National minorities: matambudziko, kudzivirira uye kodzero

Mubvunzo wenyika wakagara wakanyanyisa. Izvi zvinokonzerwa kwete kungoita zvinhu zvisiri izvo chete, asiwo kumamiriro ekugadzirwa kwenhoroondo yevanhu. Munzanga yepakutanga, mutorwa agara aonekwa seasina kunaka sekutyisidzira kana "kushungurudza" chinhu chaanoda kubvisa. Munyika yemazuva ano, nyaya iyi yakatora mamwe mafomu akabudirira, asi yakaramba ichikosha. Kupa mhosva kana kupa chero upi zvaro hazvirevi, sezvo mufambiro wevanhu unonyanya kutungamirirwa nemasikirwo emombe apo inosvika kune "vatorwa".

Chii chiri nyika shomanana?

Madiki mashoma mapoka evanhu vanogara mune imwe nyika, kuva vagari vayo. Zvisinei, havatauri kune vagari vomunharaunda kana vagadziriswa vemuganhu uye vanoonekwa sevanhu vakasiyana yenharaunda. Zvinhu zviduku zvinogona kunge zvine kodzero nemabasa zvakafanana sevanhu vese, asi mafungiro avo kwavari kazhinji haasi akanaka kune zvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana.

Vladimir Chaplinsky, nyanzvi yePoland uyo akanyatsodzidza nyaya iyi, anotenda kuti mapoka emarudzi mashoma akabatanidzwa mapoka evanhu vanowanzogara munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzeyika, tsvaga kuzvimirira, asi ivo vasingadi kurasikirwa netsika dzavo - tsika, mutauro, chitendero , Tsika, nezvimwe. Nhamba yavo yekuverenga nhamba yakanyanya kuduku kudarika nharaunda yevanhu vanogara munyika. Zvakakoshawo kuti nyika duku vasati vamboita basa rinokosha kana rinokosha munharaunda, zvido zvavo ndezvokuti zvakasununguka kumashure. Vose vashoma vanozivikanwa vanofanira kugara munharaunda yenyika yakapiwa kwenguva yakareba. Izvo zvinonakidzawo kuti dzinoda kudzivirirwa kunobva kune imwe nyika, sezvo vagari vemo uye vagari vemo vanogona kuva vane utsinye kune rimwe boka rehurumende. Izvi zvinowanzoitika munyika dzose dzenyika apo mamwe mapoka evanhu vanogara.

Kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzemarudzi mashomanene chinhu chakakosha munyika dzakawanda, nokuti kugamuchirwa kwepasi rose kwevanhu vashoma hakuiti kutendeuka kwese kwese. Nyika dzakawanda dzinongotora matanho ekutanga ezvematongerwo enyika, izvo zvicharangwa pakudzivirira vashoma.

Kubuda kweiyi nyaya

Kodzero dzevechidiki vashoma vave nyaya yepamusoro nekuda kwekuti nyaya iyi yakabatana zvikuru nemitemo yenyika. Zvechokwadi, pfungwa yacho yakasimuka uye yakatanga kuitika nekuda kwekusarura kwevanhu kune imwe nyika. Sezvo chido munyaya ino chichiwedzera, nyika haigoni kuramba iri kure.

Asi chii chakakonzera kufarira kune vashomanana? Izvo zvose zvakatanga muzana remakore reXIX, apo humwe hurumende hwakatanga kuparadzaniswa. Izvi zvaisanganisira chokwadi chokuti vagari "vakanga vasina basa." Kuwa kweumambo hweNapoleon, Austro-Hungarian, Ottoman Empire, Hondo Yenyika II - izvi zvose zvaisanganisira kusunungurwa kwevanhu vazhinji, kunyange vanhu. Nyika zhinji dzakawana rusununguko mushure mekuparadzwa kweSoviet Union.

Izwi rokuti "mumiririri wevahedheni vashoma" raishandiswa chete mu XVII mumutemo wenyika dzakawanda. Pakutanga chainetseka chete vashomanana vepasi vemudiki. Mubvunzo wakanyatsogadziridzwa uye wakanyatsogadziriswa wevanhu vashoma wakakurira muna 1899 musangano weSocial Democratic Party.

Hakuchina tsanangudzo chaiyo uye yakafanana yezwi. Asi kutanga kuedza kuumba chinangwa chevanhu vashomanana ndechekuAustria socialist O. Bauer.

Zvikonzero

Zvinyorwa zvevechidiki zviduku zvakasarudzwa muna 1975. Rimwe boka rezvesuzhinji kubva kuHelsinki University rakasarudza kuongorora zvakakwana pamusoro pechirevo chemapoka emadzinza munyika imwe neimwe. Kubva pamigumisiro yekudzidza, zvinotevera zvinoshandiswa kumarudzi mashomanene zvakasarudzwa:

• Mhedzisiro yakabva kune rumwe rudzi;
• Kuzvidzivirira-kuzviratidza;
• Kunoshandurwa tsika dzechimiro (zvikurukuru mutauro wavo);
• Kuvapo kweimwe sangano rezvemagariro evanhu rinoita kuti hurumende inobatsirana mukati uye kunze kwevashoma.

Zvakakosha kucherechedza kuti masayendisiti kubva kuHelsinki University haana kutarisa kuwanda kwemaumbirwo emapoka, asi pane zvimwe zviitiko zvehutano uye hutsika.

Chimwe chikonzero chinogona kufungidzirwa kusarura kwakanaka, umo vashoma vanopiwa kodzero dzakawanda munharaunda dzakasiyana dzevanhu. Iyi mamiriro ezvinhu anokwanisa chete nechinangwa chakanaka chehurumende.

Zvakakosha kuziva kuti nyika dzine huwandu hwenyika huwandu huwandu hwevanhu hunowanzovabata zvakanyanya. Izvi zvinotsanangurwa nehutano hwepfungwa - mumapoka maduku, sangano rinotarisa risina kutyisidzira uye rinotarisa kuti rinonyatsodzorwa. Pasinei nehuwandu hwehuwandu, chimiro chevanhu vashoma vari pfuma yavo.

Mutemo wepamutemo

Mubvunzo wevashoma vakakurira muna 1935. Zvadaro Dare Rakagadziriswa reYouth Justice rakati kuvepo kwevanhu vashomanana ndeyechokwadi, asi kwete kodzero. Tsanangudzo isiri pachena yebumbiro revanhu vashoma varipo mundima 32 yegore ra 1990 SSCC Copenhagen Document. Inoti munhu anogona kuva wevamwe vashoma vanoziva, kureva, ari oga.

The Declaration of UN

Mutemo wepamutemo wevanhu vashoma uripo chaizvoizvo munyika dzose dzenyika. Muumwe nomumwe wavo mune rumwe rutivi rwevanhu vane rudzi rwavo, tsika, mutauro, nezvimwewo. Zvose izvi zvinongowedzera huwandu hwevanhu vomunyika yacho. Munyika dzakawanda dzenyika, pane mitemo yepamutemo inotungamirira kukurudzirwa kwevanhu vashomanana munyika, tsika nemagariro ehupfumi. Mushure mokunge UN General Assembly yakagamuchira Mutemo pamusoro pekodzero dzevanhu vari muZimbabwe kana maEndnic Minorities, nyaya iyi yave yakawanda. Iyo Declaration inotsigira kodzero dzevashoma kusvika pakuzivikanwa kwenyika, mukana wekushandisa tsika yavo, vataure mutauro wavo wekuzvarwa uye vane chitendero chekunamata. Zvinhu zviduku zvinogonawo kuumba sangano, kugadzira shamwari nevechizvarwa chavo vanogara mune imwe nyika, uye vanoitawo mukuita zvisarudzo zvinovabatsira. Iyo Declaration inogadzirisa zvido zvehurumende kuchengetedza nokudzivirira vashoma vemarudzi, kufungisisa zvido zvavo kune dzimwe nyika uye mazano emhuri, kupa mamiriro ekugadzirisa tsika dzevanhu vashoma, nezvimwe zvakadaro.

Framework Convention

Kusikwa kweChishopu cheUnited States chakashandirwa kune chokwadi chokuti mune dzimwe nyika dzeEurope mito mitemo yaive ichigadzirwa iyo yakaratidza kodzero nemabasa evaruzhinji vashoma vanogara mune imwe nzvimbo. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti nyaya iyi yakava yakakomba chete mushure mokupindira kweUnited Nations. Iye zvino nyaya yevanhu vashoma inofanira kunge yakarongedzwa kwete nehurumende chete, asi inobva mumitambo yenyika.

Kubvira kuma80, zvisikwa, kubudirira nekuvandudzwa kwebvumirano yakawanda yakashanda. Iyi yakareba yakagadziriswa nekugamuchirwa kweConstitution Convention nokuda kweKuchengetedzwa kweNyika Minorities. Akaratidza kuti kudzivirirwa kwevashoma uye kupa kodzero dzavo kwakakwana kwakava chikamu chakazara chechirongwa chekuchengetedzwa kwenyika dzose kodzero dzevanhu. Kusvika iye zvino, Framework Convention yakasimbiswa nenyika 36. Chibvumirano cheNyika Minorities chakaratidza kuti mugumo wemamwe madzinza hauna hanya nenyika.

Panguva imwe chete, nyika dzeCIS dzakasarudza kutora mutemo wavo wepasi rose pamusoro pekuchengetedzwa kwevashoma. Kusikwa kwezvisikwa zvepasi rose pamarudzi mashomanana zvinoratidza kuti nyaya yacho yarega kugadzirisa nyaya uye yakasvika kune dzimwe nyika.

Matambudziko

Hatifaniri kukanganwa kuti nyika dzinoisa zviratidzo zvenyika dzakawanda dziri kuwana matambudziko matsva. Zvigadziro zveChitodzano zvinoreva kuchinja kukuru mumutemo. Nokudaro, nyika inoda kana kuchinja sarudzo yayo, kana kuti kutora mabasa akawanda akasiyana-siyana enyika. Inofanirawo kuonekwa kuti hapana tsanangudzo yezwi rokuti "nyika duku" inogona kuwanika mune imwe nyanzvi yenyika yose. Izvi zvinotungamirira kumatambudziko mazhinji, sezvo humwe humwe humwe humwe huga hwakasiyana hunofanirwa kusika nekuwana zviratidzo zvinonzwisiswa sezvakajairika kune vose vashoma. Izvi zvose zvinotora kwenguva yakareba, saka iyo nzira inonoka. Pasinei nebasa rinoitwa munyika dzakawanda munyaya iyi, mukuita zvose zvinhu zvakanyanya kuipa. Mukuwedzera, kunyange mitemo yakagadzirika inowanzosazara uye haina kururama, iyo inokonzera matambudziko mazhinji uye kusanzwisisana. Usakanganwa pamusoro pezvinhu zvisina kunaka zvehurumende imwe neimwe, iyo inongoda kuisa mari pane iyi kana kuti mutemo. Nokudaro, tinonzwisisa kuti kune matambudziko akawanda munharaunda iyi yekutonga nemutemo wepasi pose. Vanogadziriswa zvishoma nezvishoma uye mumwe nomumwe, zvichienderana nemutemo uye zvaanoda zvehurumende imwe neimwe.

Mutemo wepamutemo mune dzimwe nyika dzenyika

Iko kodzero dzevechidiki zviduku dzinosiyana zvikuru kubva kune dzimwe nyika. Pasinei nekugamuchirwa kwevanhu vashoma nevepasi pose seboka rakasiyana revanhu, iro rinofanira kuva nekodzero dzavo, mafungiro evatungamiri vezvematongerwe enyika vanogona kunge vachizviisa pasi. Kusavapo kwenzira yakajeka yekutsanangurira kusarudzwa kwevaduku kunongobatsira kune izvi. Ngationgororei mamiriro ezvinhu nematambudziko evanhu vashoma vari munyika dzakasiyana-siyana.

Hakuchina tsanangudzo chaiyo yezwi iri mumabhuku eRussian Federation. Zvisinei, inowanzoshandiswa kwete mumagwaro ose epasi rose eRussian Federation, asiwo mumutemo weRussia. Zvakakosha kuziva kuti kudzivirirwa kwevanhu vashomanana kunofungidzirwa mumamiriro ekutungamira kwehurumende uye mumamiriro ekubatana kwemahofisi ehurumende uye nenyaya dzayo. Madiki mashoma muRussia ane kodzero dzakakwana, saka iwe haugone kutaura kuti Russia inonyanya kuchengetedza nyika.

Chirevo cheUukraine chakaedza kutsanangura izwi rokuti "nyika shomanana", richiti iyi iboka revanhu vasiri vasiri Ukraini nehurumende, vane mazinza avo vanozvimirira uye vanogara mukati mavo.

Mutemo weEstonia Cultural Autonomy Act unotaura kuti vanhu vashoma vari vagari vomuEstonia vanobatana naro mumamiriro ezvinhu ehutsika uye evanhu, vave vachigara munyika, asi vakasiyana nemaEstoni mune imwe tsika, chitendero, mutauro, tsika, nezvimwewo. Ichi ndicho chiratidzo chekuzviratidza kwevashoma.

Latvia yakagamuchira Mutemo Wemagungano. Mutemo weLatvia unotsanangura vashomanana sevagari vomunyika, izvo zvinopesana mumitauro, mutauro uye chitendero, asi zvakabatanidzwa munharaunda iyi kwemazana emakore. Inoratidzwawo kuti ndeyvenyika yeLatvia, kuchengetedza uye kukudziridza tsika yavo.

MuSlavic nyika, mafungiro kune vanhu vemarudzi mashoma ndeye akavimbika kudarika kune dzimwe nyika dzenyika. Semuenzaniso, vashoma vemunyika muRussia vanenge vari pamabvumirwo akafanana nemaRussia emunharaunda, asi mune dzimwe nyika, vashoma havatombozivikanwi sezviripo.

Zvimwe nzira kumusangano

Munyika kune nyika dzakasiyana nedzimwe nzira dzekutaura kwenyika dzevashoma. Panogona kuva nezvikonzero zvakawanda zveizvi. Chimwe chezvinonyanya kuitika - iyi ndeyekugara kwenguva yakareba kuvengana nevashoma, iyo kwenguva yakareba yakakanganisa kufambisa kwenyika, yakamanikidza vanhu vemunharaunda uye yakatsvaga kuwana nzvimbo inobatsira zvikuru munzanga. Kune dzimwe nyika dzisina kutarisa nyaya yevaduku, imwe inogona kusanganisira France neNorth Korea.

France ndiyo nyika yeUmoja chete yeEU yakaramba kusaina Mutemo weChirongwa chekudzivirirwa kweNyika Minorities. Uyewo zvisati zvaitika, Constitutional Council yeFrance yakaramba kubvumirana kweEuropean Charter yeLimi dzeMatunhu.

Zvinyorwa zvepamutemo zvehurumende zvinotaura kuti hapana madiki muFrance, uye kuti nheyo dzemitemo haibvumiri France kuti isayine zviito zvepasi rose mukudzivirirwa uye kuwanikwa kwevanhu vashoma vari munyika. Nhengo dzeUnited States dzinofunga kuti nyika inofanira kunyatsoongorora maonero ayo panyaya iyi, sezvo zviri pamutemo kune mazita mazhinji emitauro, madzinza uye ezvitendero vashoma munyika iyo inofanirwa kuva nekodzero dzavo dzepamutemo. Kunyange zvakadaro, panguva ino, nyaya iyi yakanyanyiswa mumhepo, sezvo France isingadi kuongorora zvakare chisarudzo chayo.

North Korea nyika inopesana mune zvakawanda kubva kune dzimwe nyika dzenyika. Hazvishamisi kuti munyaya iyi haana kubvumirana nemafungiro evaruzhinji. Zvinyorwa zvepamutemo zvinotaura kuti DPRK inyika yeimwe nyika, ndicho chikonzero mubvunzo wekuvapo kwevanhu vashomanana haugoni kuvapo. Zvisinei, zviri pachena kuti izvi hazvisi izvo. Zvinhu zvishomanana zviripo pose pose, ichokwadi chiripo chinoperera kubva munhoroondo uye munharaunda. Zvakanaka, kana madiki mashoma akarererwa kumwero wevanhu vomunharaunda, izvi ndezvokuda. Zvisinei, zvinokwanisika kuti vashomanana vanonyanya kushaya kodzero mune kodzero dzavo, kwete nehurumende chete, asiwo nemunhu wese wega, uyo, neruvengo nekutsamwa, ndewevanhu vashomanana.

Maitiro evanhu

Mutemo pamusoro pevamwe vashoma munyika imwe neimwe unoonekwa nenzira dzakasiyana. Pasinei nokuzivikanwa kwemashoma kwevashoma, kusarurwa kune vashoma, rusarura uye kusagadzikana kwevanhu munharaunda kune vanhu vakawanda. Panogona kuva nezvikonzero zvakawanda zveizvi: maonero akasiyana pamusoro pechitendero, kurambwa uye kurambwa kweimwe nyika sezvizvi, nezvimwewo. Hazvina maturo kutaura kuti kusarurwa kwevanhu ndeye dambudziko rakakomba rinogona kutungamirira kumakakatanwa makuru uye akaoma kumatunhu enyika. MuUnited States, nyaya yevanhu vashomanana yakakosha kwemakore makumi matanhatu. Pasinei neizvi, mazhinji nyika inoramba isina hanya nedambudziko reboka chero ripi zvaro munyika.

Mafungiro emasangano kumadzinza mashoma anoenderana zvikuru nemutemo wehurumende, simba rawo uye kuvimbika. Vanhu vazhinji vanoda kuda kuvenga, nokuti havangarangarirwi zvakadaro. Zvisinei, ruvengo harugoni kupera saizvozvo. Vanhu vanobatana mumapoka, uye ipapo kuongorora kwepfungwa kukuru kunotanga kuzviratidza. Ndeupi munhu mumwe angadai asina kumboita nekuda kwekutya kana mutsika kunopera apo ari muboka revanhu. Mamiriro ezvinhu akadaro akaitika munyika dzakawanda dzenyika. Muchiitiko chimwe nechimwe, izvi zvakatungamirira kumigumisiro inotyisa, kufa uye hurema hupenyu.

Mubvunzo wevahedheni vemarudzi ose munharaunda yose inofanira kusimudzwa kubvira kumakore ekutanga, kuitira kuti vana vadzidziswe kuremekedza munhu wehumwe nyika uye kunzwisisa kuti vane kodzero dzakakwana. Ikoko hakuna yunifomu yekusimudzira nyaya iyi munyika: dzimwe nyika dziri kubudirira mukujekesa, dzimwe dzichiri kutorwa nehupenzi hwemapenzi uye upenzi.

Nguva dzisina kunaka

Mahedheni evanhu vashoma vane matambudziko mazhinji kunyange munyika yemazuva ano, ine tsika. Kazhinji kacho, kusarura kwevanhu vashoma hakusi kwechisarura kana ruvengo, asi pane zvinhu zvinowanzoitwa zvinotarisirwa nehupfumi hwehupfumi. Izvi zvinowanzoenderana nehurumende, iyo, inowanzoita, haina kubhadhara zvakakwana kuhutano hwehupfumi hwevanhu vayo.

The inonyanya dambudziko mumunda nebasa, dzidzo uye dzimba. Research uye kubvunzurudza vazhinji vaikudzwa nyanzvi dzinotaura kuti muitiro kusarurwa vashoma yenyika zviri nzvimbo kuva. vashandirwi vakawanda vanogona kuramba kubvuma basa nezvikonzero zvakasiyana-siyana. Kunyanya rusaruro Kunetseka yakadaro achibva Asia uye vanhu Caucasian nyika. Kana pasi, chete kana uchida chisingakoshi basa, nyaya iyi zvishoma pachena wenyaya, asi kana kutora zvakanaka akabhadhara nzvimbo imwe Muitiro wakadaro rakajeka chaizvo.

Panyaya dzidzo, vashandirwi vasingawanzotauri kuvimba zvitupa kubva nevashoma vakawanda zvikonzero. Zvirokwazvo Zvinodavirwa kuti vadzidzi vatorwa kuuya chete kuwana mapurasitiki gwaro dzidzo.

Nyaya pokugara uyewo anoramba akakodzera chaizvo. Vagari vanhuwo havadi pangozi uye tora musha rusvingo kufungira vanhu. Vanosarudza kurega purofiti, pane kutaura nevanhu vemamwe marudzi. Zvisinei, mumwe nomumwe nyaya ine mutengo wayo. Ndokusaka chinonetsa kutsanangura vadzidzi vokune dzimwe nyika vasina zvavo dziripo rakawandisa mari. Avo vanogona kuwana upenyu hwakanaka, kazhinji kuwana zvavanoda.

Kudzivirirwa vashoma National - iri nyaya inokosha yose dzakawanda, nokuti munhu mumwe nomumwe somugumisiro munhau kunogona kuva nhengo shomanana. Zvinosuruvarisa, kwete nyika yose zvagadzirwa kunzwisisa uye kugamuchira emadzinza, izvo kare raiva ruvengo. Zvisinei, kudzivirirwa vashoma National kuvandudza ose gore. Zvinoratidza nyika uwandu, nokuti mitemo vari kuramba akavimbika.