Ndechipi majini code: zvinokosha

Chero muchitokisi, uye zvose zvaidiwa muviri anatomical, morphological uye dzichipfekeka hunhu pakutsvaga maumbirwo mapuroteni, izvo zvaisanganisira mazviri. Nhaka ane muviri kukwanisa synthesize chaizvo mapurotini. The DNA morekuru amino acids yakarongwa polypeptide cheni iyo kuvimba zvipenyu unhu.
Sero rimwe nerimwe kunoratidzwa kwayo kutevedzana kwezviitiko nucleotides ari polynucleotide ngetani DNA. Ndiyo majini regiune DNA. Kuburikidza mashoko ake akanyorwa pamusoro kwetunhu zvimwe mapurotini. Ndizvo majini bumbiro zvivako ayo uye majini ruzivo akafukidza munyaya ino.

A Nhoroondo shoma

Pfungwa yokuti zvichida pane majini code, rave akagadzira uye Dzh.Gamovym A.Daunom pakati pezana remakore rechimakumi maviri. Ivo tsanangura kuti kutevedzana kwezviitiko nucleotides kuti ndiye anokonzera kwetunhu vamwe amino acids, unotora Links dzinenge nhatu. Gare gare nekusimba uwandu yakarurama nucleotides matatu (a chairema majini remitemo), iyo inonzi triplet kana codon. In yose, pane matanhatu nezvina nucleotides, nokuti mamorekuru pamusoro acids, apo kwetunhu mapuroteni kana RNA, rinoumbwa ina dzakasiyana nucleotide residues.

Chii majini remitemo

Nzira amino iine acid kutevedzana mapuroteni Coding sequences kuburikidza nucleotides nevanhu vose vapenyu masero uye zvinenge. Ndizvo majini remitemo.
In DNA, pane nucleotides zvina:

• adenine - A;
• guanine - G;
• cytosine - C;
• thymine - T.

Vari varehwa nemabhii makuru muchiLatin kana (mumabhuku Russian) Russian.
The RNA rinewo ina nucleotide, asi mumwe wavo rakasiyana DNA:

• adenine - A;
• guanine - G;
• cytosine - C;
• uracil - W.

nucleotides Vose kurongwa nenzira cheni, riri kuwana mune kaviri akamonyoroka DNA uye RNA - kuroorwa.
Mapuroteni dzinobva maviri amino acids, mavakanga vari vakaronga mune imwe kutevedzana kunoyerwa kwayo chaivo ehupfumi.

The ehupfumi of majini remitemo

Triplet. The chairema magene remitemo ine tsamba nhatu, ndiko triplet. Izvi zvinoreva kuti aivapo maviri navatatu amino acids encoded nevamwe nucleotides, akadana codons kana trilpetami. Kune makumi matanhatu nezvina anofambidzana inogona ndimubvise nucleotides mana. mari iyi kunopfuura zvakakwana kuti encode maviri amino acids.
Degeneracy. Mumwe amino asidhi anoenderana vanopfuura mumwe codon, kunze methionine uye tryptophan.
Kusiyana. Mumwe codon inofananidzira chimwe amino acid. Somuenzaniso, mune imwe Gene munhu utano munhu ane ruzivo pamusoro kubaya Chizenga Beta triplet GAG uye Gaa inofananidzira glutamic acid. Uye vose vanorwara ne jeko-sero kupererwa, mumwe nucleotide anotsiviwa.
Collinearity. The amino iine acid kutevedzana nguva dzose rinoenderana nucleotide kutevedzana chine Gene.
Majini code chinoramba uye chiine, izvo zvinoreva kuti hazvina "Nyora". Kureva, kutanga panguva imwe codon chinhu chinoramba readout. Somuenzaniso, AUGGUGTSUUAAUGUG kuverengwa se: Aug, GUG, TSUU, AAC, GUG. Asi kwete Aug, UGG uye saka kana uri mumwe zvimwe.
Pakawanda. Ndiye mumwe zvachose vose pano Utachiona, kubva vanhu hove, notumwe uye utachiona.

tafura

Tafura hazvirevi kupa zvose amino acids. Hydroxyproline, hydroxylysine, phosphoserine, iodo tyrosine, cystine, uye navamwe vasiri kuwanikwa, nokuti zvinobviswa dzimwe amino acids encoded ne mRNA zvichiguma mapuroteni pashure nadzurudzo somugumisiro rokushandura.
Nokuti masero remitemo zvakanaka dzainyatsofunga kuti anokwanisa chete codon amino yeEncoding imwe acid. Kusara ndiye mamwe mabasa uye yeEncoding valine uye methionine, majini remitemo. MRNA, apo pakutanga ari codon, inobatanawo tRNA anoita formylmethionyl-. Pamusoro kuvakwa kwetunhu, uye dzainamatira pacharo rinoburitsa kuti formyl kukuru, tinoshandurirwa methionine vakasara. Nokudaro, pamusoro codons vari initiators kwetunhu cheni polypeptides. Kana havasi pakutanga, hauna kusiyana nevamwe.

nemagene mashoko

Pasi pfungwa iyi zvinoreva chirongwa ehupfumi, riri chinopfuudzwa kubva kumadzitateguru. It iri yedzinza somunhu majini remitemo.
Rakatangwa muna mapuroteni usage majini remitemo RNAs (ribonucleic acids) :

• Information uye RNA;
• senga tRNA;
• peji-ribosomal RNA.

Information iri inoparadzirwa feedforward (DNA-RNA-mapuroteni) uye kuzvishandura (svikiro-mapuroteni-DNA).
Utachiona vanogona kugamuchira, chitoro, kuchinjwa, uye rishandise panguva imwe chete zvinobudirira zvikuru.
Kuva Kutamiswa nhaka yenyu, mashoko inosarudza kukura ane muviri. Asi nekuda kubata pamwe nharaunda wekupedzisira kuita iri akavhiringika, uye nokudaro shanduka uye kukura. Saka muviri akaisa muna mashoko matsva.

Kukarukureta mitemo ezvinhu zvipenyu uye kuwanikwa majini remitemo kunge kunoenzanisirwa kuti zvakakosha kubatanidza genetics pamwe yaDarwin pahwaro kuti paiva chakaita zvokugadzirwa dzidziso yemhindumupindu - dzisiri dzekare zvipenyu.
Nhodzera, kushanduka uye dzinongoitika vakasarudzwa Darwin kuzadzikiswa majini pakutsvaga kusarudza. Evolution iri rakatangwa panguva majini pamwero kubudikidza kurongwa mutation uye nhaka, chinokosha zvikuru unhu zvinonyanya dzakashandisa zvakatipoteredza.

Decoding munhu yekubvuma

Munguva nineties, yakatanga chirongwa Human Genome, zvichiguma zviviri-zviuru vaiva vawana zvimedu genome, rine 99,99% majini evanhu. Akaramba zvimedu isingazivikanwi kuti havabatanidzwi kubatana kwetunhu mapuroteni uye haana encoded. basa ravo havasati.

Recent Zvakawanikwa muna 2006 mashoko okutodza 1 ndiyo wakarebesa ari genome. zvirwere anopfuura matatu namakumi mashanu, kusanganisira kenza, zvinokonzerwa zvinetso uye kunotouraya mairi.

Basa zvidzidzo zvakadaro hazvigoni dzakanaka. Wakati azarura, rinova nemagene code, yakasvika pakuzivikanwa mitemo ndiro kukura, aumba somunhu morphological chimiro, mafungiro, kubatwa nezvimwe zvirwere, muviri uye zvikanganiso evanhu.