Pfungwa mutemo uye mhando mitemo. Pamutemo. Dzidziso State uye Mutemo

The umhare yazvino wehurumende hazvibviri pasina kushandisa zvemitemo zviridzwa. Nokudzokorora uye enacting mitemo vakaumba pachena ukama mitemo. At mirau chete, kwakavakirwa iro inodzorwa wepamutemo zvezvinotaurwa, kufukidza mabhora akawanda oupenyu vemo, achivimbisa kuti munyika. Panguva iyo nokuongorora zvemitemo pachikuva hazvibviri pasina pfungwa pamusoro Constitution. It kwete chete inopa pfungwa kodzero dzinokosha uye mabasa aiitwa nevagari, asi zvinoratidzawo ane Zvakanyanya Kunaka Panguva Yepamuviri zvakanakanaka pakuenzanisa mauto enyika. Kazhinji kudzora ichi Chiyero murairo. Pfungwa, features, mhando uye zvechadenga mitemo zvakadzama kubatsira kujekesa hunhu hwavo uye inoshanda mabasa.

Pfungwa mutemo

Pamutemo, murayiro pamutemo gwaro, iyo inoratidza mitemo inokosha munzanga ukama. Mune mamwe manzwi, ndiye pamutemo hwaro ehurumende. Kukosha kunzwisisa mitemo nevatongi vekare. Chimwe chinhu ndechokuti chimiro uye zviri nemakore mitemo zvakanga zvakasiyana chaizvo kubva pamutemo zvinyorwa vanhasi. Kazhinji, mitemo isingachinji vaiva imwe hurongwa kubudiswa yemamiriro tsika. Kuti mukwanise nani kutsanangura pfungwa mutemo uye mhando mitemo vanofanira zvinoshanda nguva Bourgeois-democratic yekuvandudzwa. Zvakange ipapo mvumo zviga wevasungwa rwerudyi rinotema mumaoko Paramende, achimiririra vanhu.

Munguva yedu, mutemo kunofanira aionekwa chepamusorosoro chimiro vanhu kuda. Tichibatsirwa nesimba ehurumende anosarudza hunotendera nezvigadziko zviri murau pamutemo. Panguva iyoyowo mitemo zvinogona kuita senzira kureva vane zvemitemo kuumbwa. Asi zvinokosha kunzwisisa kuti mitemo mamiriro Hazvirevi zvimwe zviremera kuwedzera soro zvemitemo bazi. Asi izvi hazvirevi kuti mitemo hazvigoni wacho kana rakapepetwa. Muchiitiko chino, kunotozongoita vakatevera uye kuchinja mabasa zvakaitwa kare mvumo inobva kugutsikana mutemo kugadziriswa. Izvi zvikurukuru rinoreva ne-mitemo, kutsigira Implementation mutemo.

zviratidzo mitemo

Sezvo paumbwe pamutemo hurongwa mitemo vane unhu hwakasiyana. Pari, zvinotevera zvinhu zvahunoreva, kusiyanisa murayiro Russian Federation:

• Chakagamuchirwa murayiro simba mvumo chete, kureva pamutemo. Asi izvi hazvirevi kuti kodzero iyi ine chete vamiririri panguva batana chechetere. Kudziridza uye uchibvumira mitemo gwaro rinogona State Duma, ari Republican zviremera, matunhu neminisiparati mumiririri miviri, uye zvichingodaro. D.
• Mutemo akagadzirirwa waidzora inokosha ruzhinji pabonde. Zvikurukuru, gwaro iri rinogona ngadzirambe yakavakirwa enyika uye zvoupfumi enyika, chinokosha kodzero vemo, uyewo kukwanisa yeUnited hurumende uye vamiririri yeko kuzvitonga.
• Chimwe chezvinhu zvinokosha zvechadenga mutemo sezvo zviri kwose kubatanidzwa. Zvisinei, pane zvinyorwa izvo chokuita mapoka chaiwo evanhu - somuenzaniso, vashandi neimwe nzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, Police Act akawedzera masimba vatevedzere mutemo kubva 2011. Asi ichi rinoshanda chete vamiririri mapurisa.
• Kuitwa mutemo kunoitika munguva chaiyo Maitiro kuti, izvo ane murau. Kunyanya, nzira vagara vandifungira yepamutemo mabasa.
• Mutemo akapa mukuru zviri pamutemo simba. Izvi zvinoreva kuti mitemo zvose zviri ukama kwairi kukosha uye haafaniri kupinda kunetsana.

dzakasiyana-siyana mitemo

Basic kupatsanura mitemo anobva kubva kukosha kuti ane nokuti pamutemo hurongwa imwe mutemo. Pfungwa, features, mhando uye maitiro kuitwa gwaro - zvose izvi zvinoita sei nzira iyo boka vachapinda mutemo. Panguva iyoyo, mashoko Russian mutemo hurongwa kunosanganisira kuparadzana marudzi anotevera: mubumbiro mitemo, yeUnited uye Russian Federation.

chikamu chokutanga chinosanganisira mitemo anotenderwa pamusoro rinonyatsooneka nyaya chokuita Constitution. Izvi, kunyanya, zvinosanganisira mitemo referendamu pamusoro kwokufananidzira wenyika, nyaya ino, uto chinzvimbo, uye zvichingodaro. D.

mabasa avo, ayo anotorwa pahwaro uye kuti aurayiwe reMitemo, muri batana. Uchibatsirwa dzavo zviremera inodzora zvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana paruzhinji ukama, kukanganisa enyika, zveupfumi kuitika. Somuenzaniso, ndiye Police Act anogona kunzi kuti boka iri. Panguva iyoyowo, uye yeUnited zvinyorwa zvemitemo nokuzvidya nokupesana kwavo - kunyanya pane kwakajairika uye waitaura zvaifanira kuitwa zviri pamutemo zvinhu.

Mitemo vaitwa vanotongwa Russian Federation, anganzi rezasi kubatana mune zvemitemo basa mamiriro Zvisinei, izvo, kwete kutapudza kukosha kwavo. Chaiwo zviri zvinyorwa izvi ndechokuti havagoni kupikisana mutemo yeUnited uye kushanda chete mukati nyaya yavo. Izvi zvinogona kuva Constitution of Zimbabwe, kwematunhu uye dzematunhu zvakatemwa.

Other mitemo kupatsanura

Kuwedzera kupatsanura ichi, pane dzimwe mitemo zhinji zvinodiwa kuparadzana. Mazano kukosha systematization pamusoro kugutsikana uye ukoshi. Mundima iyi, pfungwa mutemo uye mhando mitemo iri kunyanya kufanana. Kana isu kutaura pamusoro kupindirana kwemuvanzrira wezvirevo nemabviro zviri chiito, iyo dzinounzwa rwevanhu uye anokosha magwaro. Muchiitiko chokutanga zvinofungirwa kuti mutemo kuchaita ushande vagari vose. Special mitemo kushandisa chete kune mumwe zvidzidzo uye mapoka.

Uyewo, mitemo angava akasiyana nguva. Kusiyanisa pakati zvachose uye oga zvemitemo magwaro. Kana chikamu chokutanga, zvinhu zviri pachena, wechipiri kunoda kunyatsotsanangura. Kazhinji, rinosanganisira mitemo Russian Federation, mugumisiro iyo rakagadzirirwa imwe nguva, nokuda kwenguva pfupi mauto atonge. ezvinhu akadaro kunogona kukonzerwa Somuenzaniso, zvipenyu, dzinongoitika, magariro uye zvimwewo.

Kune dzimwe classifications kwemitemo, izvo kwakavakirwa murau inyaya, kukura, vhoriyamu kuzvidzora uye simbisa munzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, kuzvidzora vangagara kuti yepamutemo framework, administrative kana mhosva mutemo. Dzidziso anogona kuva akasiyana, sezvo mitemo zvinogona kukanganisa uye evanhu, uye nuances pamusoro bhajeti, uye inzira matambudziko zvoupfumi pane zvimwewo mupfungwa.

Constitution sezvo mutemo unokosha

Pakuurayiwa Constitution murayiro gwaro dzinokosha inorondedzera yose pamutemo hurongwa. Panguva rakatenderera mitemo inobva Mazano yose pamutemo yemibvunzo mabasa mutemo rokuita. The pedyo nayo mweya murayiro muchikwata yepamutemo. mabasa akadai kwete chete yakagadzirirwa kuenderera Constitution, asiwo kutanga uye concretize ayo kugutsikana.

Mitemo Codification tiri chinokosha chishandiso mutemo paruzhinji ukama, zvakananga mutungamiriri Bumbiro Remitemo. Panyaya iyi, pfungwa mutemo uye mhando mitemo inofanira kuonekwa pamutemo yemibvunzo iri nomumwe muzvikoro lawmaking. Codification mitemo zvainanga yokudzora huru uye yakakura chaizvo zvoupenyu ukama, kusanganisira basa, pfuma uye zvichingodaro. D. Panguva iyoyo kunogona zvakasiyana siyana mitemo mashoko akadaro. Mumwe wavo chiito yeUnited mitemo, rine chinokosha, mukuru mitemo maererano vagari wenharaunda yaitongwa nehurumende. Kureva, zvakadai bumbiro inogona tsunga kubva mirayiridzo Federation nyaya.

Ari mudziyo wepamutemo bhora, reMitemo vanogona asingaremekedzi chete sezvo mutemo inokosha, achipa pave paumbwe pamutemo hwaro. With anouya sangano simba, wakaiswa yepamutemo hurongwa, chinozoiswa yeUnited mamiriro, uye marongerwo uye masimba management kwemiviri. Uyewo, Constitution rinorondedzera chii chichava nesarudzo hurongwa, uye kururamisira framework.

Ndiani uye sei anoita mitemo?

Chokutanga, zvinofanira kutaurwa kuti zvinofanira kuitwa mitemo pachayo nokudzorwa nemirayiro, izvo zvaizoitawo dzakabudirira pachishandiswa reMitemo. Mitemo panguva yeUnited pamwero vanogamuchirwa neHurumende Duma, achiteverwa kwavo Nokubvumira Federation Council. Muzviitiko zvacho zvose, chisarudzo iri rakatangwa pedyo vhoti - ndiko kuti, nhamba huru mavhoti achibvumirana mitemo chaiyo. Kana Federation Council vakaramba gwaro, zvino rinogona kutorwa zvakare pasi mamiriro kuti vataipa-zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu ruzhinji. Kana mitemo gwaro uye hunotendera Federation Council, nokuti 5 mazuva, akatumirwa kuna President kuti siginicha. Uyewo, kuti President anogona kusaina kuitwa mutemo mukati mavhiki maviri.

Uyezve, mutemo mutsva hauitirwi nokuda pamutemo bhuku. Chikuva nokuti nokuisa ruzivo pamusoro gwaro anogona kushumira pehurumende kana mukuru Website of Parliament. Pashure pemazuva 10 kubva nokubudiswa mashoko ari muchiedza mutemo hwozouya simba. Zvisinei, President haagoni kusaina mutemo, uchishandisa kodzero kurambidza. Zvino kutaura unogona kubudirira kukurira basa-zvikamu zviviri muzvitatu ruzhinji mbiri mudzimba Federal Assembly. Kuitwa mutemo gwaro rine nhamba uye indekisi tsamba. Mumwe muenzaniso uri F3 chokuguma panyaya zvavo mitemo, asi kana totaura Dare murayiro, asi basa rokuti muna ERPs format. Uyewo muzita murayiro zvinosanganisira musi kwavo sevanakomana.

mutemo

Lawyers vari kufunga zviri pamutemo kuita muzvirongwa tichitarisa nguva, nzvimbo uye vanhu nayo nangananga. Saka, nguva iri shoma pfungwa mutemo kubva musi hwokupinda mariri simba uye kudzima. The mugumisiro zvinganzi yakaturikwa nechimwe mutemo. Nguva iyo mutemo unoshanda, unogona tsunga pakutanga. Asi vazhinji kugumiswa basa rake nokuda kana nani shanduro yokutsiva kana kukanzura maererano nezvamakatonga simba. Tinofanirawo kutaura kuti kutyora mutemo inogona chete kutora nzvimbo kana wakazvizivisa panguva kururama kwemashoko gwaro.

Maererano mukuru zvokudya pamusoro zvemitemo zviito gwaro iri nzvimbo vakafukidza nharaunda yose mamiriro, kusanganisira ayo vanotongwa, mvura zvemukati uye miganhu negungwa, uye airspace. Uyewo, mitemo inoshanda nedzenyu mishoni, zviyero zvechiuto, motokari basa rinoitirwa zviteshi uye zvichingodaro. D. Asi anogona parinoperera nokushanda mutemo muchadenga. nuances vakadaro akaronga kushandisa zvemitemo zvokushandisa.

Kupararira pamusoro nhamba vanhu maererano vakawanda zvokudya kunorondedzerwa miganhu kupararira wehurumende uchangamire yayo utongi. Izvi zvinoreva kuti pokushandisa mutemo unoshanda kwete chete kune vagari zvakananga wenyika, asi vanhu vari mukati mundima yayo mamiriro vanotama. Asi pane zvakawanda zvemarudzi ose kunze pasi pemurairo kushandiswawo akasiyana mapoka evanhu. Somuenzaniso, kune zvinyorwa, izvo kurondedzera chete zvimwe Mapato revashandi.

Mienzaniso mitemo Russian Federation

Sezvambotaurwa, mitemo anogona kufukidza kupfuura siyana nzvimbo hurumende midziyo, magariro uye voruzhinji upenyu. Zvakava mutemo pamusoro dzidzo, iro rakagamuchirwa muna 2013. Pakati mapepa anokosha mumakore achangopfuura. Maererano naye, mumwe mugari achiri anekodzero kusunungura dzidzo, richiona nezvezvabuda mumayunivhesiti zvinofanira kuitwa gore negore, uye kusimbisa munhu yokusvika vadzidzi vari hwekudzidza.

Ramba akakodzera uye vazhinji nemitemo zvakaiswa mukutanga kuma1990. Ndizvo murayiro pamusoro dziviriro yevatengi kubva 1992. It anoita ukama pakati vaburitsi, bhizimisi nevanhu retailers, mutengi zvinhu nevamwe pamusika vechikamu. Zvisinei, yakabvumira kugadziriswa kwemutemo wekuita dzakawanda rakaitwa makore achangopfuura nomutemo, asi chinoumba ichingori zvakafanana.

Kuchinja inini uye mutemo wacho mutsva pakushambadzira, iro rakagamuchirwa muna 2006. Saka, mashoko ari Act pakati 2014 hachishandi kuziva nhamba basa kuti vanoshambadzira. Kunyanya, kurambidzwa pamuviri mabasa, uye mazita kwenhumbi kuti kare akafukidza nomurayiro uyu yakapiwa Diagnostics, dziviriro, vapore uye nzira mishonga yechivanhu.

Secondary mutemo

mutemo mumwe nomumwe anogona vaisanganisa nokuda chaiwo mabasa. Pakati zviratidzo magwaro akadai vangazivikanwa uye zvinoenderana nomutemo zvainanga yokudzora nezvounhu paruzhinji ukama. Somuenzaniso, kuti zuva, akataura mutemo pamusoro kudzivirira nevatengi kodzero ane mirayiro 20, migumisiro iyo rinotarisa aurayiwe mukuru gwaro.

Kuitwa mitemo chiri kuitwa nezviremera mumamiriro kugona kwavo uye nguva dzose nokuda pamutemo kuumbwa. Muchiitiko chino, pane akasiyana siyana nezvemirau anogona semhosva yechipiri. Izvi, kunyanya, mitemo, huchavakwa yakasainwa neMutungamiriri weNyika. Uyewo, zvingava chisarudzo rakatorwa Assembly of Chambers.

Dzichiri mabasa anogona kuita masangano, shumiro nezvimwe zviremera, iyo nyaya instructions, zvirevo uye mirayiro. Zvinokosha kucherechedza mabasa matunhu neminisiparati miviri. Ivowo anoshanda maererano nemitemo uye kushandisa chete kuti miganhu imwe Municipality. Zvakakosha kunzwisisa kuti chiito chepamutemo hakuiti kukanganisa urongwa murayiro, uye chete inowedzera kunyatsoshanda rokuurayira. Panguva iyoyo hazvigoneki anonzi mashoko omurayiro.

mhedziso

To musi, Russia ine coherent hurongwa zvemitemo kugadzira, inova hierarchical marongerwo rinosanganisira mitemo yakananga, mirau, Codes, uye zvichingodaro .. Saka, pfungwa mutemo uye mhando mitemo iyi inofanira sechinoitika zvinokosha zvinoumba mu dzidziso mutemo . Chinonyanya kukosha basa reDare remitemo, kwakavakirwa nheyo iyo muviri mvumo anoita mitemo iri pamutemo nemamiriro ezvinhu.

Uyewo, mutemo une chikuru pamutemo simba, asi haambozvipikisi Bumbiro reMitemo. Akapiwa kukosha chiito chimwe nechimwe mitemo, anokosha Maitiro mitemo kuitwa mitemo yambokurukurwa. nzira iri anosarudza bumbiro, iyo inobva nemirayiridzo Paramende. Murayiro kubvuma rinosanganisira matanho akawanda, kupfuura chimwe nechimwe anopa mvumo yokupedzisira uye kupinda nechisimba. Pakutanga mubasa kukura mitemo, State Duma, ipapo nokuongorora rapera zvinhu inoenda Federation Council. Panguva yokupedzisira pavaipfuura Russian Federation President yaanofarira mitemo. Izvi zvinoteverwa racho gwaro.

Subject kuti zvemitemo chiito kunogona kuva munzvimbo dzakawanda dzakasiyana muupenyu paruzhinji - kubva sangano zvematongerwo enyika pamberi kugadzwa mumagariro zvikomborero. Mitemo General kazhinji kufukidza zvikamu zvose vokuparidzira uye richiparadzirwa munyika mamiriro, asi pane kusaina. Somuenzaniso, mutemo zvehondo mutoro kunosvika chete varume.

Hatina dzatoona kuti mutemo Russian Federation hwakapiwa simba chemhando pamutemo simba. Asi panyaya iyi ndinofanira kutaura pamusoro dzomunyika zvibvumirano, zviri pamutemo akanyatsorongwa kungava kupfuura mutemo Russian. Chokwadi, ichi rinoshanda chete zvibvumirano avo, vakange yakasainwa nevamiririri mvumo pamusoro mamiriro. Kazhinji nzira iri nechimwe kusaina uye ratification pamusoro gwaro, asi hazvina nguva dzose kuzvireva. Zvinofanira kucherechedzwa kuti ndiro rine chokwadi zvibvumirano dzakawanda pamusoro mitemo enshrined muBumbiro reMitemo.