Mukaka: mhando mukaka nezvinogadzirwa nomukaka, kurimwa uye kuchengetera

Chii mukaka? Milks kwayo zvivako anobatsira zvichakurukurwa munyaya zvinhu ino. Nesuwo kukuudzai chii mhuka kupa chigadzirwa ichi uye sei kuti kuchengeta zvakanaka.

tsananguro

Mukaka inonzi inotonhorera mvura kuti neve mammary mumasero kuti mhuka. chinangwa chacho dzinongoitika kupa vana vasiri mogona kugaya zvimwe zvokudya.

Mukaka nezvinogadzirwa nomukaka zviri chikamu zhinji kwemarudzi ghjlernjd, anoshandiswa murume. kurimwa yavo rava bhizimisi guru.

Mukaka nezvinogadzirwa nomukaka

The mukaka anobva secretion pamusoro mammary mumasero kuti mhuka. Zviri chena mvura (dzimwe nguva kunogona kuva yellowish tint) pamwe chinonhuwira kuravira.

Kakawanda, munyika ino upise mukaka, kupatsanurwa mu dairies. Zvisinei, mune mamwe marudzi, chigadzirwa ichi kazhinji yaunganidzwa kukama mamwe mhuka. Somuenzaniso, gwai, hachi, ngamera, mbudzi uye nevamwe. Saka, mares mukaka rakanakira achigadzirira koumiss, kubva emakwai chizi, uye ngamera - shubat.

mamiriro

Zvii zvinoumba zvinosanganisira mukaka? Pane mhando dzakasiyana mukaka. Nokuti kuchinja sezvamunoita yavo. Uyewo napo mhando dzemhuka, padanho lactation, mwaka uye zvichingodaro.

Maererano nenyanzvi, chigadzirwa ichi chinosanganisira mapuroteni yakaoma, ane zvose zvinokosha amino acids.

The mammary shwanu hwemhuka rine muzvizhinji masero rakapinda node, tsinga uye tsinga. Vachikukumikidzai zvose zvakakodzera zvinhu kuti kubatana kwetunhu mukaka.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti Zvinoumba chigadzirwa ichi vanosanganisira kwemafuta uye makabhohaidhiretsi muchimiro nyore shuga uye lactose. Kukamurwa yokupedzisira ari dumbu akanaka kunonoka. Nokuda kwakasara chinovira zvibereko.

Mukaka mafuta pakutsvaga uwandu mafuta zviri mukati. Vari mumamiriro emulsion uye vari kunzwisisa musanganiswa triglycerides, ane mafuta-soluble mavhitaminzi uye lecithin.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti mafuta mukaka kugutsikana anosarudza ayo mafuta kugutsikana. Kunyange zvazvo nyanzvi dzinoti kunyange mafuta chigadzirwa harina anopfuura 60 kcal pa 100 ml.

Chii mukaka? milks

Kakawanda, zvokudya rwapedzwa pasteurized mukaka. Rakakamurwa marudzi akawanda:

• Wose. Izvi mukaka kwezvipimo, rine imwe mari mafuta (i.e., 2,5% kana 3.2%).
• Vagadzirise. mukaka kwakadaro zvishomanana kana zvachose kubva zvomumagaba mukaka, riri Yakanatswa, pasteurized, homogenized, dzaserera, uye akadurura vamwe. chigadzirwa ichi zvinowanzooneka vakazvigadzirirwa Kuparadzwa mumvura inodziya, mukaka wose upfu uye ayo soaking kwemaawa mana. Panguva iyi inogona achazvimba mapuroteni inonyangarika mvura kuravira, uyewo kuumba hwandaiva arambe achirema uye viscosity.
• Yakarukutika. Hazvina chakavanzika kuti ruvara kubva yakanyauka mukaka ane inofadza creamy mumvuri. Izvi imhaka yokuti ayo mafuta kugutsikana haasi asingasviki 6%. Zvinonzi pasteurized uye homogenized ari tembiricha anenge 95 madhigirii Waiitwa kwemaawa mana. Zviya, kurapwa uyu chigadzirwa zvinoita noruvara yakanyauka mukaka ruomba uye rinopa inokosha pakubika uye zvakanaka.
• Mukaka mafuta vakawedzera. Izvi normalized chigadzirwa rakanga pasi homogenisation. Kazhinji, ine mafuta zviri 6%.
• Protein. Haisi chete mukaka. In nedanho normalization mairi kuwedzera yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa mukaka kana upfu mukaka. chigadzirwa ichi akasiyana mukuru zviri mafuta-vakasununguka zvinoriumba.
• Kusimbiswa. Uyu mukaka zvinonaka chaizvo uye utano. Zvinonzi kubva pasi-mafuta kana chigadzirwa wose uye vafumiswa pamwe mavhitaminzi C, A uye D.
• Dzakaonda. Low-mafuta mukaka unhu anogara murombo. chigadzirwa kwakadaro yakagadzirirwa kubvira pasteurized chinwiwa nokuda kwayo kuparadzana. Kazhinji ayo mafuta zviri 0,05%.

Zvino kuti munoziva zvinhu mukaka. Milks kunge dziri pamusoro.

Maererano nedzimwe dieticians, inogadzirwa pasi mbereko, kunogona kuunza kwemisha kukuvadza. Izvi imhaka yokuti kubudikidza kurapwa ichi calcium nomukaka mapuroteni zviri denatured uye zvadaro kukonzera zvinetso zvoutano.

Processing mafekitari

Kukuvadza mukaka kuti kukanganisa mamiriro zvomudumbu dzevanhu hurongwa. Zvisinei, izvi zvinoitika chete kana chigadzirwa yave zvaparadzwa.

Kuwedzera pasherefu upenyu vaiona chinwiwa, mukaka yakachena iri kutanga dzaserera uye yakasvinwa, uye ipapo akatumirwa mafekitari. Ikoko zviri pasi sokuchenesa, pasteurized, normalized, homogenized, uye haachandidi uye mumapepa.

By kurapwa uku chinwiwa anoramba zvose zvinobatsira unhu. Uyezve, pasava kukura zvigare abatwa mariri.

Camel mukaka, mhou, mbudzi, hachi uye t. D. Kwete kubereka, uye ari rakatorwa ne kukama mhuka. Zvisinei mberi pasi chinokosha kugadzira. drink Izvi ndakanatswa Centrifugal molokoochistitelyah uye yakasvinwa pasi kumusoro kumanikidzwa. Somugumisiro chigadzirwa ichi anobvisa marara zvose.

Kuti aponese mukaka kubva mumasero kwemabhakitiriya vanoshandisa rinokosha centrifuge. Sezvo chikazozikamwa, kwakadaro kucheneswa kwacho anotaurwa baktefunirovaniem.

kurapa

Just kuwana mukaka kuti zvitoro asingagoni. In muindasitiri ezvinhu izvozvo hazvo pasi chero kurapwa.

Normalization mukaka kunotaurwa kuwedzera kana kuderera yaive mafuta mumate. Ko kuti kuunza akati chinoratidza kuti dzose.

Fat pushdown chigadzirwa haafaniri kupfuudza 3.2%. Nokuda kwechikonzero ichi, chinogadzirwa achishandisa separator-normalizer kana hwakakanyiwa mukaka yose.

Pasteurisation rinoitwa pasi pokukurukura chinwiwa kuwedzera ayo pasherufu upenyu. Nokuti mukaka ichi kwezvipimo ari pasi kudziyisa arapwe tembiricha kwete kupfuura 85 madhigirii pamwe kukwegura 15-20 seconds.

Pasteurization ipfupi, pakarepo uye inogara kwenguva refu. Nokuti vose pakubhadhara izvi kushandisa dzakasiyana Hardware kugadzira.

Maererano nenyanzvi, pasteurization pakarepo rinoitwa pasina nguva kuti masekonzi mashoma. Panyaya iyi, kuti kudziyisa tembiricha rinosvika 85-90 inegumi.

In pfupi pasteurisation chinwiwa iri neshungu 75 madhigirii uye vachengeterwe anenge 17 seconds.

Kuramba pasteurisation rinoitwa panguva tembiricha 65 madhigirii kunonoka hafu yeawa.

Kakawanda, mafekitari mukaka, mitengo iri pasi apa, ari pasi pfupi-rokuti pasteurization.

homogenization

Rumwe rudzi kubudiswa ndiyo mukaka homogenization. nzira kwakadaro inodiwa humwe zvaAtemisi yakavira mukaka zvigadzirwa.

Chii homogenization? Izvi zvemaziso unorema mafuta mumate kupinda nezvimedu zvidiki. chinwiwa kwakadaro kugadzira rinoitwa kuwana emulsion usingabereki vaparadzane panguva okuchengetera.

Vachitevera homogenization, chigadzirwa iri kukurumidza dzaserera kusvika 4-6 madhigirii uye akatumirwa teura.

dheri zvigadzirwa anobudiswa kubva pasteurized mukaka chete. Kazhinji, izvi zvinoitika muna nzira mbiri - dura uye thermostat.

Kana tangi nzira iri tangi runofashamira Finished chigadzirwa, izvo zvave rokutanga inochengeterwa kuibvisa uye ruva parinova zambiringa riri chaihwo tarakh.

Mugore thermostatic nzira homogenized anodzidziswa chinwiwa ari mumudziyo uye acidify kuna pamadhigirii, uye ipapo dzaserera kuti tembiricha 8 inegumi.

Mune zvisingawanzoitiki zviitiko, mbereko mukaka kushandisa nzira activation. Zvinonzi inobva kushandisa michini uye ultraviolet nemwaranzi.

Zvakakurukurwa mukaka mhuka dzakasiyana

Vanhu vakawanda vakashandisa kufunga kuti epamba mukaka - cow mukaka. Zvisinei, mune dzimwe misha, kusanganisira nyika yedu, shandisa mimwe marudzi chigadzirwa. Zvinonzi yaunganidzwa kukama mhuka zvakasiyana. Funga zviri zvinwiwa izvi ikozvino.

gwai

Izvi mafuta mukaka, wakafuma mapurotini. It ane matunhu arambe achirema uye acidity. Nokuda kusavapo carotene aiva grayish tint.

In makwai chinwiwa mabhati 6% mapuroteni. Muchiitiko ichi 80% - ndiko casein uye 20% - serum mapurotini.

chigadzirwa akadaro ari kushingaira kushandiswa kugadzira zvinotevera mhando chizi: pekarino, chizi, Kashkaval, Roquefort chizi nezvimwe kobiysky. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti muna Central Asia, chinoitwa kupinda ruomba.

mbudzi

chigadzirwa ichi nezvi- sealbumin, phosphorus, calcium vhitamini C. Pamusana vashoma colorants ine chiedza ruvara. Mushure nokunwa mukaka coagulates uye nezvimiro ane mahwendefa matete. Nokuda iri nyore kunyura pachitunha.

Mbudzi drink zvaparadzwa rose kana kupatsanurwa. Nokuti zvinoita chizi nezvinogadzirwa nomukaka. Vari pedyo hunorapa uye yokudzivisa nzvimbo inozivikanwa, vari kunyanya anobatsira ari gastro-intestinal zvirwere.

zvokunwa Izvi zvinowanzooneka zvaisanganisira mu Mishonga uye mwana zvokudya.

hachi

Maererano nevanyori venhau dzakaitika, zvakanga pakutanga bhiza dzaichengetwa kuti vabereke nyama uye mukaka. Papera chinguva, mhuka akatanga kushandiswa kubatsira mumba.

Mares zvokunwa zvinotapira, cake kuravira, uye rinokwanisa kucheneruka tint. Uyezve bactericidal ehupfumi evanhu nokuti. chigadzirwa iri kazhinji kushandiswa nokuda kwezvifananidzo zvaAtemisi koumiss. Rinoshandiswa pakurapa maronda tibhii uye kupererwa neropa.

ngamera

zvokunwa Ndiro chikafu chikuru murenje uye Semi-gwenga chavagari Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Georgia uye Armenia. Rine chaizvo kuravidza inonaka uye gobvu unaku.

Camel mukaka inogona kuparadzwa yakachena chimiro uye muchimiro yakavira mukaka zvinogadzirwa zvakadai ayran, koteji chizi, katyk, shubat, wevaKadheya uye nevamwe. Uyewo, chinoitwa chizi uye majarini. zvigadzirwa zvose izvi vanoonekwa ne kumusoro kuchirapa ehupfumi.

nyati

Buffalo vari akaberekwa munyika dzakawanda. mhuka dzakadaro chaizvo husingakwanisi inopisa. mukaka wavo ane inofadza kunaka uye zvakanaka. Zviri chaizvo gobvu uye rine zvakawanda zvicherwa, mapuroteni uye mafuta.

chigadzirwa kwakadaro dzapera matsva. Uyewo Wakaitwa ruomba chizi.

mbongoro

Maererano mumuviri ayo zvivako uye makemikari anoumba mukaka ndiko pedyo chaizvo hachi. The Zvinoumba chigadzirwa ichi zvinosanganisira immunoglobulins zhinji. Ndokusaka rinoshandiswa kuti kurapwa vana, kusanganisira vachangoberekwa.

Kubva mbongoro mukaka kazhinji kuita hachi.

nondo

drink ichi ane zvakanaka gobvu kusachinja-chinja, izvo afanane cream. Kazhinji, izvozvo rakasanganiswa pamberi kushandiswa.

muriwo

Viewed muto chinwiwa ndiwo dzinopisa muti galaktodendron. Vanhu vakati chirimwa rinonzi mhou kana mukaka. muto wayo kwazvo sezvinoita chigadzirwa mhuka, uye kwete chitarisiko asiwo muzvavanoda muviri zvivako.

dheri zvinogadzirwa

Cow mukaka (GOST), uye mbudzi, hachi, ngamera uye zvichingodaro rinogona kushandiswa kwete bedzi hwakasimba chimiro, asiwo muchimiro dheri zvigadzirwa. Rakajairika ndivo ndedzinotevera:

• Cream.

Ichi mafuta chikamu mukaka rinobudiswa takaparadzana. It ane huru mafuta kugutsikana, kugadzira ane yakakwirira muviri ukoshi.

Cream kudya pashure pasteurization. It rinoitwa pasi kumusoro tembiricha. Izvi zvinovapa rinokosha pakubika uye kuravira, uyewo runovimbisa yokuchena kubva siyana mabhakitiriya.

Pasteurized ruomba ane ruomba ruvara, inotapira kunaka kumeso kusachinja-chinja.

• Zvomumagaba mukaka.

Saka kuti mukaka waichengetwa refu, izvozvo zvomumagaba. Zvichienderana pagadzirwe zvokudya zvomumagaba akadai rakakamurwa yakaoma uye thickened.

Dry zvigadzirwa avapo nokubvisa mvura kubva mukaka. Nemhaka kurapwa ichi, akachengetwa kwenguva yakareba.

Mukaka, yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa mukaka ne shuga kana pasina, akaita kubva itsva yose kana skim zvinobata. Mvura Ipwa kubva pairi, uye ipapo achirapa kana kungoti sterilized.

The inokosha kwacho kugadzirira zvokudya zvomumagaba ndiyo pasteurization zvavo chawo, kureva mukaka. Zvadaro, rwunotumirwa Vacuum midziyo apo tembiricha anodzokororwa pasina kupfuura 55-57 inegumi. Next ari yaiitwa yakapfupikiswa mukaka yakanga dzaserera uye yakadururirwa mabhanga.

Nekushandisa shuga chigadzirwa akadaro ane yakakwirira caloric kugutsikana zvakanaka uyewo kuravira.

• Dry mukaka yose.

chigadzirwa kwakadaro yakanga yaunganidzwa kuomesa mukaka pasteurized yose. Anogona kuva munyoro pakubika uye zvakasimba chiedza ruomba ruvara. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti upfu ichi ingasanganisira zvipiriso zvacho.

Mukuwedzera, sero rinogona kuwanikwa skimmed mukaka. Wakaitwa kubva skim zvinobata.

• Cream upfu.

The upfu yakaitwa kubva pasteurized ruomba nokuomesa yavo. Vari mumapepa ari mudziyo chisimbiso kana akasvinudzwa.

• Ruomba.

vanhu vashoma vanoziva, asi zviri nyore digestible chigadzirwa. Rine zvose zvinokosha zvinoumba mukaka. mafuta anorasikirwa munuhwi kwayo pashure imwe nguva. Zvinonzi kubva ruomba nokurova ari churn. mafuta ichi umene, uye saizvozvo, uye rinoshandiswa dzokubikisa ndiro siyana.

Ruomba inogona wakawanda uye unsalted. Rine vanenge 25% unyoro uye 71% kana 72,5% mafuta uye 1,5% munyu. chigadzirwa ichi kunoratidzwa refu zviri chicherwa munyu, boka vhitamini PP, B uye C.

• Ice cream.

Kwakadaro chinonhuwira uye zvokudya zvinonaka dhizeti ruomba kana yakagadzirirwa kubvira pasteurized mukaka kuburikidza nokusanganisa pamwe stabilizers, shuga, uye uhwiro yokuvirisa. All zvokubikisa vari nokungwarira akachengetwa uye arohwe.

• Secondary mbishi zvinhu.

zvigadzirwa vakadaro vakawana munguva kugadzirwa ruomba, kunwa mukaka zvigadzirwa, chizi uye Curd. Izvi zvinosanganisira buttermilk, whey uye skim mukaka.

chengetedzo

Kazhinji, mukaka wakachengetwa panguva tembiricha kuti 2-5 madhigirii inenge 2-3 mazuva. In yayo maindasitiri kubudiswa, ichi nguva anogona ngazviwedzerwe kakawanda. Kana mukaka rakazara muna chaiyo muhomwe kana hombodo, kuti musi wazvinenge kazhinji kusvika inoverengeka. Zvisinei, zvakanakira munhu chigadzirwa akadaro zvikuru nemibvunzo.

To yekudyidzana kuwedzera pasherefu upenyu chinonwiwa pasi kukurukurwa, zviri kuramba vane shuga kana akaomeswa.

Wadii kunwa mukaka?

Kukuvadza mukaka kuti kana zviri kushandiswa kwenguva yakareba munhu anotanga kunzwa simba chaizvo. Maererano nedzimwe nyanzvi, kuti mafeni zvibereko izvi zvakanaka kukurumidza kuunganidza mafuta uye Inowedzera vasachembera.

Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti kushandisa mishonga yakadaro kunogona kukonzera osteoporosis, nezvimwe zvinhu, fufune, flatulence, uye blockage pamusoro arteries. Ndokusaka nezvezvokudya vakawanda vanokurudzira kuti asava kubva zvaunodya mukaka, ruomba cream. Kana neyamapani mafuta yogati uye chizi, vanogona kuwana, asi chete shoma akawanda.

kushandiswa chigadzirwa uye mutengo wayo

How zvikuru ndiyo mukaka? mutengo wayo kunobva mhando uye nzira kugadzira. Kazhinji, mari imwe fő chinonwiwa kunosiyana-siyana mukati 30-65 rubles.

Musi kushanda mukaka yagara nharo. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinoti iri inokuvadza chigadzirwa. Zvisinei, vakawanda vavo vari pfungwa kuti zvokunwa uyu unobatsira chaizvo kuti normalize remafuta akawandisa muviri. Rinewo kwaibatsira pamusoro zvomudumbu hurongwa.

Mugumisiro wacho chigadzirwa pamusoro womunhu muviri nokuda zviri yakawanda mvura, uyewo kuvapo methionine, iyo rinobatanidzwa paumbwe hemoglobin.

Tinofanirawo kuziva kuti munguva pakutsvakurudza masayendisiti akawana kuti remhuka mukaka kunobatsira inotokonya neitsvo. Uyezve, dheri zvigadzirwa ndiyo yakanakisisa nzira normalizing ari intestinal kasvisto. nguva yaunodya yavo chinonditadzisa putrefaction uye anodzosa zvomudumbu hurongwa.

Maererano nenyanzvi, kushandiswa mukaka mu muviri kunobatsira kudzivirira muviri. It akazoita aikanganiswa masero kuti insulin. Uyezve, vanhu vane zuva uchapedza ruomba, mukaka, chizi uye yogati, pane ndoda yakakwirira remafuta akawandisa uye cheBP.

Mukaka Kudya kunoderedza ngozi kufutisa uye insulin irambe chirwere, izvo kazhinji kutsamwisa kukura zveshuga uye zvemwoyo chirwere.

Maererano mamwe masayendisiti, potassium, calcium magnesium iri nomukaka zvigadzirwa akawanda, yekuzvidzivirira neBP. Uyezve, nemhaka chokunwa ichi kunogona kubvisa kukura mwoyo kurwisa, chirwere cheshuga uye sitiroko.