Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: mupiro zvipenyu. Zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira kuti Lamarck pfungwa

Yokutanga nzwisisika dzidziso yemhindumupindu wakatangwa na Jean-Baptiste Lamarck. Mupiro zvinhu zvipenyu zvomumusoro uye mazano anga aripo mune zvesayenzi madenderedzwa ari nguva. Anokosha vavo aiva pfungwa Scala naturae, uyewo nepfungwa yokuti mhuka inogona siyana munharaunda dzakasiyana.

Scala naturae, «ngetani huru yokuva" kudzokera Aristotle, uye pamwe kune kwokutanga kumwedzi. Zviri hierarchical kupatsanura gadziriro, pasi rine majemusi, uye musoro - chinonetsa.

Ideas nezvokuchinja zvipenyu mukuvamba remakore rechi19 vakanga zvakajairika chaizvo - havasi kuva budiriro Lamarck. Somuenzaniso, Buffon, chipangamazano wake, akaratidza pfungwa dzake pamusoro penyaya, kunyange vakanga zvose kujeka chaizvo.

Nzira bhayoroji

Lamarck aiva minzwa nzira sayenzi, refu nguva yokushumira muchiuto, uye kwemakore mana akadzidza mushonga, hama yokutanga kumudzivisa naye. Akava mudzidzi ane aitungamirira zvakasikwa French Bernard de Jussieu, pfungwa bhotani, uye muna 1978 akabudisa mavhoriyumu matatu muunganidzwa rechiFrench kasvisto, waiva chaizvo zvokuti airwarirwa Buffon, uyo akamutora pasi bapiro ake uye yakasimbiswa nzvimbo iri French Academy of Sciences uye Royal Botanic Gardens . Pashure French Revolution muna 1793 muminda vakanga tinoshandurirwa National Museum of Natural History, apo Lamarck kwaitsigirwa kuti purofesa invertebrates (pasinei akanga asina dzakagadzirirwa wake), izvo achisimudzira kusvikira parufu rwake.

Mutsa Jean-Baptiste Lamarck kuti dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka mune zvipenyu hakugumiri. Vakawanda pamabasa ake vari kuongwa - shoko "zvipenyu" zviri kuvamba ake, uyewo enderana category "vertebrates", "invertebrates", "Tupukanana", "warrior", "dandemutande", "echinoderms", "annelids".

Dzidziso Jean-Baptiste Lamarck paakarondedzerwa mumabhuku matatu. Akava kufarira Kushanduka kufambira panguva Museum of Natural History kuunganidzwa Zvisaririra uye mollusks ano Bruguière, rapfuura muchengeti dhipatimendi invertebrate Exhibits. Lamarck akacherechedza kuti havana kufanana, uye kunonoka kuparadzira yavo nguva, aigona kuronda zvakananga mutsetse kuvakuru kusvika mhando itsva. Izvi zvakakonzera zvimwe pfungwa waanobayira bhuku muna 1801, "Kutsvakurudza sangano mhenyu miviri."

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: mupiro zvipenyu

Asi tsananguro chaiye akazara-shanduka chakaonekwa basa rake guru 1809, "The muuzivi zvemhuka". Muna 1815 bhuku bhuku "The Natural History of Invertebrates", iro rinotaurawo pfungwa Lamarck rokutanga.

Pfungwa yacho "neketani huru" wekona pakati Lamarckian. Asi iye akaenda mberi pane vakararama panguva yake, kuedza kuzviruramisa mashandiro ayo, uye usatorera pacharo kwavapo. Iye akataura kuti upenyu hwemhuka kunosanganisira yakavakwa-mano, tinozvarwa unhu kuri kuwedzera kunzwisisa, izvo zvaizoita tsanangura kuvapo zvepanyama hierarchical kupatsanura. Izvi hazvigoni kufananidzirwa sezvo kukwira masitepisi, uye sezvo sangano iri escalator.

Asi zvino pane chaiwo creationist nharo: kana isu hwakabva netsoko, seiko netsoko zvichiripo? The mhinduro iri chokwadi kuti Biogenesis - paumbwe upenyu hutsva - zvinoitika nguva dzose. Nemamwe mashoko, pane escalators zhinji (rimwe nerimwe chikamu Life), chimwe nechimwe chine ayo pokutangira. Vanhu vari dangwe zvinenge nehonye - the Newest.

Asi pane dambudziko rechipiri. The hierarchical kupatsanura akadai "makonye, hove, nezvinokambaira, neshiri, mhuka, primates, murume," Somuenzaniso, katsi asingadi kushanda. Panguva iyi pamwero vakuru vakuru chinova zvakunoreva muviri, uye pano ndipo yakakurumbira chikamu Lamarckian: nhaka vawana unhu. Pfungwa iri nyore.

Giraffe anogara Savannah miti yakareba. Izvi induces munhu "vanofanira" iri twiza, uye anochinja maitiro avo kusvika mapazi yepamusorosoro. Maererano Lamarck, mamwe kushandiswa pamutsipa kuchaita kukura kwayo nokuda wakawedzera chekubuda "Urume zvinokosha". The itsva mamiriro pamutsipa chiri akava hunhu, uye inogona chakasvitswa mwana, ndokusaka tiri kutaura pamusoro nhaka vawana unhu.

The kurukura ndezvechokwadiwo: kana muviri hauna kushandiswa, nemvura inoyerera kuburikidza zviri maduku uye atrophies. Somuenzaniso, rinotsanangura sei vagari mumapako hapana meso.

Nhaka vawana unhu

Mumwe muenzaniso - webbing pakati minwe zvemhuka dzakawanda zvinogara mumvura zvakadai matatya, nenjiva, otters uye beavers. Dzishambire mhuka panodikanwa kusunda mvura unobva Kamudzira, zvichiguma kwavari anowana zvakawanda "Urume zvinokosha", sezvo ndaifunga Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

Mupiro Biology musayendisiti kunosanganisira inokosha yokuti nhaka vawana unhu. Izvi handizvo kuwanikwa vasiri ( "Urume rinokosha" harina kumbobvira rawanikwa). Yakanga evasingatombonamati nyore uye mechanistic maonero, izvo panguva iyoyo zvakazoonekwa kuti kuva echimurenga. No kudiwa Mwari sezvo musoro shanduka. Pfungwa waivawo pakupikisana yokuti zvinenge anogona chete kushandurwa mune imwe nzira.

Saka, pane zviviri zvinokosha Lamarckian musimboti. Chokutanga pfungwa dzinongoitika, Linear mberi pamwero yakaoma. Zvisinei, nzira pakukwana zvikuru chakakombama: zvinenge ajairane ezvinhu omunzvimbo, zvichiguma siyana maumbirwo kunyange panguva iyoyo nenhanho kunzwisisa.

Kuziva kuti Lamarckian anogona achitsoropodza vaongorore zvayakanakira nezvayakaipira yaJean-Baptiste Lamarck somunhu mutsvakurudzi ane ano pfungwa maonero.

Chero muzivi sayenzi aiti kumisa zvinangwa zvakanaka uye mibvunzo yakajeka vanoumba hafu kwesainzi. Zviri pachinhu ichi, uye scored ne Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: mipiro yake nesayenzi kwaisanganisira kuti ainzwisisa mana matambudziko makuru rwokuzvarwa nhoroondo panguva:

1. Sei he siyana kunosiyana kubva hwakawanda huripo?
2. Nei vamwe zvinenge zvakawanda akaoma pane vamwe?
3. Nei zvakadaro zvakasiyana siyana?
4. Sei zvinenge zviri zvakanaka kujairana zvakavapoteredza?

Nezvayakaipira Jean-Baptiste Lamarck iri pakuti akatadza kupa tsananguro chairo, kunyange asina mhosva yavo. Munhu panzvimbo yake kuti kumisa pamusoro yakafanana akagadzirwa pfungwa, pane zvakasikwa kusarudza kana kunotouraya.

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck: dzidziso zvikanganiso

Lamarck nharo kuti Zvisaririra siyana vakasiyana, nekuti ivo, sezvo achikwidza escalator shanduka, ne zvakawanda zvakaoma. Zvino tinoziva kuti Zvisaririra siyana ndezvaJehovha dzakasiyana dzenyika phylogeny, uye naizvozvo zvakasiyana.

Hakuna chinhu dzakadai kutambudzwa kunzwisisa. Complex siyana kuitika mune dzimwe taxa somugumisiro zvavo ezvinhu. The kupfuura Muenzaniso kuoma - zvipuka zvine masero akawanda - kunoshamisa uye haisi mugumisiro A vanhuwo muitiro.

Kusiyana-siyana hakuiti protrude kubva mberi Biogenesis. Zvose hunoratidza kuti chete tsime roupenyu. The-siyana nemhaka speciation.

Hapana zvinhu zvakadai se "Urume rinokosha". Utachiona vari dzakashandisa zvakavapoteredza, sezvo vakayambuka inexorable guyo zvakasikwa vakasarudzwa.

Dzinongoitika selection, sezvazvakanyorwa zvinonzwisiswa nhasi, zvinonzi kufungwa yose vakawanda twiza vane kunosiyana saizi mutsipa. Vaya refu mutsipa anogona kusvika rokumusoro pamatavi miti, uye nokudaro kuwana zvokudya zvakawanda. Izvi zvinovapa zvakawanda simba uye zvinobatsira mune kubereka, izvo kwenguva achitungamirira kugadzirwa hombe nhamba yevana. Kana taifunga nemagene hwaro mutsipa urefu, zvino, Ungangove, zvichava kuberekwa refu mikukutu vana kuti vakawanda zvizvarwa kutsiva korotkosheee.

In Lamarckian furiramudenga inofanira kusvika miti yakakwirira, uye mutsipa waro miforo, uye chakasvitswa mwana.

Zvino pachena fallacy rechipiri dzidziso musimboti, hwakasikwa maererano Jean-Baptiste Lamarck.

Useful kunotouraya - Kusara pane mutemo

Mupiro musayendisiti - pfungwa mberi pamwero yakaoma - uyewo haana yasimbiswa kunyange panguva samolecular chechetere. Motu Kimura uye Tomoko Ohta, havaoni kureva nhasi uye okoloneytralnoy kwazvakarerekera dzidziso samolecular shanduka vakaratidza kuti kuno- ari ruzhinji vari kwazvakarerekera - ivo vasina simba pamusoro anochinjika ari muviri. Chechipiri dzidziso yokuti vazhinji yokusava kunotouraya kuchabatsira hapandiringani kuva zvechokwadi kuchioneka. Vamwe kuno- ichikuvadza, uye vashoma vavo chaizvoizvo kubatsira.

Kana kwaiva fated mutsetse sangano pakukwana kunotouraya zvose zvingava zvinobatsira, asi haritsigiri umboo.

Saka, kana pfungwa Lamarck haana nekusimbiswa.

Mushonga kuti dzidziso

Pfungwa "zvinwiwa zvinokosha" haana hwakapararira, saka Lamarckian-shanduka uye akashora kusvika sezvo basa "Origin of Species" Darwin haina ndakunda nyika. Darwin akaratidza chokwadi yemhindumupindu. Kunyange zvakadaro, iye akatadza wose dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa vabvume.

Pfungwa nhaka vawana maitiro, izvo akashandisa kunyange Darwin, razova rakafanana nerokuti Lamarckism, uyewo zvinoverengeka nedzidziso kwakamuka zvinopesana dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa. ipapo Lamarckism yose yakahwina dzidziso Darwin muupenyu madenderedzwa zvesayenzi. Theology, izvo vaishora hafu yezana remakore apfuura zvakasimba Lamarckism, zvino vaibvumirana nayo chete nekuti Zvakaitwa "Urume zvinokosha" hunogona kungoparara anonzi rokusika mwari, musoro mazano kuchinja zvakatipoteredza, zvikazooneka kuva nyore kupfuura "randomness" rwokuzvarwa vakasarudzwa.

Muna 1900, Lamarckism uye selectionism vakarwadziwa nokuda rediscovery yokugara mutation uye veMubatanidzwa dzidziso.

Ngwizhingwi Lamarckism Lysenko

In Russia imwe inoitiranwa nhema zvitsauko munhoroondo zvipenyu uye nesayenzi zvarwo: Lysenko. Trofim Lysenko aiva nyanzvi mediocre rakakura rezvematongerwe enyika, raaishandisa achikwira pamusoro Soviet sayenzi zvipenyu, uye 1930s rakazova musoro Academy of Sciences Agricultural. Heunoi okudzvinyirira nzira kumanikidza yayo pfungwa yemhindumupindu - "Michurin nzira", rudzi Lamarckism, vakatevera nhaka kwezvinhu vakapesana nechinzvimbo ichi. Michurinizm akava "zvipenyu itsva", iro unonyatsokodzera collectivization sezvo wokuvhenganisa zvematongerwe pamwe Yesayenzi. With Lysenko akanga pamutemo rakapera muna 1964.

Epigenetics - the Lamarckism itsva?

Saka, imwe dzidziso, rinogona kutsiva dzinongoitika selection, nyaya yakavharwa. Zvisinei, muna 2013, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, vane mupiro zvipenyu - Lamarckism - rakakundikana, akawana mukana pa vapore. Ipapo basa rakabudiswa, maererano iyo makonzo vakadzidziswa kutya munhuwi acetophenone akapa kugona iri nhaka. New magazini Scientist ainzi Rusimbiso Lamarckian nhaka vawana unhu. Zvisinei, mugumisiro kunobva epigenetics - zvachinja basa majini pane majini pachavo, izvo zvinoenderana dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa. Saka, dzidziso yokushanduka-shanduka Jean-Baptiste Lamarck anogona zvakare kuti rehabilitated.