Mvura midzi nevanhu. Zviratidzo, mamiriro ezvinhu, matambudziko emvura yemvura yenyika. Chii mvura?

Pasinei nokuti iyo inenge 70% yepasi pano yakafukidzwa nemvura, ichiri chinhu chinokosha zvikuru. Kunyanya kana paine chokuita nehutano. Chii mvura? Chii chavakagadzirisa uye nzvimbo dzepasi pose? Ndezvipi zvinetso zvemvura inonyanya kuoma munguva yedu? Zvose izvi zvichakurukurwa munyaya yacho.

Chii mvura?

Iyo envelope yenyika yePasi, sezvinozivikanwa, inosanganisira zvikamu zvishanu: litho-, atmo-, bio-, techno- uye hydrosphere. Chii mvura? Izvi ndizvo zvose mvura iri mu hydrosphere. Inowanikwa mumakungwa nemakungwa, makungwa nenzizi, glaciers uye masango, pasi uye pasi mumhepo (nenzira yemvura inopisa).

Inenge 70% yepasi pano yakafukidzwa nemvura. Asi 2,5% chete yebhuku iyi mvura yakachena, iyo inoda vanhu. Mune mhedziso, iyi inenge mamiriyoni makumi matatu emakiromita makiromita, ayo ane zviuru zvekuwedzera pane zvido zvekugara kwenyika. Zvisinei, usakanganwa kuti dzakawanda zvezvikwata izvi zviri mu "ice shells" yeAntarctica, yeArctic neGreenland. Mukuwedzera, nzvimbo yemvura inowanikwa kune munhu inowanzosagutsikana.

Urongwa hweplanyika yemvura

Mvura midziyo yepasi ino yakakamurwa kuva makirasi maviri:

• Mvura yeNyika Ocean;
• Nyika yemvura (kana pamusoro).

Munzizi, makungwa, matanda uye glaciers, zvikamu zvina chete zvezana zvenzvimbo dzemvura zvepasi pose zviripo. Uye vazhinji vavo (nehuwandu) vanochengeterwa mavhiriji. Uye "guru" guru pane mvura yakachena pasi pano ndiAntarctica. Mvura midzi yePasi inosanganisira pasi pasi inoyerera, asi kukosha kwehuwandu hunosiyana zvikuru nhamba.

Ichenesa mvura yakachena inokosha inowanikwa mhuka kune vanhu uye chero zvipi zvisikwa zvipenyu. Kudzivirirwa kwake uye kushandiswa zvine musoro ndeimwe yemabasa anokosha evanhu panguva ino.

Kuvandudzwa kwemvura inoshandiswa

Zviratidzo zvemvura ndiyo inokwanisa yekuzvichenesa nekuvandudza. Zvisinei, kudzorerwazve kwemvura kunoenderana nezvimwe zvinhu, kunyanya, pane rudzi rwe hydrological facility.

Semuenzaniso, mvura mumirwizi yakagadziridzwa zvachose mukati memavhiki maviri, mumvura-mumvura - kwemakore mashanu, uye mumvura - kwemakore 15-17. Nzira yakakura kupfuura dzose inowanikwa mumagetsi edziviriro (pamusana pekuita izvi zvinotora makore gumi nezviuru), uye nokukurumidza sezvinobvira - mune biosphere. Mune mhuka mhenyu, mvura inosvika pakuzara kwekuvandudzwa mumaawa mashomanana.

Kuparadzirwa kwemvura inoshandiswa ne macroregions nenyika

Maererano nehuwandu hwehupfumi hwemvura munyika, nzvimbo yeAsia inotungamirira. Inoteverwa neSouth America, North America neEurope. Varombo zvikuru maererano neruzivo rwemvura yepasi ndiro Australia.

Zvisinei, kune imwe yehuno inokosha pano. Saka, kana tikaverenga ivhu remvura yekuchengetedzwa kwemunhu wekondinendi kana chikamu chenyika, ipapo mufananidzo wakasiyana zvachose unobuda. Nzvimbo yekutanga munhamba iyi inoenda kuAustralia, asi Asia ndiyo yekupedzisira. Chinhu ichi ndechekuti muAsia vanhu vari kukura nekukurumidza. Nhasi yakatove yasvika pakakosha kwevanhu vane mabhiriyoni mana.

Ndeapi nyika isingagoni kunetseka pamusoro pemvura? Pasi apa pane zvishanu zvinyorwa zvine nzvimbo dzakakwirira dzakachengetwa mvura. Izvi ndezvi:

1. Brazil (6950 km ³ ).
2. Russia (4,500 km ³ ).
3. Canada (2 900 km ³ ).
4. China (2 800 km ³ ).
5. Indonesia (2 530 km ³ ).

Zvakakosha kuziva kugovana kusina kukwana kwemvura mvura pasi pano. Nokudaro, munzvimbo dzenharaunda yeEquatorial uye inoyevedza ivo vari kunyanya. Asi mune iyo inonzi "yakaoma" (inotonhorera uye inopisa pasi), vanhu vari kushaya kupererwa kwakanyanya kwehupenyu hunopa unyoro.

Mvura midzi nevanhu

Mvura iri kudiwa mumararamiro ezuva nezuva, simba, makambani, zvinothabatsira. Kushandiswa kweiyo sarudzo kunogona kuendeswa nekubviswa kwaro kubva kune zvakasikwa (semuenzaniso, kubva pamubhedha werwizi) kana pasina (semuenzaniso, nokuda kwekushandiswa kwekutakura mvura).

Vashandi vakakurumbira vemvura ndivo:

• Zvekurima;
• Industrial and energy enterprises;
• Communal sphere.

Iko kuwanda kwemvura yomuguta kunoshandiswa kuri kuramba kuchikura. Maererano nevezvakatipoteredza, munzvimbo dzakawanda dzenharaunda dzenyika dzakabudirira, munhu mumwe anoshandisa mazita 300 emvura zuva rega rega. Iyi nhanho yekushandisa inogona kutungamirira ku kushayikwa kweiyo zvinyorwa munguva inotevera.

Kusvibiswa uye kuparadzwa kwemvura yenyika

Kusvibiswa kwemvura inoshandiswa inetso yakaoma kwazvo yezvakatipoteredza munguva yedu. Kusvikira iye zvino, yasvika yakaipa mazinga mune dzimwe nzvimbo dzepasi.

Gore roga roga mamiriyoni eatani emakemikari, mafuta uye petroleum michina, phosphorus makemikari, yakasvibiswa yemarara inopinda muNyika yeNyika. Izvozvo zvinogadzira zvitsuwa zvakakura zvakasviba zvezvimedu. Mvura yePersian Gulf, neNorth uye yeCaribbean makungwa yakasvibiswa nemafuta. Zvingangove ne3% zvepamusoro kweNorth Atlantic yakafukidzwa nemafuta emafuta, ayo ane njodzi yakaipa pamusoro pezvisikwa zvipenyu zvegungwa.

Dambudziko guru nderekuderedza kwemvura yemvura yenyika. Zvisinei, kuora kwehutano hwehupenyu hunoita unyoro hahuna ngozi. Shure kwezvose, mita imwe yekubhiti yemvura isina kunyoreswa inogona kupinda munharaunda yezvisikwa uye inoparadza akawanda em cubic mamita emvura yakachena.

Munyika dzichiri kusimukira, maererano nehuwandu, vanhu vatatu vanogara vanobatwa nemvura yakashata yakadha. Ndicho chikonzero chikuru chezvirwere zvakawanda zvevanhu ve "bhanhire rakasimba" reAfrica uye Latin America.

Mhando mikuru uye zvitubu zvekusvibiswa kwepasi rose

Mumamiriro ezvinhu, kusvibiswa kwemvura kunoreva kuwedzerwa kwemuganhu-kutenderwa kwezvinhu zvinenge zviri mukati mawo (zvinokanganisa makemikari akabatanidzwa). Pane chimwe chinhu chakadai sokuderera kwemvura inoshandiswa neHyro Resources - kudengenyeka kwehuwandu hwemvura pasi pehupenyu hunogara huripo hwehutachiona hwemaitiro .

Iko kune mitatu mikuru mikuru yekusvibiswa kwemvura:

• Kemikari;
• Biological;
• Thermal;
• Radiation.

Chero chinhu chipi nechipi chinogona kupinda chinhu chinonzi hydrological nekuda kwebasa revanhu chinogona kuita sechinhu chakaipa. Muchiitiko ichi, ichi chinhu chinonyanya kukuvadza hutsika hwemvura. Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokuvadza zvikuru zvemazuva ano mafuta, pamwe chete nemiti yakabva kune iyo.

Zvinhu zvekusvibiswa zvinogona kuva zvekusingaperi, nguva nenguva kana nguva. Vanogona kuva ne-anthropogenic uye yemasikirwo akabva, ave nheyo, yakatarwa kana nzvimbo.

Chinhu chikuru chekusvibiswa ndiko kunonzi kunzi mvura. Izvi zvinoreva, izvo zvinoumbwa semugumisiro wemabhizimisi, kuvaka kana mabasa evanhu vemunharaunda. Izvo, sekutonga, zvinopfuura zvakasvibiswa nezvinhu zvinokuvadza zvinokonzerwa nemafuta uye zvisikwa, zviremera zvesimbi uye microorganisms. Akagovera maindasitiri (kusanganisira mami), masisita, varimi uye mamwe marudzi emvura.

Maitiro emvura midziyo muRussia

Russia ndeimwe yenyika dzenyika dzisinganzwisisiki nekushaya mvura. Nzvimbo dzemazuva ano emvura yemvura ndeye mamiriyoni maviri erwizi nenzizi uye nzizi, makiromita maviri emamiriyoni nemazana ezviuru zvehova. Nharaunda yeRussia inoshambidzwa nemakungwa gumi nemaviri. Mvura yakawanda yemvura yakachena inochengetwa mumagetsi (gomo uye circumpolar).

Kuvandudza mvura, zviuru zvezvivako zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasikwa munharaunda yenyika yedu. Muzhinji, inenge ine 800 km ^{3 yemvura} yakachena. Zvinhu izvi hazvisi kungoshandiswa sezvivako zvekuvaka zvezvinhu zvakasikwa zvekusika, asiwo kutonga hurumende yemirwizi, kudzivirira mafashamo uye mafashamo. Nokudaro, kukosha kwavo hakugoni kuregererwa.

Pakati pematambudziko makuru eRussia mvura inoshandiswa ndeyotevera:

• Kushandiswa kwemvura kusinganzwisisiki;
• Kuora kwekunwa mvura yakachena;
• Kusagutsikana kwemamiriro ezvinhu emvura uye hydraulic structures.

Mukupedzisa ...

Chii mvura? Izvi ndizvo zvose mvura iri mu hydrosphere. Nzvimbo dzakawanda dzakachengetwa dzemvura inyika dzakadai saBrazil, Russia, Canada, China, Indonesia uye United States.

Muzvakagadzirwa zvemazuva ano, dambudziko rekusvibiswa uye kusasarura kwemashandisirwo emvura enyika inova kukurumidza zvikuru, uye mune dzimwe nzvimbo - kunyanya zvakaoma. Sarudzo yaro haigoneki kunze kwekugadziriswa kwemabasa enyika dzose dzepasi uye kubudirira kwekushandiswa kwemapurogiramu akabatanidzwa epasi rose.