Oprichnina - chinotyisa nokuda chii?

Makore oprichnina aiva chinokosha simba pamusoro paumbwe uye kusimudzira Russian wehurumende. Chevaux Ivan Grozny akatora nzvimbo yake pachigaro choushe muna 1547, panguva dzakaoma nguva kwokunze uye dzakawanda enyika vicissitudes. In pakati pezana XVI remakore, nyika yaida guru-pamwero transformations. Zvisinei oprichnina - haasi enyika yose mwero rokutanga Ivan IV pachigaro choushe. Rakanga pashure hapana zvishoma zvinokosha nyika nguva yebasa vakasanangurwa Parliament.

Kuchinja Vasanangurwa Batsirai

The zita rakapiwa dzakaunganidzwa dzinoverengeka wavakakudzwa, vafundisi uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende vakanga kubva muna 1547 kusvika 1560, chaiwoiwo zvisina hurumende iri hurumende. Zvikurukuru, vose kuchinja kuti hurumende vakanga zvainanga pakusika zvakasimba muboka revatungamiriri munyika, hurumende, ezvemitemo uye okutarisira zvirevo zvakakwana, uye zvichingodaro. Kutaura zvazviri, mumwe centralization simba zvaida nguva pacharo yakadaro. Pashure absolutizing monarchies munguva imwe chete, zvakaitika zvose pamusoro Europe uye panguva iyoyo kunoramba chinoshamisa.

MARARAMIRO oprichnina

Zvisinei, basa uye kungotaura ariko vakasanangurwa Paramende, pamusoro nguva, zvinopesana zvikonzero zvinotarisirwa Ivana Groznogo. The yokupedzisira zororo pakati pamambo neshamwari dzake zvakaitika 1560, zvichizoita uye vakatanga oprichnina. Izvi zvakanga zvikurukuru zvinotevera chikonzero. King akangoti haana aenderane anononoka, kufambira mberi kwechinangwa ari akasarudzwa Batsirai kuchinja. Nokufamba kwenguva, izvozvo zvaiita kwaari kuti boyars nemaune vachiverengera centralization kwesimba kuchengeta vakasara feudal kusabatana, uye pamwe navo uye simba ravo kumatunhu. Saka, muna 1560 iye akapomera nhengo mbiri yake hurumende sangano pachake kuti kuda pfungwa mumaoko avo hurumende simba rose. Final dzomoto kuti pakupedzisira wakatesvererwa ruvengo kuna mambo Boyar vakakwirira, aiva kuchinja mumwe aimbova nhengo hurumende, Andreya Kurbskogo, vari mumusasa Poles panguva wokuLivonia War. Zvikonzero kaienda wamambo uyu, aingova kusagutsikana uye vasingabvumirani chokuti mambo-tsika pakodzero yekare uye madiro pakati boyars. Ivan Grozny, akavapindurawo, vakaona izvi souchapupu anonyengera zvakaita boyars. Yakanga pashure pfungwa iyi chakakonzerwa oprichnina. Izvi zvakaitika muna 1565. Mutongi pachako unoteerera rwisana Corps rakaumbwa, iyo zvino vanofanira nechisimba kumisa hurongwa mamiriro.

kuchinja oprichnina

Sezvo makore 1560s muna Muscovy aiva kutanga nesimba liners iri hombe-pamwero kutyisa pamusoro vakakwirira. Oprichnina - zviri nekupedza chaiyoiyo kuparadzwa chaiko Boyar rukoko. Zvinangwa izvi, nyika yakakamurwa dzikava mbiri administrative maruwa, uye imwe nhengo idzi inova pachavo zvichaitika mutongi, uye zita oprichnina. Chikamu chechipiri rainzi zemshchina uye wakashanda kubudikidza ari Boyar Duma. Panogumira pachake nhaka Ivan IV inongogara kuwedzera uye kutora mamwe nharaunda munyika. Zvisinei, mambo akaita hwusina kodzero pachavo uye boyars 'kubvumirana, anogona kugara akaurayiwa uye pasi kushoora munhu ivo deem mutengesi. Ndinofanira kamwe zvakare kutaura, mushure demarche Andreya Kurbskogo mambo akaona vatengesi uye vamukira kwose kwose pakati soro vakakwirira.

Migumisiro oprichnina

Mumakore mashomanana, mazana boyars mhuri vakadzingwa kubva patrimonial nyika. The chinovhundusa yakasvika ayo panhongonya muna 1570, apo wokupedzisira muchinda feudal muRussia Vladimir Staritskiy akaurayiwa. Saka, pamwe chete kutyisa uye vakasara feudalism kwakakurirwa, vachibvumira Moscow pakupedzisira kuunganidza yaanotonga nyika Russian, anobudirira muboka revatungamiriri, administrative uye uto ezvinhu, uyewo nheyo yeramangwana yeRussian Empire.