonga webasa zvose okunze uye shanduka. Akaumba dzinokosha miganhu makondinendi. Mountain chivakwa akatanga. Pakave weboka Eurasia uye America. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti mumakore Mesozoic okunze akanga chaizvo. Zvisinei, panguva pakuguma Nguva Ice Age rakatanga, izvo yekudyidzana zvakachinja nemiti uye fauna of enyika. Paiva dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa.

Flora uye fauna of ari Mesozoic yaitonga

Mesozoic nguva kunoratidzwa kutsakatika ferns. Hunodzorwa gymnosperms uye Conifers. Akaumba angiosperms. Yakanga panguva Mesozoic nguva inotanga pavapenyu fauna of. Chinonyanya dzakabudirira dziri nezvinokambaira. In iyi paiva vakawanda subtypes. Pane zvinobhururuka nezvinokambaira. Dzavo Kuwedzera Kunoenderera Mberi. Pakazopera ari Mesozoic yaitonga , vamwe vamiririri vanoyera vanenge 50 makirogiramu.

Muna Mesozoic zvishoma nezvishoma anotanga kukura maruva zvinomera. Pakazopera kutonhora Snap kunoitika. It kunoderedza uwandu Sub-kwemarudzi riparian zvirimwa. Zvishoma nezvishoma achifa panze Mbeswa dinosaurs uye invertebrates. Chikonzero ichi pane shiri uye mhuka.

Maererano masayendisiti, shiri akatora kwayakatangira kubva dinosaurs. The kwaita mhuka zvavari chokuita nomumwe subclasses nezvinokambaira.

Cainozoe

Cenozoic - ichi ndicho nenguva yatiri kurarama nhasi. Zvakatanga anenge mamiriyoni 66 apfuura. Pakutanga yaitonga uchiri weboka kwenyika. On nomumwe wavo hunodzorwa ayo kasvisto, fauna of uye mamiriro okunze.

Cenozoic ine vakawanda tumbuyu, kubhururuka uye mhuka zvomumvura. Hunodzorwa mhuka uye angiosperms. Panguva ino, vose zvipenyu kunge wakashanduka-shanduka kwazvo, uye vazhinji dzakasiyana subspecies. Kune bota. Chinonyanya kukosha kuchinja - ndiko kwaita Homo sapiens.

Human shanduka. The kutanga zvokukura budiriro

Chaiyo zera iri nyika haigoni kutsunga. Masayendisiti nharo maererano kuti nyaya iyi kwenguva refu. Vamwe vanodavira kuti nemakore Pasi ndiro 6000 chemakore, vamwe kuti mamiriyoni anopfuura 6. Ndinotenda kuti hatizombofi hedu takasvika pakuziva chokwadi. Chinonyanya kukosha budiriro of Cenozoic yaitonga ndiko kwaita Homo sapiens. Ngatitorei Kutarira sei chaizvo izvi zvakaitika.

Pane pfungwa dzakawanda pamusoro paumbwe vanhu. Masayendisiti kakawanda akaenzanisa kupfuura siyana anoita DNA. Vakazongofunga kuti chinonyanya yakafanana muviri vane tsoko. Kuti ajekese izvi dzidzisowo pakuguma hazvibviri. Mamwe masayendisiti nharo kuti vanhu nenguruve vari zvikuru zvakafanana.

Human shanduka inogona kuonekwa chinoabatsira. Chokutanga, nokuti vanogara zvaikosha utachiona zvinhu, asi nhasi - social. Neanderthal, Cro-Magnon, Australopithecus nevamwe - zvose maitikiro dzevanhu pakukura, ndagura madzibaba edu.

Parapithecus - ichi ndicho chokutanga mudariro kukura ano murume. Panguva iyi, kwaiva madzitateguru edu - a tsoko, zvinoti chimupanze, magorira uye orangutans.

Inotevera pavaipfuura pakukura vaiva australopithecines. residues First vaakawana Africa. Maererano rokutanga data, zera ravo makore anenge mamiriyoni 3. Masayendisiti akadzidza kuwana, uye vakagumisa kuti australopithecines chaizvo rakafanana murume ano. Growth Vamiririri yaiva duku chaizvo, vanenge 130 masendimita. Australopithecinae uremu kwakanga 25-40 makirogiramu. Pfuti, Ungangove, havana kushandisa, nekuti havana rawanikwa.

Homo habilis akanga akafanana Australopithecus, asi, kusiyana navo, akashandisa chinyakare nematurusi. Maoko neminwe vakanyanya dzakabudirira. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Homo habilis - kutungamirira tateguru vedu.

pithecanthrope

Mangwana pavaipfuura shanduka rakanga Pithecanthropus - Homo erectus. Ake okutanga zvisaririra akawanikwa pachitsuwa Java. Maererano masayendisiti, Pithecanthropus vaigara munharaunda Pasi anenge miriyoni imwe apfuura. Gare gare, mumwe murume erectus zvisaririra akawanikwa pamakona ose apasi. On hwaro ichi, tinogona kugumisa kuti Pithecanthropus rinogarwa makondinendi zvose. Erectus muviri womunhu hausi akasiyana zvikuru kubva ano. Zvisinei, paiva kupesana kuduku. Pithecanthropus aiva pasi huma uye yakajeka nevagari vayo. Masayendisiti akawana kuti wakarurama akatungamirira chinoshingaira mararamiro. Ape-varume vaiva vavhimi uye dzikabereka nyore zvokushandisa. Vaigara mumapoka. Saka Pithecanthropus aiva nyore kuvhima uye kuzvidzivirira muvengi. Akawanikwa China kukonzera pakugumisa kuti naivowo vaiziva sei kushandisa moto. Pithecanthropus dzakabuda pfungwa uye matauriro.

Neanderthal

Neanderthals akararama anenge 350,000 apfuura. Found anenge 100 residues basa ravo. Neanderthal dehenya akanga domed. kukwirira yavo oda 170 masendimita. Vaiva panzvimbo yakakura mufananidzo, akakudziridza musculature uye simba zvakanaka. Vaifanira kugara ice zera. Zviri kuburikidza Neanderthals ichi vakadzidza kusona mbatya kubva ganda uye kuramba tiine moto. Zvinofungidzirwa kuti Neanderthals vaigara chete Eurasia. It Tinofanira kuonawo kuti ibwe vakashanda kwazvo yeramangwana zviridzwa. Neanderthals aiwanzoshandisa huni. With izvozvo, kusika maturusi uye zvinhu kuti dzose. Zvisinei, zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti vakanga chaizvo chinyakare.

Cro-Magnon

Cro-Magnons aiva inonyanya kukura wakanga anenge 180 masendimita. Vaiva vose zviratidzo murume ano. Mumakore 40.000 makore, maonero avo handishanduki. Aongorora hwevanhu zvasara, masayendisiti vakagumisa kuti avhareji yezera of Cro-Magnon akanga 30-50 nemakore. Zvinokosha kucherechedza kuti akasika yakagozha zvombo. Pakati pavo mapanga harpoons. Cro-Magnons vaiva hove, uye saka, kuwedzera kune mutemo zvombo, ivo ndakasika hutsva uye hwomutambarakede kuti hove. Pakati pavo, tsono uye zvakawanda. Kubva ichi tinogona kugumisa kuti Cro-Magnon murume aiva tsime kunyatsobudirira uropi uye zvisingarambiki.

vanogara Homo ake sapiens yakavakwa namabwe kana kudhonza nayo muvhu. Anongofamba Vagari mamwe zvivanakire kusika mumatumba. It Tinofanira kuonawo kuti Cro-Magnons akapingudzwa mhumhi, pakona nayo pamusoro nguva Gwaro.

Cro-Magnon nounyanzvi

vanhu vashoma vanoziva kuti raiva Cro-Magnons akaumba pfungwa, iyo yava kuzivikanwa kuti sezvo pfungwa okugadzira zvinhu. Pamasvingo vakawanda mumapako padombo mundiro dzakavezwa kwakaitwa Cro-Magnon murume zvakawanikwa. Zvinokosha kusimbisa kuti Cro-Magnons akasiya vanodhirowa dzavo nguva dzose kunzvimbo dziri kure. Zvichida vakaita zvimwe mashiripiti basa.

Chidobi kuswedera kubva Cro-Magnon akanga zvakasiyana. Vamwe zvakanaka wakavhomorwa mufananidzo, apo vamwe muvare avo. Cro-Magnons akashandisa pendi mavara. Advantageously, tsvuku, yero, mashava uye dema. Nokufamba kwenguva, kunyange vakatanga ukuye mifananidzo yevanhu. All akawana Exhibits, unogona kuwana nyore chero Archaeological Museum. Masayendisiti cherechedza kuti Cro-Magnons vakanga zvakakwana dzakabudirira uye vakadzidza. Chavaida kupfeka zvishongo zvakagadzirwa mapfupa mhuka vakaurayiwa.

Pane asangana dzinonakidza maonero. Kare, zvakanga vaidavira kuti Cro-Magnons vakazodzingwa kuti Neanderthals iri dzisakarurama hondo. Masayendisiti zvino zvinoratidza kudaro. Vanodavira kuti imwe nguva yakawanda iyo Neanderthals uye Cro-Magnons akararama parutivi, asi kurukutika vakafa nechando Snap.

To muchidimbu

The Geological nhoroondo Earth akatora kwayo kutanga mamiriyoni akawanda apfuura. Mumwe panguva yakanga vakabatsira upenyu hwedu hwemazuva ano. Isu vasingawanzotauri kufunga sei redu kumhuka. Dzidza pamusoro sei Earth yedu wakaumba, hazvibviri kumira. Nhoroondo yemhindumupindu yepasi anokwanisa zvokunyengetedzwa wose. Zvinokurudzirwa zvakasimba kudzivirira Pasi redu, kana chete nenhoroondo pashure mamiriyoni makore kuvapo kwedu, paiva mumwe kudzidza.