Opening Vatsvakurudzi kuSouth America

List Vatsvakurudzi mu South America rakanyatsojeka yakakura. Kana ndiani asvinudza kondinendi iri? Kunyange vechikoro kuziva kuti zvakanga Hristofor Kolumb. Asi kwete, vasina masayendisiti zvakakomba, uye pane chokwadi panyaya iyi. vatsvakurudzi zvichida asingatyi mangwanani yeMiddle Ages, kuti Normans, yakasvika chitsuwa Groenland uye mahombekombe North America asati Columbus. Kana Chinese ngarava akayambuka Pacific Ocean uye kuti vafambisi pakati hweKudenga Empire vari Untitled vatsvakurudzi yacho kondinendi. Mukuwedzera, kune Hristofor Kolumb kusvikira kumugumo woupenyu hwake aiva nechokwadi kuti haripi rutsoka mukondinendi itsva, uye kune yokumadokero India. Munyaya ino tichaedza kunzwisisa vatsvakurudzi vazhinji South America. Mumwe nomumwe wavo kwakaita kuti pave mukondinendi itsva. Taiva mapiyona uye masayendisiti Russian pasi.

Nhoroondo tichigadzira nzira West

List Vatsvakurudzi rinotungamirirwa kuAmerica Hristofor Kolumb, uye zvakafanira kuti kukoshesa makodzero kwayo. Panguva iyoyo, Europe vatambure nematambudziko ari yezvokutengeserana kukurukurirana India. Mugwagwa ikoko Rebvu uye zvinonhuhwira yakanga yakareba uye ngozi. Inobva uchapupu Nyika kumativi chimiro, Columbus hypothesized kuti kuna India kubva Europe anogona nechikepe, kwete kutamira kumabvazuva uye kutevera kumavirira. Zvakanga ipapo, mhiri Atlantic, akakurudzira aidzidzisa mupinduriri wake, Mambo Spain, inyika aitawo sandalwood uye zvinonhuhwirira. Uye vachiri Ndakakumbira mari rwendo michina. Muna 1492, Columbus akayambuka Atlantic uye akazarura yakakura Antilles. Kubudirira uku akabvumira kuti kushongedzera mamwe nzendo mbiri. Muna 1498 Columbus vawana chitsuwa Trinidad. The mvura mugungwa kure yaro nemhenderekedzo vafambisi zvaiita kunyanyokwidziridzwa munyu. insipidity kwakadaro kunogona chete kutakura guru kwazvo Continental rwizi - akasarudza Admiral. Zvikepe ake vakapinda muromo Orinoco uye vachiongorora kumhenderekedzo South America kusvikira Paria kweItari.

Nzendo Amerigo Vespucci

Portuguese umambo, vachiziva kubudirira Spanish vatsvakurudzi kuSouth America (zvino akafunga kuti - yokumadokero India), akaita akashongedzerwa ayo transatlantic rwendo matatu. Vakarayira aidzidzisa Amerigo Vespucci. Haana ndigoisa pachake mitambo yomumvura mhenderekedzo, uye vakaita noushingi musango kure negungwa. Somugumisiro, akaona uye akarondedzera Brazilian Highlands, rezasi weboka Amazon rwizi uye apo panopinda, apo zvino anomira guta Rio de Janeiro. Vespucci zvishoma nezvishoma akatanga kutambudza nechokwadi. India Ava nharaunda vakanga zvakasiyana chaizvo. Akanyorera kumusha kwake muna 1503, kuti ndiye - "The itsva venyika." Uye kuti zita nesinou. North neSouth America zvichiri kunzi "Indies" uye "World Itsva".

Amerigo Vespucci mupiro kunokosha. Ndiye akapa vokuEurope ruzivo kuvapo kondinendi itsva. Saka, zita rake riri kupiwa zvose yakaoma. Nechekare muna 1507 Cartographer kubva Lorraine Martin Waldseemüller christened kumaodzanyemba chikamu kondinendi "America" (Latinized chiperengo "Amerigo"). Muna 1538, zita chakapararira kuchamhembe chikamu kondinendi.

A nakisisa nyika El Dorado

Rakafuridzirwa kubudirira Portuguese vatsvakurudzi kuSouth America, ane zvikepe vakadzokera, dzakatakura ndarama, mumakore 1522-58 kuNew World vakasvika Spanish vatsvakurudzi. Vachitungamirirwa chokumupomera kurapa marudzi omunharaunda pakutenda kwechiKristu, vakatanga vachibata nyika. kukunda ichi (mu Spanish "Conquista") pamwe vakawanda yaiuya vanhu moto, zvaibiwa kwakaenderera nezvimwe mhirizhonga. VokuEurope vaidavira kuti kondinendi mutsva - Golden Land, El Dorado. Asi pamwe conquistadors uye vanonyanyisa kuSouth America dzechitendero vakauya uye Vatsvakurudzi chaivo, Mapping, vakarondedzera wamboonekwa mhando nemhuka, kudzidza tsika uye tsika marudzi omunharaunda. Kuburikidza muIsthmus Panama uye vokuSpain rakapinda kumavirira pamhenderekedzo. Nzendo Andagoya P. (1522), F. Pizarro (1527), D. Almagro (1537), P. Valdivia (1540s), Ladrilero H. (1558), P. Pedro Vana of Gamboa (1580) mberi mhiri Pacific kusvikira kumaodzanyemba sezvo Chile.

Vawana uye vatsvakurudzi kuti South America

Kwete chete vanhu vokuSpain uye Portuguese vakatora chikamu mune kukunda nyika itsva. vokubhengi German Ehinger, Welser nevamwe vakagamuchira muna 1528 maererano Emperor Charles mvumo Rechishanu kuti nyuchi kuchamhembe-kumabvazuva kwemhenderekedzo South America, inoganhurana Gungwa muCaribbean. France uye Netherlands vari "vakanyarara" pachake pamusoro munda itsva. J. British vafambisi vengarava. Davis, R. uye J. Hawkins. Strong akazarura Falkland Islands. A Dutch Schouten W. uye J. Lemaire muna 1616 vakagumisa Cape Horn. Makaro zvakabata Spanish conquistadors kure negungwa. Kunotsvaka kunozivikanwa yangu nendarama vayambuka Northwest eAndes uye pasi yeAmazon. vatsvakurudzi Spanish uye Portuguese uye vafambi kuSouth America uye vakapinda rwizi Rio de the Plata dhishi, akarondedzera Parana, ivo Gran Chaco, Paraguay. First vayambuka kondinendi kubva Pacific kusvika Atlantic Ocean rwendo F. Orellana muna 1541.

Vatsvakurudzi Scientific muSouth America uye Zvavakawana

Chinangwa chikuru ose mishoni ataurwa aifanira kuzotora nyika itsva. kwesainzi (Mapping, tsanangudzo zvaakaona munzira) akanga akatakurwa achiburitswa kunze chete nokuti akabatsira vanotsigira conquistadors chikwata. Asi pamwe veMubatanidzwa Kujekerwa chinangwa mapiyona zvakachinja. chakakomba dzesayenzi vatsvakurudzi wokutanga South America vanodavira German Aleksandra Gumboldta uye Aimé Bonpland wokuFrance. Makore mashanu (kubvira 1799 kusvika 1804.) Vakapedza pamusoro yakaoma, achiunganidza dzakaunganidzwa zvinomera, mhuka uye zvicherwa. Pashure paizvozvo Alexander von Humboldt akapedza makore makumi matatu kunyora nezvezvinhu zvikuru basa 30 mavhoriyumu "Rwendo kusvika equinoctial (kureva Equatorial) World New nyika."

Other tsvakurudzo

Rakarurama mepu yacho isu chikwereti kuti Chirungu rwendo R. Fitzroy uye F. King. Negore regumi namapfumbamwe remakore, kana kuchamhembe chikamu yeAmerica vave kugona, kumaodzanyemba - nemhaka safambika mumatondo uye makomo marefu - akaramba unexplored. Uye "terra incognita" akaninira masayendisiti kubva kunyika dzakasiyana. Muzana anozivikanwa XIX remakore vatsvakurudzi yakaoma yakadaro South America, vokuGermany W. Eschwege K. Stein, French Jean Saint-Hilaire uye A. curls, Austrians uye Bavarians J. Natterer, J. Paul, I. uye K. Martius Anotaura, Britain J .. Wells, W. Chandless, G. Bates uye A. Wallace. An mupiro chinokosha kudzidza nyika itsva vakauya Charles Darwin. Ndiwo hunhu South America chakaita masayendisiti kufunga shanduka kukura upenyu Panyika.

Russian rwendo kune yakaoma

The rwokutanga kwakaitika muna 1822-28, ukuwo. Russian dzinofinha kunzwisisa rwendo rinotungamirirwa GI Langsdorf. Nhengo dzayo kudzidza yomukati kumatunhu Brazil. In tsvakurudzo iyi dzesayenzi pamusoro kondinendi havana kupera. vatsvakurudzi kwakadaro Russian yeSouth America sezvo A. S. Ionin, N. M. Albov, G. Manizer, A. I. Voeykov kundorondedzera geography, okunze, tsika, madzinza, kasvisto uye Fauna of Tierra Del Fuego. Bhayorojisiti ARMENIA Vavilov akashanyira kondinendi muna 1932-33. uye kuziva kwakabva akasiyana zvokurima zvirimwa.