Mutemo tinyanye Kuronga fuma. Conservation mitemo kemisitiri

Chemistry ndohwaJehovha muchikwata sciences chaiwo, uye kuwedzera masvomhu uye wefizikisi anogadza mitemo kuvapo uye kukura nyaya zvinosanganisira maatomu uye mamorekuru. Vose kwemasayendisiti zvichiitika zvipenyu, uye pakati zvinhu zvisina upenyu zvakasikwa, zviri inobva Chiitiko kuchinja vakawanda uye simba. Mutemo tinyanye anoumba shoko, izvo uchanamatira kudzidza ino, chiri pamwoyo kwemasayendisiti iri inorganic uye makemikari nyika.

Atomic-samolecular dzidziso

Kuti tinzwisise mitemo zvinhu chokwadi, unofanira kuva pfungwa chii chinoitwa. Maererano musayendisiti mukuru Russian M. V. Lomonosova "murima vanofanira kugara wefizikisi uye, zvikurukuru, mishonga, asingazivi womukati nemamiriro nezvimedu." Ndiye muna 1741, pakutanga hunonzi uye gare gare kwechokwadi ruzivo, vakawana mitemo kemisitiri, ndiyo hwaro nokudzidza vapenyu uye nonliving nyaya, zvinoti: All zvinhu zviri maatomu, mamorekuru vanokwanisa rokuumba. nezvimedu zvose izvi vari kugara zvitange.

Achizarura J. kukanganisa. Dalton

Makore 50 gare gare Lomonosov akatanga kukudziridza pfungwa Chirungu musayendisiti John. Dalton. Masayendisiti achazadzisa inokosha Masvomhu kusarudza maatomu Zviidzo zvine maatomu akafanana. Izvi zvaishanda chikuru hwokuti zvekungofungira izvi: kurema Morekuru uye fuma zvinogona dzaona kubva mabhomba kurema nezvimedu wayo sezvamunoita. Sezvo Lomonosov uye Dalton aidavira kuti, pasinei gadziriro nzira, ivo yeimwe ari Morekuru achagara vane asingachinji Qualitative uye quantitative sezvamunoita. Pakutanga, ndiwo mutemo nguva kuti Zvinoumba nyaya yakanga akagadzira nzira yakadaro. Kuziva mupiro hwakakura kuti sayenzi Dalton, haakwanisi kuvanzira kukanganisa kunetsa: vachiramba samolecular maumbirwo nyore zvinhu zvakadai okisijeni, senitrogen, rehydrogen. Masayendisiti anodavira kuti Morekuru ane chete zvakaoma makemikari. Akapa kukuru mukurumbira mu vezvesayenzi pamusoro Dalton, ake zvinovadadira urege kukanganiswa kukura kemisitiri.

Sezvo vakayera maatomu uye mamorekuru

The Kuwanika kwemakemikari uchapupu zvakadai, sezvo mutemo nguva pakati Zvinoumba nyaya, wakaitirwa pfungwa kuchengetedza vakawanda zvinhu, unreacted uye kuumbwa pashure zvinogoneka kuvonga. Uyezve Dalton mabhomba guru chipimo inoitwa I. Berzelius rakarurama mabhomba Zviidzo patafura zvine maatomu akafanana uye ubayire advance rokuti ravo sezvo tsamba Latin. Pari uremu kwemaatomu uye mamorekuru akatsunga kushandisa imwe kabhoni nanotube. Migumisiro vakawana muzvidzidzo izvi zvichipupurira huripo mitemo kemisitiri. Kare vatsvakurudzi vakashandisa mudziyo akadai vakawanda spectrometer, asi yakaoma nzira yaiyerwa kuva chakakomba drawback spectrometry.

Sei zvichikosha ndiwo murayiro kuchengetedza guru fuma

Akagadzira M. V. Lomonosovym pamusoro ainzi namakemikari uchapupu hunoratidza kuti munguva maitiro maatomu vari chikamu reactants uye zvigadzirwa regai kutsakatika uye kuonekwa kubva chinhu. nhamba yavo inochengeterwa pasina shanduko pamberi uye pashure makemikari rikurumidze. The kuramba sezvo vazhinji maatomu, chokwadi ichi zvine musoro zvinotungamirira mutemo kuchengetedza vakawanda uye simba. Uyezve, musayendisiti akataura mutemo uyu, sezvo musimboti zvakasikwa, achisimbisa interconversion hwesimba uye nguva dzose kuti Zvinoumba nyaya.

Ideas J. Proust sezvo zvinosimbisa maatomu-samolecular dzidziso

Achitaura Panovhurwa asina uchapupu zvakadai, sezvo mutemo kugara sezvamunoita. Chemistry pakati mukupera rechi18 - kwezana remakore rechi19 - mumwe nesayenzi umo masayendisiti vaiva kusawirirana pakati mbiri French masayendisiti, J. Proust uye K. Berthollet. Origin aizviti sezvamunoita zvinhu achiumbwa nemakemikari maitiro, kunonyanya kubva yezvakaita reagents. Berthollet aidavira kuti yeimwe pamusoro murwiyo - nemapinduriro zvigadzirwa iri kukanganiswa nokuda hama uwandu kuwirirana zvinhu. mishonga Most ari zvidzidzo mangwanani akatsigira pfungwa Proust, uyo akagadzira navo sezvinotevera: murwiyo ari kunzwisisa mukomboni anogara kugara uye asingauyi kunoenderana nokurondedzerwa nezvematauriro iyo yakagamuchirwa. Zvisinei, kumwezve kuongorora nemvura uye zvakasimba dambudziko (alloys) akasimbisa vaifunga K. Berthollet. Izvi zvinhu mutemo tinyanye sezvamunoita kwakanga inapplicable. Uyezve, hazvingaiti kushandira yeimwe pamwe Ionic lattices. The Zvinoumba izvi zvinhu zvinoenderana nzira nawo zvavari mined.

nemakemikari nomumwe fuma, zvisinei ayo nzira rokugadzirira, wechigarire Qualitative uye quantitative sezvamunoita. Pfungwa iyi inechirevo mutemo nguva pakati Kuronga fuma wakatangwa na J. Proust muna 1808. Souchapupu hwokuti iye kuderera zvakaumbwa mienzaniso inotevera: malachite kubva kuSiberia ine murwiyo sezvo zvicherwa iri mined kuSpain; munyika kunongova cinnabar chete, uye hakuna ukoshi rubatso achatorwa. Saka Proust akasimbisa nguva dzose pamusoro Zvinoumba nyaya, pasinei nenzvimbo uye nzira kwayo kugadzirwa.

Hapana mitemo pasina kunze

Pamutemo chaizvo kukura, zvinoreva kuti paumbwe zvakaoma mukomboni kuti zvinhu zvine maatomu akafanana zvine chokuita mumwe mune dzimwe uremu ratios. Nokukurumidza makemikari sainzi akazviratidza mashoko nezvokuvapo zvinhu pamwe shanduka sezvamunoita, riri novimba nzira rokugadzirira. musayendisiti Russian M. Kurnakov zvinganaka zita izvi yeimwe berthollides akadai titanium oxide, rinorema mvura, zirconium nitride.

zvinhu izvi pa 1 chikamu kurema imwe chaikosha anofanira akasiyana kushanda nezvimwe zvinhu. Saka, muna binary mukomboni kuti bismuth pamwe gallium pachikamu chimwe kurema gallium chinowa 1.24 kusvika 1,82 zvikamu bismuth. Akazotevera mishonga vakawana kuti, kunze simbi yeimwe nomumwe zvinhu vasingateereri mutemo chaizvo kukura, zviri ichi kirasi inorganic yeimwe sezvo oxides. Berthollides uyewo maitiro sulfides, carbides, nitrides, uye hydrides.

Basa isotopes

Zvaakanga ari penhaka murayiro nguva dzose pamusoro nyaya, kemisitiri ive sayenzi chaiyo akagona kubatanidza uremu zvechadenga mukomboni ane isotopic zviri okunze kwazvakaita nayo. Yeuka kuti isotopes vaiona maatomu kwemakemikari chinhu pamwe dzakafanana hwepurotoni asi zvakasiyana nhamba nucleon. Akapiwa pamberi isotopes, zvinonzwisiswa kuti murwiyo kubudikidza kurema mukomboni kungava shanduka pasi ezvinhu kugara zvinhu zvaisanganisira mune fuma. Kana chinhu anowedzera zviri chipi isotope uye Kurema fuma achichinjwawo. Somuenzaniso, vanhuwo zvavo mvura unotora 11% sehydrogen, uye rinorema inoumbwa isotope kwayo (deuterium) - 20%.

unhu berthollides

Sezvataona kare akatsanangura, mitemo kuchengetedza iri kemisitiri kuzosimbisa dzinokosha zvokudya maatomu-samolecular dzidziso uye zvachose vechokwadi pafuma kugara sezvamunoita - daltonides. A berthollides vane miganhu chinogona kuchinja uremu zvikamu okunze. Somuenzaniso, muna oxide pakati tetravalent titanium paminiti imwe uremu chikamu simbi chinowa 0,65 kusvika 0,67 zvikamu okisijeni. Zvinhu asiri wechigarire sezvamunoita hakurevi kuva samolecular yakarongeka, avo sekiristaro lattices vari maatomu. Naizvozvo, makemikari ose nzira chete kuratidza miganhu nziyo dzavo. Siyana zvakasiyana zvinhu. The tembiricha inogona kukanganisa murwiyo neeSultan youremu zvinhu. Kana vaviri zvine maatomu akafanana vanoumba pakati pavo mashoma zvinhu - berthollides, ipapo ivo havagoni kushandiswa uye mutemo vakawanda zvikuru.

Of pamusoro zvose mienzaniso iri kuti kugumisa kuti yokungotaura kemisitiri mapoka maviri zvinhu varipo: kugara kana shanduka sezvamunoita. Kuva hunhu yeimwe izvi ndizvo chaizvo yekusimbisa mabhomba samolecular dzidziso. Uye pano mutemo kugara sezvamunoita hachisisiri kuzivikanwa muna sayenzi makemikari. Asi inoratidza nhoroondo yacho kukura.